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Air Quality
Bibliography
Filho, P. P. 1992. Guanabara Bay Recovers. Water Environment &
Technology WAETEJ, Vol. 4, No. 12, p 50-54, December. Summary:
Disorderly urban development has led to the degradation of Guanabara
Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Since 1961, the Rio de Janeiro state government
has studied the bay and has taken steps to restore it. Several areas are
being addressed in the program: domestic, industrial, and urban wastes;
oil discharges; water and air quality; permitted discharges; dredging, drainage,
and deforestation; and fish health. A current evaluation of the bay indicates
progress has been made in its recovery process. An essential part of the
environmental control strategy used has been the frequent, accurate, and
full disclosure of environmental quality data to the public. Coordinated
work by other agencies has led to major results, including the return of
white sand to a stretch of Copacabana Beach. This was accomplished by pumping
the dirty sand into the wave breaker zone of the beach and decontaminating,
cleaning, and returning the sand to the beaches.
Grennfelt, P.; Hov, O.; Derwent, D. 1994. Second generation abatement
strategies for NO sub(x), NH sub(3), SO sub(2) and VOCs. AMBIO 1994
vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 425-433. Summary: The UN ECE Convention
on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) has decided on reduction
of transboundary air pollution in three protocols; one on sulphur, nitrogen
oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) respectively. These protocols
are not sufficient to solve the air-pollution problem in Europe. Further
reductions and agreements are necessary to achieve sustainable ecosystems.
In further negotiations, which should be based on critical loads, it is
important to consider that the regional air-pollution problem consists of
a complicated matrix of compounds and effects. Thus, control of one problem
will influence other problems, and control of one compound will affect the
transport and effects of others. This is certainly the case for nitrogen
oxides (NO sub(x)), which play an important role in acidification and eutrophication
effects as well as in the formation of photochemical oxidants. This article
discusses the scientific rationale for considering effects and their precursors
together. Variations in effects and their causes are discussed and suggestions
for a different approach to the future control of regional air pollution
are given.
Hayes, D. 1992, Apr 17. Future Milestones. USA TODAY, p: 10
col: 4. Summary: Denis Hayes discusses environmental progress as
the US moves to the year 2000. He examines the impact of population growth,
the greenhouse effect, and urban development on the environment.
Konvitz, J. 1996. Mexico City: Metaphor for the world's urban future.
Environment, Vol: 38 Iss: 2 Date: Mar p: 3-4. Summary:
Konvitz comments on Mexico City, which is considered a megacity. It
is uncertain whether political reform and social solidarity can provide
the basis for an environmental agenda that is equal to the challenges Mexico
City faces.
Vollers, M. 1995. 'Everyone has got to breathe'. Audubon,
Vol: 97, Iss: 2, Mar. p: 64-73. Summary: Pollution has long plagued
the residents of Chester PA, a small, depressed and predominantly black
industrial city on the Delaware River. After their children began to get
sick, Chester residents began a grassroots effort that has improved their
environment and resulted in the first local zoning law aimed at controlling
polluting industries.
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Commercial
Bibliography
Fehr, S.C. 1996, April 1. UPDATE ON THE NEWS - A PLAN FOR KENTLANDS'
TOWN CENTER. Washington Post, Final Edition. Sec: B METRO p:
3.
Harney, K.R. 1996, June 1. THE NATION'S HOUSING
- HOME BUYERS WANT MODERN TOWNS WITH LOTS OF OLD-FASHIONED CHARM. Washington
Post, Final Edition. Summary: Kenneth R. Harney says the
1996 national home buyers' community preference vote has just been tallied
and reveals that buyers may want a neo-traditional good-old-fashioned atmosphere
at the center of their towns, but they prefer an updated version of the
good old suburbs outside the town center.
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Cost/Benefit
Bibliography
Alicata, P.; De, Pietro R. 1994. Sicily: Inland
water management at the southern margin of Europe: Call for an intersectoral
dialogue. AMBIO 1994, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 455-457. Summary:
The principal aim of our paper is to call attention to recent developments
in the Mediterranean region. We also hope to encourage public financiers
as well as private investors to facilitate access to their basic data on
project costs and benefits. Otherwise, the limits set by this notorious
lack of information and communication may result in a "no" attitude
in the ecological movement. As an example we selected the Italian island
of Sicily for our study. In Sicily, the public administration tends to avoid
cooperation, or does not possess the most fundamental data, and the scarce
information published by administrative bodies is often contradictory. A
constructive debate between naturalists and investors would mean enormous
advantages for the people concerned.
Alper, Joe. 1993. Protecting the environment
with the power of the market. Science, Vol: 260 Iss: 5116, Jun
25. p: 1884- 1885. Summary: The common ground that can be reached
between sound economics and sound environmental practices is discussed.
A market-based approach can show consumers the hidden costs entailed in
their actions.
Anonymous. 1992. The Price of Green. Economist,
Vol: 323 Iss: 7758, May 9. p: 87. Summary: In the green frenzy that
is preceding the upcoming Earth Summit, the phrase 'sustainable development'
keeps popping up in unexpected places. Usually it is simply shorthand for
anything environmental, but some see it as a better basis for making environmental
decisions than balancing costs and benefits.
Muir, T. 1993. Economic development capacity
benefits of RAPS. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR
GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS. 1993 p.
72. Summary: The socioeconomic component of Stage II Remedial Action
Plans can explore innovative solutions to the long-term structural changes
being imposed on the economy of the Great Lakes basin. A major challenge
is to invent and apply new patterns of development, and forms of growth
that integrate and conserve the living resources essential to human survival
and well-being. Another challenge is to overcome the inherent antithetical
view of environment-economy that still dominates the conventional cost-benefit
model of mainstream environmental economics. To meet these challenges, we
are exploring the conceptual and empirical linkages between economic development
capacity, and the restoration, enhancement and protection of watershed ecosystems,
using RAP areas as case studies. A user-friendly framework is being developed
that identifies and evaluates the beneficial possibilities created by an
intelligent combination of public and private investment in the natural
capital of watersheds as ecosystems, and the synergies and follow-on development
capacity created. Results indicate that the "environment" in RAP
areas is an integral factor of economic development. It is concluded, that
integrated planning on a watershed ecosystem basis, can yield substantial
synergies, which form the basis of a new economy.
Stevens, William K. 1992, Sep 8. Science Times:
Economists Strive to Find Environment's Bottom Line. The New York
Times. Sec: C p: 1 col: 5. Summary: An analysis is made of the
hotly debated issue in the 1992 presidential race of whether governmental
efforts to protect the environment help or hinder economic growth. At the
root of the argument is the growing acceptance of the idea that the world
economy is merely a subsystem of the planet's ecology, on which it depends
for materials, energy and general sustenance.
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Database
Bibliography
Cooper, S.R. 1995. A research plan for the Mid
Atlantic Regional Marine Research Program. SECOND ANNUAL MARINE AND
ESTUARINE SHALLOW WATER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE. PHILADELPHIA,
PA (USA) U.S. EPA. p. 6. Summary: The Regional Marine Research Program
(RMRP) was developed to set priorities for regional marine and coastal research
in support of efforts to safeguard water quality and ecosystem health, and
to carry out such research through grants and improved coordination. The
program, approved and funded by Congress, established the following nine
regions: 1) Gulf of Maine; 2) Greater New York Bight; 3) Mid-Atlantic; 4)
South Atlantic and Caribbean; 5) Gulf of Mexico; 6) Southwest; 7) Pacific
Northwest; 8) Alaska; and 9) Insular Pacific. The Mid-Atlantic region extends
from Cape May, NJ to Cape Fear, NC, including the Delaware Bay, Chesapeake
Bay and the Albemarle-Pamlico Sound system. The "Research Plan"
for the Mid-Atlantic RMRP was submitted in February 1994 to NOAA and EPA,
and approved by both Administrations. The Research Plan identifies priority
research needs for the Mid-Atlantic region, including 1) land-use effects
on living resources, 2) eutrophication, algal blooms and anoxia, 3) fishery
yields, recruitment and trophodynamics, 4) biotic and material exchanges
between estuaries and the ocean, and 5) coastal erosion and climatic effects.
The Research Plan also includes a review of the environmental quality of
coastal waters and expected trends in the Mid-Atlantic, a review of research
being conducted with the region, and a discussion of regional management
issues. A comprehensive research inventory database for the 1992-1996 time-period
was developed.
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Design
Bibliography
Alexander, M.P. 1993. Use of a Current Deflector Wall for Eddy Generated
Shoaling in Kohlfleet Harbor, Germany. The REMR Bulletin (Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS), Vol. 10, No. 2, p 1-4, June. Summary:
A low training structure called a current deflector wall (CDW) has been
developed to eliminate eddy currents which may result in channel shoaling.
The use of the CDW can lower shoaling rates and extend dredging intervals.
A CDW is a fixed vertical-walled training structure with a curved deflector
wall that extends through the full depth of water. The structure modifies
flow patterns, breaking down or preventing the formation of eddies. A prototype
CDW was constructed at Kohlfleet Harbor, Port of Hamburg on the Elbe River,
Germany and successfully eliminated formation of the large, stable eddy
in the harbor entrance. Navigation through the harbor entrance was improved,
even though the width of the harbor had been reduced slightly by the construction.
The Kohlfleet CDW design and construction cost $1.65 million; the cost of
dredging contaminated sediments at Kohlfleet would have been $7.8 million.
A site investigation should be made to determine the application and feasibility
of the CDW as a navigation maintenance alternative. The hydraulic processes
studied should include: (1) the magnitude and direction of ambient currents;
(2) annual shoaling volumes and distributions; (3) site bathymetry; and
(4) supporting information, such as salinity, suspended load distribution,
and sediment type.
Andrews, A.S.; Fraser, G.W.; Leak, A.J. 1990. Drainage Manual for Clark
County, Nevada. In Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands (PAL).
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. p. 90-95. Summary: The
development of a flood control district and its associated capital improvement
and regulatory programs does not by itself address drainage standards for
a community. While the capital improvement and regulatory programs go a
long way in solving existing flooding problems and minimizing future flooding
problems, a common denominator is missing. This common denominator is drainage
standards that are laid out in a drainage manual. Such a drainage manual
covers all aspects of drainage planning including policy, design criteria,
applicable laws, and guidelines for development of private and public stormwater
management facilities. The preparation of a drainage manual in an arid region
that is experiencing rapid growth warrants the inclusion of special features
that attempt to address the concerns of all affected individuals.
Anonymous. 1994. Resurrecting the rain barrel.
Environment, Vol: 36 Iss: 2 Date: Mar 1994 p: 23. Summary: Water-poor
regions of the US are relying more upon cisterns as a source of water storage.
They are particularly popular in Hawaii.
Anonymous. 1995. Making cities safer: Good fences ... Economist,
Vol: 334 Iss: 7907 Date: Mar 25, 1995 p: 30-31. Summary: Architect
and consultant Oscar Newman lent ideas to the Five Oaks area of Dayton OH
on the use of physical planning for urban revitalization. Installing gates
to cut through traffic and creating minineighborhoods, Dayton's crime rate
dropped by a quarter and violent crime by a half.
Argue, J.R. 1994. 17 Biennial Conference Of The International Association,
On Water: A new streetscape for stormwater management in Mediterranean climate
cities: The concept explored. WATER QUALITY INTERNATIONAL '94. PART
1: COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS AND URBAN STORM DRAINAGE. Ballay,-D.; Asano,-T.;
Bhamidimarri,-R.; Chin,-K.K.; Dahlberg,-A.G.; Grabow,-W.O.K.; Ohgaki,-S.;
Zotter,-K.; Milburn,-A.; Izod,-E.J.; Nagle,-P.T. (eds.) pp. 23-32. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL.
vol. 30, no. 1. Summary: The water resources crisis facing countries
of the Mediterranean Basin is reflected, in diminished form, in the semi-arid,
"Mediterranean-climate" zone of Australia. Some creative solutions
involving the collection, treatment, storage, retrieval and use of storm
runoff to replace the component of mains-supplied water presently used for
"second quality" purposes, are emerging in Adelaide, capital city
of South Australia. The paper describes one initiative being taken to achieve
source control of stormwater - quantity and quality - in mixed-density residential
streets. The resulting streetscape is suitable for use in both "greenfields"
and re-development projects. The paper explores the hydrological/hydraulic
performance of the system and shows that it satisfies all theoretical requirements
for safety in the full range of flooding up to and including the "once
in 100-years" event. The new streetscape holds the following advantages
over conventional streetscapes: reduced peak outflows, greatly improved
effluent water quality, aids "greening" of the landscape, potential
for aquifer recharge where appropriate, aquifer-retrieved groundwater can
replace mains water used for irrigation, "nuisance" flows are
fully contained (no surface appearance), major flows only occupy the swale,
street residences are less flood prone and the streetscape fits more harmoniously
into undulating terrain.
Bauereis, E.I. 1992. Chesapeake Experience:
NPS Chesapeake Challenge for Sustainable Development. Water Science
and Technology, Vol. 26, No. 12, p 2723-2725. Summary: Without
quantification of compliance concepts as applied to non- point sources (NPS)
in areas such as the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland), it is impossible to design
control strategies that are effective, implementable, attainable, measurable,
and flexible. The quantities required for each watershed are the existing
loadings and the loading standard (or carrying capacity) of that watershed.
The Chesapeake Experience has been reasonably successful with measurable
reductions in phosphate and some other contaminants but recent analyses
have identified NPS pollution as the culprit in potential failure to attain
nitrogen reductions. The NPS loading could also be implicated as a major
source for some heavy metals, organics, and sediments to the Chesapeake
Bay. These NPS loadings may become a major impediment to attaining designated
uses of water bodies, and there is a need for focus on the loading quantification
of NPS. There are three areas which will impact the Chesapeake NPS program
positively in the future: the Toxics Research Program, the Clean Air Act
of 1990, and the implementation of a cultural change embracing a philosophy
of total quality management. The need for cost- effective controls and innovative
methods to accomplish NPS goals is obvious. Land use issues are local jurisdiction
issues as well as state and federal issues, which leads to confusion and
even conflict over program objectives and overlapping authority. There is
a need to provide understanding, greater choice, and more individual responsibility
to attain better environmental stewardship.
Bequette, F. 1994. Inventing the urban future.
UNESCO Courier, Iss: 5 Date: May 1994 p: 25-27. Summary: The
next millenium will see immense, sprawling megacities with huge populations
and even huger environmental problems. Creative solutions to the problems
of urban ecology must be sought and implemented soon.
Berg, V.H.; Clement, P.F. 1993. Stormwater Park
Controls Runoff. Public Works, Vol. 124, No. 1, p 46-49, January.
Summary: Maryland's Fairland Regional Park is a 434-acre park in
Prince George's and Montgomery Counties, just northeast of Washington, DC.
In the early 1980s, federal EPA studies of Chesapeake Bay pollution implicated
the major tributaries flowing into the bay as pollution carriers, including
the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers to which Fairland Park drainage flows.
By the mid-1980s, expansion of the park had outstripped the park's two existing
small temporary (dry) detention basins. In 1987, a series of stormwater
management techniques were employed, creating a demonstration stormwater
management system that has attracted much attention. The control techniques
fall into three major areas: (1) sediment and erosion control; (2) stormwater
management facilities to control runoff; and (3) natural or soft erosion
control and stormwater pollution control methods. Included in the park are
simple earth berms, sediment traps, vegetated areas, a bio-retention basin
which uses vegetative filters, a shallow manmade marsh or wetland (29 acres),
extended wet detention basin, infiltration trenches, stone dry wells, and
porous pavement.
Borden, R.T. 1992. The Greening of Greens. Civil Engineering
(ASCE), Vol. 62, No. 10, p 55-57, October. Summary: The construction
of new golf courses may be delayed while environmental issues are satisfied.
It takes careful planning and design to keep fertilizers and pesticides
from wreaking havoc on an established ecosystem, or to prevent migrating
sediment and bulldozed soil from filling wetlands. When the Lowes Island
Golf Course was developed on an island in the Potomac River northwest of
Washington, DC, engineering services were sought. The site required significant
regrading to protect the course from low-level floods and yet allow conveyance
of a 100-year storm event and a wetland mitigation program designed with
attention to storm-water runoff quality. Golf-course architects provided
the layout with conceptual grading, landscaping and construction specifications
for the greens and tees; engineers knowing local conditions were able to
judge the impact on the environment. An environmental services firm was
called in to delineate any wetland areas, based on soil, plant and water
characteristics. A marsh was created at the downstream end of the island
as the mitigation site, together with a seasonal marsh and a lake. These
marshes and ponds will also help control the quality of storm-water runoff.
Mitigation areas were planned to filter out much of the chemicals used to
maintain the course. A firm was hired to develop a program of pesticide
and fertilizer application, to select chemicals that would have limited
persistence, toxicity and mobility, to suggest biological and mechanical
pest controls to reduce the need for chemicals and to develop chemical handling
guidelines. Since the site had to be regraded to increase the level of flood
protection, historical data and flood profiles were obtained, and the approximate
probability of flooding for various elevations were derived. A berm was
constructed around the outside of the island with a flap valve to let water
out but not in, and to ensure that no sediment, chemicals, grass clippings,
or lost golf balls pollute the river. A clay liner was placed around the
lakes to limit percolation of water or waterborne contaminants into the
groundwater. The lakes and marshes were interconnected to discharge downstream
of the water intake. The course is environmentally sound, as well as beautiful
and playable.
Brown, D.J. 1990. Michigan Groundwater Survey:
A Cooperative Venture of Local Governments. Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 268-269. Summary: The Michigan
groundwater survey focused on the design and implementation of a computerized
groundwater and geologic information management system. Thousands of well
logs stored as paper copy in local health departments were converted into
accessible electronic data files. County-wide baseline groundwater quality
studies focusing on wells carefully chosen to characterize the aquifers
in each county were designed and executed. Having computer accessible information
available has allowed state and local agencies to better discharge their
traditional responsibilities and to undertake new management activities.
These range from well and septic system permitting and inspection to land
use planning, zoning and groundwater management and protection. Baseline
water quality can now be compared to new analyses to assess the degree of
degradation in cases of possible contamination and preliminary site assessments
can be performed with relative ease. Proposed new land uses can be evaluated
more readily for their potential impact on groundwater quality.
Couvert, B.; Lefebvre, B.; Lefort, P.; Morin, E. 1991. Research on Torrent
Control Check Dams and Detention Areas (Etude Generale sur les Seuils
de Correction Torrentielle et les Plages de Depots). Houille Blanche
HOBLAB, No. 6, p 449-456. English summary. Summary: The Societe
Grenobloise d'Etudes et d'Applications Hydrauliqes was entrusted by the
Mountain Soil Conservation (RTM-- Restauration des Terrains en Montagne)
service in the Savoy Region (France) and the Erosion Control Division of
the Centre National du Machinisme Agricole, du Genie Rural, des Eaux et
des Forets in Grenoble with the task of carrying out research on two modes
of torrent control: RTM-type check dams, and detention areas where torrents
discharge into valleys. Three major studies are being conducted: (1) A study
of scouring at the downstream side of check dams, in order to optimize the
design of the dams and their foundations. (2) An analysis of discharge upstream
of the dam in order to determine peak flow rates of the torrent from measurements
of water heights. (3) An investigation of the torrents' sediment-transport
potential in order to determine the appropriate dimensions for detention
areas.
Debo, T.N.; Small, G.N. 1989. Detention Storage:
Its Design and Use. Public Works, Vol. 120, No. 1, p 71-72, January.
Summary: Urban development in many areas has resulted in downstream
drainage and flooding problems. To cope with these problems, many municipalities
are using stormwater detention storage facilities to temporarily store runoff
and release it at a controlled rate of discharge. Some important design
considerations for detention-storage facilities are discussed and a new
computer model developed to aid in the design of these facilities is presented.
Several elements should be closely considered when designing detention storage
facilities. First, the inflow hydrograph should be carefully evaluated for
the design storm(s) that will be used. Second, the volume of storage available
within the detention facility should be calculated to determine how much
runoff can be stored and to what extent the inflow peak can be decreased.
Third, the outflow (discharge) structure should be accurately sized to discharge
at the desired rate of flow from the facility to downstream areas. To prevent
erosion problems, energy dissipators should be used at the exit from all
detention facilities where high velocities could create downstream problems.
Unless it can be routinely and economically maintained, even the most beautiful
and useful detention facility will soon deteriorate until where it is no
longer effective. A computer model, developed as part of the Chapel Hill,
North Carolina, stormwater management program is called the HYDROS detention
design model. This model greatly simplifies the design of detention facilities
without sacrificing accuracy or reliability.
DiChristina, M. 1996. The village green.
Popular Science, Vol: 248 Iss: 1 Date: Jan 1996 p: 60-64. Summary:
Former environmental activist Liz Walker is working with Joan Bokaer
to design a community that is more environmentally conscientious than typical
suburban subdivisions. The design and development of EcoVillage is examined.
Elkington, John; Shopley, Jonathan. 1988. The shrinking planet : U.S.
information technology and sustainable development. World Resources
Institute, c1988 WRI paper, #3 "June 1988."
Ellis, J.B.; Revitt, D.M.; Shutes, R.B.E.; Langley, J.M. 1994. 4. International
Symposium On Highway Pollution, Madrid, (Spain). The performance of vegetated
biofilters for highway runoff control. HIGHWAY POLLUTION. Hamilton,-R.S.;
Revitt,-D.M.; Harrison,-R.M.; Monzon-de-Caceres,-A. (eds.) pp. 543-550.
SCI- TOTAL-ENVIRON. vol. 146-147. Summary: The design of highway
drainage in the UK traditionally has provided for the rapid removal of surface
runoff from the carriageway. The most commonly used methods are through
direct and positive discharges to the nearest watercourse (perhaps routed
through a detention pond) or into a soakaway system. Such systems pay little
attention to the potential loads generated from rainfall-runoff events or
their possible impacts upon receiving waters. This paper reviews the potential
use of vegetative systems as appropriate control measures for highway discharge
pollution and discusses design options. The uptake of total petroleum hydrocarbons
(TPH), lead and zinc by five species of emergent macrophyte is discussed
for a constructed experimental wetland receiving runoff from a large transit
base and car parking area in Washington State, USA. The data suggest that
Typha latifolia and Sparganium are the most suitable species for TPH, Pb
and Zn uptake, storage and metabolism.
Ferguson, B.K.; Deak, T. 1994. Role of urban storm flow volume in local
drainage problems. J. WATER RESOUR. PLANN. MANAGE. vol. 120, no. 4,
pp. 523-530. Summary: At culvert entrances and other drainage obstructions
the area upstream of the obstruction acts as a reservoir, holding arriving
runoff while earlier arriving waters are still passing through. Urban development
in a watershed increases storm-flow volume and peak rate, increasing the
potential accumulation of water and hence rising of stage and overflowing.
Storm hydrographs with different flow volumes and peak rates were routed
through a computer model of a culvert entrance, with the upstream area functioning
as a reservoir. Maximum stage rose with increasing flow volume for more
than half of the modeled combinations of conditions. Thus in an urbanizing
watershed, for a wide range of conditions, the tendency to overflow at an
obstruction increases unless volume of flow is suppressed, whether or not
peak rate is suppressed by detention. Storm-water infiltration, which controls
both flow volume and peak rate, would be a more complete solution. Storm-water
management policy that is aimed to prevent overflows at drainage obstructions
should consider flow volume control in addition to peak rate control.
Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Taking Advantage of Stormwater Control Basins in
Urban Landscapes. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol.
46, No. 2, p 100-103, March/April. Summary: Flood control, base flow
control, and water quality concerns frequently mandate storage and treatment
of urban runoff. Consequently, urban developers have a new line item in
their construction program. In addition to roads, houses, and parking lots,
there must be some sort of runoff storage basin. It is possible to mold
stormwater basins into integrated components of the urban landscape in ways
that provide aesthetic, recreational, maintenance, economic, and ecological
values. When used positively, stormwater basins can contribute to the human
and natural environment. They can be sculpted, planted, contoured, and built
of the right kinds of material on a site- specific basis. Any approach to
design of stormwater basins must be flexible and creative. The broad views,
intuition, and artistic imagination of urban design must be considered simultaneously
with mathematical derivation of hydraulic and structural performance. In
setting landscape patterns, designers can take into account the type of
expected user; the position of the basin relative to roads, viewers, and
houses; the need for active recreation versus passive scenery; the amount
of space and water available; existing desirable or objectionable features;
and the design character and variety of the overall site.
Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation. Journal of Soil
and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 324-328, September/October.
Summary: In urban areas, streams represent potential wildlife corridors,
wetland multipliers of ecosystem integrity, scenic resources, recreational
facilities close to home, and greenway links among neighborhoods and parks.
California's Urban Stream Restoration Program was begun in 1985 to reduce
damages from streambank and watershed instability and floods while restoring
streams' aesthetic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values. The Boulder
Creek Corridor Project in Colorado was adopted in 1985 to provide off-street
pedestrian and bicycle transportation, preserve and enhance fish habitat
and riparian wetland, expand recreational use, and maintain and improve
flood-carrying capacity. San Antonio's Riverwalk is an intensely urban pedestrian
commercial corridor, constantly being expanded and refined through continuing
urban development. Urbanization tends to disrupt stream equilibrium in many
ways. Urban clearing and construction temporarily intensify sediment yield
to streams. To enhance stream amenity and ecology, landscape design provides
options in land use designation, earth-forming, vegetation and use of construction
materials through corridor reservation, bank treatment, geomorphic restoration,
or grade control. Flow management has been one of the principal motivations
for designing urban stream corridors in the past. Downstream flood peaks
can be suppressed by reducing throughflow velocity; flood evaluations laterally
adjacent to the stream can be lowered by increasing throughflow velocity.
Any proposal for stream alteration or management should be investigated
for its potential flow and stability effects on upstream, downstream and
laterally adjacent areas.
Ferguson, B.K. 1987. Water Conservation Methods in Urban Landscape Irrigation:
An Exploratory Overview. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 23, No.
1, p 147-152, February. Summary: The increasing use of irrigation
for urban landscapes is causing new demands for efficient watering systems.
Conservation techniques for irrigated agricultural fields cannot be applied
to urban landscapes without amendment. This paper attempts to review methods
of urban landscape water conservation in the context of the diversity and
complexity of urban landscapes and the demands upon them for quality of
the urban environment. A development's initial site layout and planting
design fundamentally determine how much irrigation water will be required;
the complexity and creativity inherent in urban design open a number of
specific possibilities for reducing water demand. Irrigation hardware is
then designed to deliver the required volume of water to the specified landscape
efficiently by implementing a number of physical and operational principles.
Maintenance of the finished development involves monitoring results and
making adjustments as the plantings grow and develop. The potential for
conserving urban irrigation water is large. Effective conservation need
not compromise other qualities of the urban environment such as aesthetics,
screening , or shade. Urban design can address both the kinds of landscapes
people need, and minimal consumption of irrigation water.
Galloway, R.M.; Whitfield, A.A. 1995. Parkway/M602 link: Lift bridge
over the Manchester ship canal Paper 1. Background to and management
of project. PROC. INST. CIV. ENG. STRUCT. BUILD. vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 149-160.
Summary: Following a brief look at the history of Trafford Park and
the establishment of the Urban Development Corporation, the Paper considers
the need, justification and objectives of the link, which is the Corporation's
priority highway scheme. Various route options considered during the planning
stages of the scheme are reviewed, as are the funding arrangements and other
approvals necessary. The paper then outlines the management arrangements
for the project and the Corporation's procurement strategy for its construction.
Before concentrating on the most interesting aspect of the scheme-the construction
of a new low- level opening bridge across the Manchester Ship Canal-the
paper briefly highlights the significant engineering aspects of the roadworks
north and south of the bridge. The paper then addresses the engineering
aspects with respect to the new bridge. Consideration is given to the technical
options constraints. The background to the method of procurement for the
bridge contract is discussed together with the particular aspects of the
tender brief and contract documentation. The method of assessing the tenders
on the basis of whole life costs is also covered. The paper discusses the
particular aspects of the successful tender and then addresses the design
development stage, including refinement of the proposals, through to construction
stage, including the role of the Engineer in this Design and Construction
Contract.
Harowitz, S. 1992. A Garden That Will Shrink Your Water Bill.
Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine,Vol: 46 Iss: 5 Date: May 1992
p: 106. Summary: The latest idea in drought-resistant landscaping
is Xeriscaping. The new form of gardening that will save money in water
bills is discussed.
Jaeggi, M.N.R. 1989. Channel Engineering
and Erosion Control. Alternatives in Regulated River Management.
CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. 1989. p 163-183. Summary: For
many years, there has been a conflict between maximizing flood protection
and keeping rivers in a comparatively natural state. However, a number of
attempts have been made to establish design rules that take into account
both safety measures and environmental arguments. Rehabilitation has become
a new activity involving returning a technically perfect but sterile river
channel into something more natural. Recent projects described here that
show how safety and environmental aspects of channel engineering can be
combined in a complementary fashion; regulation of the Alpine Rhine in Switzerland
is emphasized. Projects on the Emme River, Ova de Bernina, and at the mouth
of the Reuss River also are considered. Traditional river training schemes
followed Tulla 's rule (circa 1820) that ' no river needs more than one
channel. ' Consequences of this type of training could include aggradation
or erosion. In regulation of the Alpine Rhine, erosion was a problem. Alternative
approaches utilize bank vegetation, drop structures, and nonconventional
channel engineering (channel elongation (i.e., meandering courses) or channel
widening). Regulating rivers is an ongoing task because of the inevitable
repetition of flood events. Concepts that worked well for decades, because
they were designed for the conditions immediately after the first regulation,
may fail when long-term effects become predominant. Such long-term effects
may be the cessation of sediment supply from the river bed, which must happen
if equilibrium conditions are to be reached, or the advancement of a delta.
Straightening and narrowing of rivers has proved an extremely effective
method for flood-proofing channels. However, if bed armoring does not occur,
drop structures must be built to prevent overdeepening. A realistic alternative
to building an extreme number of drop structures is to provide a certain
number of wide braided reaches. This alternative has clear ecological advantages.
Johnson, P.A.; McCuen, R.H.; Hromadka, T.V.
1991. Debris Basin Policy and Design. Journal of Hydrology,
Vol. 123, No. 1/2, p 83- 95, February. Summary: Debris flows cause
considerable property damage and loss of life. The debris basin is a widely
used control alternative, for which accurate design methods are not available.
Thus, there is a need for a systematic design procedure, as well as a practical
basis for establishing policy elements. A design procedure that accounts
for seasonal volumes of debris has been developed. The choice of the design
return period and burn interval, both of which are important policy elements,
is a function of the hazard level associated with failure. The monitoring
and maintenance of debris basins are also important policy elements. The
frequency of monitoring a basin to ensure adequate storage is a function
of the potential hazard presented by a debris flow to the area downstream
of the basin, as well as the precipitation, the frequency of burning in
the watershed, and the drainage area. A procedure for estimating the temporal
accumulation of debris was developed so that public agencies will know when
to monitor and dredge each debris basin in their jurisdiction. The adoption
of rational design methods and policy elements relating to debris basins
should minimize the risk of failure of the basins.
Jones, J.E. 1990. Multipurpose Stormwater Detention Ponds. Public
Works, Vol. 121, No. 13, p 52-53, December. Summary: Multipurpose
detention pond concepts for both ' wet ' ponds (those that maintain water
permanently) and ' dry ' ponds (those that retain stormwater briefly during
and after floods) are summarized. Regardless of the specific functions that
the designer attempts to fulfill, the pond must be: (1) safe, from the standpoint
of public visitors or users of the facility; (2) hydrologically and hydraulically
sound; (3) maintainable at low cost; (4) structurally sound if a severe
flood occurs, possibly up to the probable maximum flood; and (5) pleasant
to view; considered an asset rather than a nuisance. Specific purposes for
stormwater detention ponds other than runoff containment include: (a) water
quality enhancement; (b) enhanced property values and community focal points;
(c) wildlife habitat enhancement; and (d) active recreational potential.
Unfortunately, many ponds are built because a developer had to demonstrate
that ' post- development discharges will not exceed pre-development discharges.
' Detention pond design needs to be for more than this. It is incumbent
upon the drainage designer to evaluate multiple purpose objectives for wet
and dry stormwater detention ponds.
Lancaster, T. 1993. Erosion and Sediment Control on a Light Railway System.
Public Works, Vol. 124, No. 7, p 60, June. Summary: A light
rail system was recently constructed between East St. Louis, Illinois, and
the St. Louis International Airport. Spatial limitations for right-of-way
construction through downtown St. Louis proposed special challenges for
both the design engineering firm and the general contractor. Over 14 miles
of existing right-of-ways would be excavated into large depressions to allow
the light rail cars to pass. The 2:1, 80-ft side slopes required in the
design needed immediate slope stabilization with a double net straw fiber
erosion blanket, as calculated by special computer software. Easy installation
and durable yet lightweight construction of the straw fiber blanket enabled
the exceptional 333-sq-yd per man hour application rate. The blankets eliminated
any need for regrading eroded areas, reseeding and fertilizing, and removing
sediment from the gravel track beds on the light rail project. The erosion
blankets continued to function beneath the establishing stands of grass
through the fall and winter months, promoting permanent stability and preventing
sediment runoff into the rail beds.
Lelen, K. 1996, June 22. ELEMENTS OF STYLE: BUILDERS FIND NEO- TRADITIONAL
DESIGNS HAVE THEIR LIMITS. Washington Post, Final Edition. Sec:
E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Despite the limited buyer appeal of
neo-traditional towns that embody the latest ideas in suburban development,
Washington DC- area builders are giving picket fences, front porches and
other neighbor-friendly amenities fresh scrutiny for their more traditional
projects elsewhere.
Leuschner, C.; Scherer, B. 1989. Fundamentals of an Applied Ecosystem
Research Project in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig Holstein. Helgolaender
Meeresuntersuchungen, Vol. 43, No. 3/4, p 565-574. Summary: The
aims, content and organizational structure of a proposed interdisciplinary
ecosystem research project in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein (West
Germany) are briefly presented. The project will include research on both
fundamental as well as applied aspects of the Wadden Sea ecosystems and
their interaction with local human activities. In contrast to most of the
other completed or currently running ecosystem research projects on tidal
coasts, a considerable part of the scientific work will also deal with aspects
of ecosystem management and protection of the various marine and semiterrestrial
habitats of the Wadden Sea. Considerable attention is paid to theoretical
and methodological aspects of research on ecosystems and landscape units.
In particular, the adoption of a hierarchical view of complex biological
and environmental systems is recommended.
Lewis, R.K. 1996, June 15. SHAPING THE CITY - NEW URBANIST' CHARTER RETURNS
TO OLD-FASHIONED ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS. Washington Post, Final
Edition, Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Roger K. Lewis comments
on the Congress for New Urbanism's new charter, which was signed by several
hundred architects and urban designers in 1996 at a meeting in Charleston
SC.
Lewis, R. K. 1995, March 4. SHAPING THE CITY - PLANNERS TAKE NOTE: THERE'S
A FUTURE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION FOR CITIES. Washington Post,
Final Edition,Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Roger K. Lewis discusses
a presentation by Richard Moe, president of the National Trust for Historic
Preservation, to the US Conference of Mayors, commenting on the premise
that historic preservation can play a significant role as a framework for
public policy and a tool for implementation.
Lindsey, G.; Roberts, L.; Page, W. 1992. Maintenance of Stormwater BMPs
in Four Maryland Counties: A Status Report. Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation, Vol. 47, No. 5, p 417- 422, September/October. Summary:
In Maryland, the 1982 Stormwater Management Act and supporting regulations
mandate that all local jurisdictions establish regulatory stormwater programs
that require developers to provide structural best management practices
(BMPs) on essentially all new development sites, to control the two-year
and 10-year, 24-hour storms. However, previous studies in Maryland and elsewhere
have shown that maintenance of stormwater structures often is deferred or
inadequate. Field inspections were made of more than 250 stormwater facilities
in four counties in Maryland. The types of facilities inspected included
dry basins, wet and extended detention basins, infiltration basins and trenches,
dry wells, underground storage facilities, and vegetated swales. Four trained
inspectors evaluated performance (inappropriate ponding of water, slow infiltration,
incorrect flow patterns, clogging of facility, excessive sediment or debris,
water bypassing facility, design shortcomings, structural failures, erosion
at intake or outfall) and maintenance criteria (facility functioning as
designed, quantity controlled as designed, quality benefits produced by
ability, enforcement action needed, maintenance action needed) for each
facility. While most (64%) of the facilities were found to be functioning
as designed, many needed maintenance, especially to correct excessive sediment
and debris problems. Inspectors believed that enforcement action was warranted
at many sites. The condition of different types of facilities varied significantly.
Several models were used to explain results, including a series of chi-square
tests to determine the independence of facility status and objective and
subjective variables. Overall, the investigations documented the need for
improved inspection and maintenance by stormwater management regulatory
authorities.
Livingston, E. H. 1989. Use of Wetlands for Urban Stormwater Management.
In Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial
and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea Michigan. 1989. p 253-262.
Summary: Use of wetlands for urban stormwater management should not
be considered a panacea. Little scientific information is available concerning
the short-term or long-term effects on wetlands, their natural functions,
or associated fauna from the addition of stormwater. Most water quality
effects of stormwater result from ' first flush. ' In Florida, this corresponds
to the first 2.5 cm of rainfall, which carries 90% of the pollution load
from a storm event. Pretreatment removes heavy sediment loads and other
pollutants such as hydrocarbons that can damage the wetland. Pretreatment
also attenuates stormwater volumes and peak discharge rates to maintain
the wetland hydroperiod and reduce scour and erosion. Wetland plants have
specific tolerances to levels and types of pollutants. Polluted stormwater
contains increased nutrients, which may change the plant community. Since
new dominants reflect more efficient use of added nutrients or are more
tolerant to pollutants, the plant changes should benefit pollutant removal.
In 1982, Maryland legislation required development of stormwater management
regulations to ensure that stormwater from new developments was treated
to reduce the pollutant discharged to receiving water. The same year, the
Florida Stormwater Rule was implemented, requiring all newly constructed
stormwater discharges to use appropriate best management practices (BMPs)
to treat the first flush of runoff. Vegetated systems, wet detention, or
wetlands are commonly used BMPs. Wetlands have great potential to help solve
stormwater management problems. However, more information is needed to ascertain
possible effects on wetlands and their fauna from addition of untreated
stormwater. Little is known about the potential for bioaccumulation of heavy
metals or other toxics typical of stormwater. Monitoring of wetland stormwater
systems also is essential to determine relations between design variables
and pollutant removal efficiency.
Lowery, M. 1994. Cleveland: A model for urban revitalization.
Black Enterprise, Vol: 24 Iss: 10 Date: May 1994 p: 50-51. Summary:
Cleveland has become a model for urban revitalization, and political
battles have ensured that African-American businesses share in the prosperity.
The city's growth is discussed. Mayor Michael R. White is profiled.
Marchand, M.; Marteijn, E.C.L.; Bakonyi, P. 1995. International Conference
On Integrated Water Resources, Management, Amsterdam (Nether). Policy
analysis as a tool for habitat restoration: A case study of a Danube River
floodplain, Hungary. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,-S.H.;
Gulati,-R.D.; Van-Liere,-L.; Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) pp. 179- 186. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL.
vol. 31, no. 8. Summary: This paper will elaborate a policy analysis
approach especially designed for habitat restoration. It will be illustrated
by a case study example of a floodplain area along the Danube river, Hungary.
The case study used hydrodynamic and water quality models and expertise
from a range of disciplines. This made it possible to unravel the complex
relations between the environment and human interventions. Crucial was the
participation of local experts in the design and screening of measures,
as well as the feedback from local interest groups at several occasions
during the project. This resulted in the formulation of rehabilitation ideas,
most of which have hitherto not been discussed. The combination of creative
thinking with practical possibilities and limitations has been worked out
in a cyclic process from which three different alternatives emerged. These
have been analyzed for their feasibility with regard to the goals to be
achieved, their costs and their impacts on other interests.
Maristany, A.E.; Bartel, R.L. 1989. Wetlands and Stormwater Management:
A Case Study of Lake Munson. Part I: Long Term Treatment Efficiencies. Wetlands:
Concerns and Successes. Proceedings of a Symposium held September
17-22 1989, Tampa, Florida. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda,
Maryland. 1989. p 215-229. Summary: The use of wetlands or wet detention
ponds for stormwater management represents a relatively new approach that
has been successfully applied in recent years to address water quality problems
in urban areas. Since most systems have been in operation for only a few
years, questions have been raised concerning their long-term performance.
It has been speculated that once these systems reach a state of dynamic
equilibrium, nutrient removal may decline due to the reduced nutrient uptake
of a mature ecosystem. A recent study was conducted by the Northwest Florida
Management District of a 255 acre wetland/lake system which has received
wastewater effluent and storm water discharges for over 30 years. Nutrient
and pollutant removal rates were estimated for a wide range of parameters
based on concurrent sampling of stormwater inflows, outflows and lake water
quality. Long-term removal rates for Lake Munson, Florida, compared favorably
with rates reported for relatively new facilities. An important conclusion
from this study is that wet detention systems designed for minimum treatment
storage capacity and which are not properly maintained, will experience
significant water quality problems due to eutrophication. It would be advisable
to increase storage capacity beyond the point of diminishing returns by
either deepening the pond or expanding its surface area to prevent the pond
from being overwhelmed by typical storm events as is the case with Lake
Munson. The average storm event replaces the entire wet detention volume
in the lake. A better design criteria would be to provide twice the volume
if the average storm event in order to reduce the impact of any one storm
on pond water quality. Drawdowns should also be implemented on a periodic
basis as part of the over all maintenance program in order to stabilize
bottom sediments and reduce the amount of orthophosphorous released from
the sediments to the water column.
Mayer, C.E. 1995, April 29. THE SHRINKING OF THE AMERICAN LAWN; FOR REASONS
OF BUSINESS AND PLEASURE, A LOT OF THE GREEN IS GONE. Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: A SECTION p: 1. Summary: The lawn,
that unique status symbol of suburbia and homeownership is slowly but steadily
shrinking. If it is not harried homeowners cutting back to minimize maintenance,
it is the nation's homebuilders erecting larger houses on ever smaller lots,
leaving little, if any room, for grass.
Mazich, J.P.; Pysher, T.R.; Mather, M.N.; Kibler,
D.F. 1990. Municipal Stormwater Management Ordinance Development and
Implementation in Pennsylvania. IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings
of the 1990 National Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers,
New York. 1990. p 500-505. Summary: Successful implementation of
a basin-wide stormwater management strategy can only be accomplished by
paying careful attention to the content of a new basin-wide stormwater management
ordinance, and by uniformly and rigorously enforcing the regulations contained
in that ordinance. The elements/provisions that should be included in the
ordinance are: applicability and compatibility with other municipal regulations;
statement of purpose; definitions; general drainage plan requirements; performance
standards; design criteria; acceptable calculation methodology; drainage
plan contents; plan submission, review, and approval processes; inspection
and as-built survey requirements; municipal fees; and maintenance requirements.
The developers of an ordinance must be specific enough in defining allowable
approaches to preparing drainage plans that there is no question over the
intent of the regulations or the means used to implement them. The relationship
between the requirements of the ordinance and those of outside approving
agencies must be delineated. Three major problems can develop during implementation
of a basin-wide stormwater management ordinance: non-uniformity of application,
role of authority in issuing approvals, and non-uniformity of release rates.
It is important that these problems be foreseen and addressed within the
ordinance. While basin-wide stormwater management can bring new administrative
headaches, it is critical to insuring sound water resources management.
McArthur, B.H. 1989. Use of Isolated Wetlands in Florida for Stormwater
Treatment. Wetlands: Concerns and Successes. Proceedings of a Symposium
held September 17-22 1989, Tampa, Florida. American Water Resources
Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1989. p 185-193. Summary: The Florida
Department of Regulation (FDER) under Chapter 84-79, Laws or Florida, the
Warren S. Henderson Wetland Protection Act of 1984 and Chapters 40D-4 and
17-25 of the Florida Administration Code (FAC) provide for the use of isolated
wetlands for the treatment of stormwater runoff. Wetlands in the past have
been used for disposal of treated effluent but prior to October 1, 1984
wetlands have not been permitted through the state agencies to receive direct
discharge of untreated stormwater runoff from developments. This concept
allows for the incorporation of isolated wetlands into stormwater management
plans and has provided incentive for the preservation of wetlands within
a development. It is the intent of this concept to show that with proper
design, a wetland can be used to treat stormwater runoff by natural means
without damaging or significantly altering the existing ecosystems. Research
ha shown that the addition of stormwater can help ensure the maintenance
of existing hydroperiods and provide additional nutrients which could increase
the productivity of the wetland. Stabilizing the ecosystem can improve wildlife
habitat and provide an enhancement of the aesthetic value of the wetland
and the development. This paper discusses stormwater treatment in isolated
wetlands with emphasis on the continuing research in Florida, and includes:
(1) the rules and regulations set forth by the State of Florida, (2) detention
times and the benefits to water quality, (3) sampling procedures to insure
water quality standards, and (4) the design of a pilot project to be used
by the state to set and check compliance with standards.
McCann, K.; Olson, L. 1994. 14 Annual International
Symposium Of The North American, Lake M. Pollutant removal efficiencies
of the Greenwood Urban Wetland stormwater treatment system. LAKE RESERV.
MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 97. Summary: The Greenwood Urban Wetland
treats stormwater runoff from a 522 acre sub-basin in downtown Orlando.
Thirteen acres of ponds with a 25 to 30 ft. wide littoral shelf, a sediment
control basin, pond aeration and an irrigation system reusing stormwater
were incorporated into the design for pollutant removal efficiencies. The
City conducted a study on the Greenwood Urban Wetland to determine the pollutant
removal efficiency of the sediment trap and overall treatment system in
removing pollutants associated with stormwater runoff. Results of the study
indicated that the sediment trap removed total phosphorus and orthophosphate
at a removal efficiency of 11.4% and 7.4% respectively. The sediment trap
removal total nitrogen and nitrate at removal efficiencies of 4% and 16%
but exported ammonia and nitrite with removals of - 109% and -76%. Cadmium,
copper and lead were removed in the sediment trap at removal efficiencies
of 26%, 19% and 10% respectively. Zinc was exported with a removal efficiency
of - 5%. The overall removal efficiency of the wetland system was reduced
due to high groundwater inflows. Total phosphorus and orthophosphate had
removal efficiencies of 70% and 81% respectively. Nitrogen was removed a
efficiency with data indicating removal of total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate
and nitrite at removal efficiencies of 13%, 16%, 6% and 10% respectively.
Cadmium, lead and zinc were removed in the wetland at removal efficiencies
of 33%, 60% and 35%. Copper was exported at a rate of -4%.
Moglen, G.E.; McCuen, R.H. 1990. Economic Framework for Flood and Sediment
Control with Detention Basins. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol.
26, No. 1, p 145-156, February. Summary: A framework for combining
economic factors and the hydrology of detention basins is provided. The
general development of economic production functions for water quality (sediment)
and flood control is examined. Example production functions are generated
to compare water quality (sediment control only) and flood control. For
the given example, the design of a detention basin for downstream sediment
control is economically unwarranted. When compared to onsite detention facilities,
regional detention structures appear to be more practical from an economic
standpoint for water quality control. Since sediment was the only water
quality parameter assessed, it is entirely possible that the design of a
detention basin for water quality control would be justified if the effects
of all pollutants of concern could be quantified. The benefits that result
from trapping pollutants, including sediment, are one of the most difficult
elements of the water quality production function to assess. The estimation
of benefits of instream flow is a relatively new area of investigation.
Public goods, or non- marketed resources, are difficult to assess, in part,
because of the many beneficiaries involved and because many of the benefits
are value-based. The benefits are also a function of the flow level, with
greater water quality benefits accruing during low flows, which compounds
the problem of estimation.
Mutunayagam, N. Brito; Bahrami, Ali. 1987. Cartography
and site analysis with microcomputers : a programming guide for physical
planning, urban design, and landscape architecture. Aug; New York,
Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Odgaard, A.J.; Wang, Y. 1990. Sediment Management with Submerged Vanes.
IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1990 National Conference.
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 963-968. National
Science Foundation Grant No. CTS-8611147; Highway Research Board of the
Iowa Department of Transportation Grant Nos. HR-255, HR-274, and HR-307;
United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, through the
Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute Project No. G- 1017-03. Summary:
Submerged vanes are small river training structures used for protection
of streambanks against erosion and for amelioration of shoaling problems
in navigation channels, at water intakes, in bridge crossings, and at diversions.
The submerged vanes are installed on the streambed at an angle of attack
of 15-25 degrees with the flow. Their initial height is 0.2-0.4 times local
water depth at design stage, and their length is 3-4 times their height.
By generating secondary circulation in the flow, the vanes alter the distribution
of bed shear stresses across the river channel and cause a redistribution
of flow velocity and depth. The theory relates this redistribution to the
parameters of the vane system. To facilitate design, a number of graphs
have been prepared showing calculated changes in flow depth at the bank
as a function of the basic vane parameters (vane height, aspect ratio, angle
of incidence, vane submergence, lateral and longitudinal vane spacings,
and vane-to- bank distance) and flow and sediment parameters (pre-vane cross-
sectional acreage flow depth, velocity, resistance, channel width-depth
ratio and radius-width ratio, and sediment Froude number). The design procedure
is as follows: (1) determine bankfull-flow variables; (2) calculate the
resistance parameter, Froude number, depth-width ratio, and width-radius
ratio; (3) define desired maximum change of depth to be achieved by the
vane system; (4) select vane dimensions and angle of attack, and calculate
vane submergence-depth ratio and aspect ratio; (5) enter appropriate graph
and determine (read) the number of vanes per array required to obtain the
desired value of the maximum change of depth; and (6) select other vane
dimensions and enter the appropriate graphs to determine if the objective
can be met with more favorable designs and layouts. Both laboratory and
field experience show that these relationships, and hence the design procedure
established, are valid.
Pearthree, M.S.; Wise, J.S. 1988. Living with
Floodplains: Land Development in Arizona. Floodplain Harmony.
The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center Institute
of Behavioral Science No. 6, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 1988.
p 260-267. Summary: Flood hazards in southern Arizona, where the
Phoenix and Tuscon metropolitan areas are located, occur in two distinct
riverine settings: (1) overbank inundation and channel meandering along
major watercourses; and (2) shallow sheet flooding of alluvial fan areas
and of low-lying areas dominated by braided channel systems. High population
growth has necessitated rapid development of flood plain management regulatory
policies and drainage design criteria. Flood plain encroachment, channel
stabilization, and maintenance of natural flood plain methods have been
successfully employed in areas of overbank inundation and channel meandering
along major watercourses. Flood plain encroachment, channel/parkway schemes,
and maintenance of existing wildlife corridors and riparian habitats within
flood plain regions have been successfully employed in alluvial fan areas
and braided channel systems. The projects cited have been developed with
the idea of managing floodwaters while enhancing existing environmental
and water resources. The coordination and interaction required between the
public, agencies, developers, and engineers throughout the planning and
design phases of these projects were of major importance.
Porter, M.E. 1995. The rise of the urban
entrepreneur. Inc., Vol: 17 Iss: 7 Date: May 16, 1995
p: 104-119. Summary: The time for revitalizing the inner city is
now. Porter examines the failures of existing urban policy and lays out
a blueprint for the economic revitalization of US cities.
Propson, T.P. 1980. Urbanization Effects and the Control of the Surface
Runoff Process in Small Watersheds. Available from the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield VA 22161 as PB80-222813, Price
codes: A05 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Water Resources Institute,
South Dakota State University, Brookings, Completion Report, June 1980.
OWRT-B-034- SDAK (1), 14-34-0001-3842. Summary: An approach to the
solution of urban runoff problems that has gradually evolved and gained
in popularity during the past few years is the ' greenway ' or ' greenbelt
' approach. To facilitate the determination of the flood-plain zone (the
greenway) for small watersheds, a new urban runoff model, the Rapid City
Runoff Model (RCRM) has been developed which, while lacking the broad flexibility
of the more sophisticated models, is less wasteful in terms of computer
storage, compilation time, and cost of data preparation. We believe that
RCRM is an urban runoff simulation model which provides for a greater level
of hydraulic accuracy than the less sophisticated models while remaining
at a level of sophistication compatible with established practice, and with
minimum data collection and preparation time. This model is based upon urban
hydrology principals developed by the Soil Conservation Service and has
been refined to include: (1) up to 63 subbasins within a major drainage
basin; (2) a sophisticated technique for identification of each subbasin
which establishes the drainage pattern of the main basin; (3) a more realistic
and accurate method of modeling the hydrologic characteristics of natural
drainage channels; and (4) the capability to predict the extent of lateral
inundation produced by the design peak discharges.
Pysher, T.R.; Kibler, D.F.; Mather, M.N.; Mazich, J.P. 1990. Basin Wide
Stormwater Management in Pennsylvania: A Case Study of Hydrologic Performance
Standards. IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1990 National
Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 1197-1202.
Summary: The Pennsylvania Stormwater Management Act, passed in 1978,
mandated the implementation of basin-wide hydrologic performance standards
to manage increases in stormwater runoff caused by development. These performance
standards take the form of 'release rates' and are developed using hydrologic
computer models. This basin-wide approach to stormwater management considers
the impact of increased runoff on downstream areas; therefore, it is more
comprehensive than conventional on-site stormwater management that maintains
post-development peak discharges at pre-development levels. A case study
of the Little Plum Run watershed in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, provides
a practical application of release rates. A sensitivity analysis was performed
to examine the effect of various hydrologic computer model input parameters
on release rates for the Little Plum Run watershed. For hydrologic analysis,
the watershed was divided into ten subareas and completed using the Penn
State Runoff Model (PSRM), which developed design storm specific release
rates for each subarea. The sensitivity of seven different PSRM input parameters
(overland length, overland slope, Manning's roughness coefficient for pervious
surfaces, runoff curve number, initial abstraction, ratio of in-bank to
out-of-bank velocity, and channel travel time) on subarea release rates
was tested through application of PSRM to the Little Plum watershed for
existing land use conditions. It was found that channel travel time was
the most sensitive parameter for determining subarea release rates (maximum
bias of -0.17 and maximum standard error of 0.22). The results of this sensitivity
analysis are not necessarily applicable to other watersheds or other hydrologic
analysis techniques; however, the significance of channel travel time accuracy
in estimating flow travel time throughout a watershed is important for establishing
basin-wide hydrologic performance standards.
Rippey, B. 1990. Implications for the Design of Artificial Lakes of a
Study of the Craigavon Lakes. Water Research, Vol. 24, No. 9,
p 1085-1089, September. Summary: Two linked artificial lakes in the
new town of Craigavon in Northern Ireland are used for both stormwater management
and recreation. The eutrophic lakes have not only fulfilled their engineering
function of preventing flooding from urban runoff but the water quality
has been high enough to allow recreation on and beside them. A study of
water quality has shown that phosphorus loading-trophic state models apply
to these artificial lakes. These models may be able to be used elsewhere
to achieve optimum design and acceptable water quality. The phosphorus loading-trophic
state models may be used to explore how water quality varies with lake depth
and decide if the costs of excavation of deeper lakes are justified. When
deciding which areas should drain to an artificial lake, estimates of the
water quality can be made and the best solution chosen. The high cost of
excavating lakes means that most of the lakes will be fairly shallow. The
growth of macrophytes in the shallow lakes can be controlled by yearly mechanical
cutting.
Salant, K. 1996, June 15. HOUSEWATCH - UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGNS YIELD UNUSUAL
PRICES, STANDARD FEATURES. Washington Post, Final Edition,
Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Katherine Salant discusses back-to-back
town house projects in the Germantown area of Montgomery County MD, saying
that the $130,000 price range and standard features have appealed to first-time
home buyers.
Scatena, P.N. 1990. Selection of Riparian Buffer
Zones in Humid Tropical Steeplands. IN: Research Needs and Applications
to Reduce Erosion and Sedimentation in Tropical Steeplands. IAHS Publication
No. 192. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Washington,
DC. 1990. p 328-337. Summary: The use of riparian protection zones
in forestry operations is based on the premise that the structure of the
riparian zone has a controlling influence on the environmental conditions
of the aquatic habitat. In the design of riparian protection zones, maximized
environmental benefits can be met by minimizing changes in light, temperature,
sediment and channel morphology within the riparian zone; and reducing offside
exports of sediment and nutrients by providing storage sites adjacent to
the stream channel. The determination of effective buffer width and extent
has typically been established by establishing and protecting the minimum
area contributing the runoff, and by determining the sediment trapping efficiency
of the vegetative strip. Both the watershed area and commercial basal areal
area increases geometrically as smaller and smaller channels are protected.
Due to the relatively high stream channel densities in tropical steeplands,
protection of intermittent channels is economically prohibitive. Furthermore,
since storm runoff is dominated by channelized flow from intermittent swales,
and the steep channel margins cannot store large volumes of sediment, the
sediment trapping efficiency of these buffers is greatly reduced. Delimiting
buffers on the presence of herbaceous vegetation provides both a practical
and ecologically sound solution to buffer selection. Since herbaceous layers
are a diagnostic feature of these riparian zones, buffers based on their
presence should reduce changes to ecological characteristics of the system.
Schor, H.J.; Gray, D.H. 1995. Landform grading and slope evolution.
J. GEOTECH. ENG. vol. 121, no. 10, pp. 729-735. Summary: Transportation
corridors and residential developments in steep terrain both require that
some grading be carried out to accommodate roadways and building sites.
The manner in which this grading is planned and executed and the nature
of the resulting topography or landforms that are created affect not only
the visual or aesthetic impact of the development but also the long-term
stability of the slopes and effectiveness of landscaping and revegetation
efforts. Conventionally graded slopes can be characterized by essentially
planar slope surfaces with constant gradients. Most slopes in nature, however,
consist of complex landforms covered by vegetation that grows in patterns
that are adjusted to hillside hydrogeology. Analysis of slope-evolution
models reveals that a planar slope in many cases is not an equilibrium configuration.
Landform-graded slopes on the other hand mimic stable natural slopes and
are characterized by a variety of shapes, including convex and concave forms.
Downslope drains either follow natural drop lines in the slope or are hidden
from view in swale-and-berm combinations. Landscaping plants are placed
in patterns that occur in nature as opposed to random or artificial configurations.
The relatively small increase in the costs of engineering and design for
landform grading are more than offset by improved visual and aesthetic impact,
quicker regulatory approval, decreased hillside maintenance and sediment
removal costs, and increased marketability and public acceptance.
Smith, L.G.; Carlisle, T.J.; Meek, S.N. 1993. Implementing Sustainability:
the Use Of Natural Channel Design and Artificial Wetlands for Stormwater
Management. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 37, No.
4, p 241-257, April. Summary: Sustainability is a concept that has
been widely embraced both politically and intellectually but has not been
addressed in terms of practical application. In most resource sectors, the
features of a sustainable future remain unclear and there are few examples
that give practical expression to sustainability. This deficiency has been
addressed on two counts: (1) the application of the concept to the management
of water resources; and (2) how the concept can be utilized for the management
and planning of urban stormwater. Natural channel design and artificial
wetlands represent an innovative approach to stormwater management in that
they provide benefits for the natural environment. Rather than thinking
of created wetlands and natural channels as techniques for the single purpose
of stormwater management, the designs are more accurately thought of as
a concept. Integral features of this concept include its potential for maintaining
or enhancing terrestrial and aquatic habitat and its use of an integrated
approach to stormwater management. The practical application of these designs
is limited in the North American context. Preliminary research indicates
that some impediments include the negative attitudes of developers and planners,
the complexity of storm drainage plan approval processes, local government
skepticism, legal liability and overall inexperience with the designs.
Sturm, T.W.; Kirby, R.E. 1991. Sediment Reduction in Urban Stormwater
Runoff From Construction Sites. Available from National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB92-178243. Price codes:
A06 in paper copy, A02 in microfiche. Environmental Resources Center, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Report No. ERC 04-91, June 1991. USGS
Contract No. 14-08-0001-G1556. USGS Project No. G1556-06. Summary: Current
design criteria and best-management practices for controlling sediment in
runoff from construction sites were evaluated in response to Georgia legislation
which established an effluent limit on turbidity. The research approach
has been two-pronged with an analysis of field data collected by Georgia
EPD and of numerical data generated by a computer simulation model. The
field data were collected at landfill sites which had a sediment basin.
Regression relations between suspended solids in mg/L and turbidity in NTU
were developed for each landfill site and were found to be dependent on
the soil types at each site. The probability of meeting the turbidity discharge
standard is dependent on rainfall characteristics, the hydrologic condition
and size of the watershed contributing to the receiving stream, soil properties
and soil conservation measures on the disturbed watershed, and the sediment
basin design. Computer simulation results were obtained from the model SEDCAD+
for disturbed watersheds with sediment basins designed according to the
Georgia Erosion and Sediment Control Manual. The results showed that sediment
basins can be very effective in reducing suspended sediment in construction-site
runoff. However, for a disturbed area with significant soil-conservation
treatment, the peak sediment concentration in the sediment-basin outflow
exceeded the undisturbed peak concentration for a meadow land use. For an
undisturbed land use of 1/3 agriculture, 1/3 woods, and 1/3 pasture, disturbed
sediment concentrations in the sediment-basin outflow were less than the
undisturbed values. Sediment-basin trap efficiencies obtained from the numerical
model varied from 45% for the clay loam soil to 80% for the sandy loam soil.
The trap efficiencies decreased with increases in surface loading rate.
The numerical results suggest that an improvement in the design criteria
for sediment basins would be to re-define the surface loading rate and to
specify lower allowable values for soils with high percentages of clay.
The numerical results also quantitatively demonstrate the importance of
applying soil conservation measures so as to prevent as much sediment as
possible from ever reaching the sediment basin.
Theisen, M.S. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort Collin.
The expanding role of geosynthetics in erosion and sediment control.
PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.;
Nordstrom,-S.K.; Keammerer,- W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV.,
FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST. pp. 150-170.
COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71. Summary: The use of geosynthetic
erosion and sediment materials continues to expand at a rapid pace. From
their early beginnings in the late 1950's, geosynthetic materials today
are the backbone of the erosion and sediment control industry. Geosynthetic
components are an integral part of erosion and sediment materials ranging
from temporary products such as hydraulic mulch geofibers, plastic erosion
control meshes and nettings, erosion control blankets and silt fences to
high performance turf reinforcement mats, geocellular confinement systems,
erosion control geotextiles, fabric formed revetments and concrete block
systems. This paper provides a brief overview of these materials and concepts,
and how they may be designed and incorporated into cost effective applications.
Viladas, P. 1992. The Urbane Village. House & Garden,
Vol: 164 Iss: 7 Date: Jul 1992 p: 38-39. Summary: A different kind
of community taking shape in Windsor FL, a resort village designed in the
urban tradition of the Caribbean, is profiled. The resulting village will
have courtyard and garden houses resembling those of historic Charleston
NC and Saint Augustine FL.
Vivian, J. 1995. The secrets of low tech plumbing. Mother
Earth News, Iss: 150 Date: Jun 1995 p: 34-38+. Summary: Low-cost,
low-impact, low-energy rain catchments and cisterns, water rams and solar
pumps, along with a dose of plain old- fashioned water conservation, will
allow one to take control of the water supply and wet-waste disposal systems.
The secrets of low-tech plumbing are discussed.
Williams, D.T.; Austin, D.N. 1995. PC based design of channel protection
using permanent geosynthetic reinforcement mattings. LAND WATER 1995
vol. 39, pp. 11-14. Summary: New erosion and sediment control legislation,
coupled with enhanced public awareness toward environmental issues, has
led to a rapid increase in the use of flexible geosynthetic lining systems
as lining materials in inland waterways. These materials are being selected
as alternatives to rigid linings because of several advantages they offer.
Geosynthetic mattings: 1. Allow vegetative establishment, 2. Extend performance
limits of natural vegetation, 3. Conform to uneven subgrades, 4. Are easy
to install, 5. Impede water flow/capture sediment, 6. Promote infiltration/groundwater
recharge, 7. Reduce sediment transport, and 8. Offer greater than 50% cost
savings. This article describes the procedures used for the hydraulic analyses
and selection of a permanent geosynthetic matting as channel lining materials
featured in a new computer program.
Yates, D.; Lormand, J. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort
Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar. Revegetation of highway impacts Provo Canyon,
Utah US 189 Murdock Water Diversion to Upper Falls Park. PROCEEDINGS:
HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.; Nordstrom,-S.K.;
Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORT COLLINS, CO
80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST. pp. 281-284. INF.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST.
vol. 71. Summary: This exhibit describes the revegetation design
for the areas affected by highway construction along US 189 through scenic
Provo Canyon, east of the Cities of Provo and Orem, Utah. The landscape
design goal was to establish native plant materials on highway cut and fill
slopes. Grading techniques, such as slope molding and rock cut sculpting
were used to provide a more natural appearance to the impacted terrain.
Wetland permitting and mitigation design for 4.5 acres of wetland was also
included. A separate recreation path was designed from two miles of an abandoned
railroad right-of-way. The public involvement in this project played a critical
role in bringing the design process to a successful conclusion. At the time
Parson's De Leuw, Inc. became involved, the project was shut down under
a court injunction. Parson's De Leuw established the Provo Canyon Design
Advisory Committee (PCDAC), a group of concerned citizens to redevelop the
project with a design that addressed the public's concerns.
Yazdani, N.; Ycaza, I.D. 1995. Multi agency integrated code for coastal
construction. J. COAST. RES. vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 899- 903. Summary:
The population growth in the State of Florida has created an increase
in development along the shoreline in recent years. Owners have to comply
with building and zoning codes, manuals, local standards, and other guidelines
to obtain coastal construction permit. These guidelines were prepared by
either federal, regional, or state agencies. Also, local governments (counties
and municipalities) promulgate their own provisions. With the proliferation
of guidelines, several regulating agencies often hold jurisdiction on a
coastal construction project. Thus, several guidelines are applicable and
must be satisfied. In these situations, the designer must follow the most
stringent of those standards, turning the design process into a difficult
and time-consuming task. The integrated coastal code developed in this study
is a guide of minimum standards of coastal construction developed by integrating
the most stringent guidelines from several coastal agencies in Florida.
The selected counties are from around the State with coasts on the Gulf
of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. General guidelines for major and minor
shore protection structures and mobile homes are part of the code which
is subdivided into sections such as wind design, wave forces design, flood
protection and erosion control. A user-friendly menu-driven software was
also developed containing the developed integrated coastal construction
code.
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Economics Bibliography
Alper, J. 1993. Protecting the environment
with the power of the market. Science, Vol: 260 Iss: 5116 Date:
Jun 25, 1993 p: 1884-1885. Summary: The common ground that can be
reached between sound economics and sound environmental practices is discussed.
A market-based approach can show consumers the hidden costs entailed in
their actions.
Anonymous. 1992. The Price of Green. Economist, Vol: 323 Iss:
7758 Date: May 9, 1992 p: 87. Summary: In the green frenzy that is
preceding the upcoming Earth Summit, the phrase 'sustainable development'
keeps popping up in unexpected places. Usually it is simply shorthand for
anything environmental, but some see it as a better basis for making environmental
decisions than balancing costs and benefits.
Anonymous. 1995. Citadels of power. Economist, Vol: 336 Iss:
7925 Date: Jul 29, 1995 p: SS14-SS17. Summary: Discovering what policies
affect cities' productivity and how to improve them is becoming more important.
Policies that are concerned with transport, policing, zoning and the environment
matter most to urban businesses.
Forgey, B. 1995, June 10. CITYSCAPE - SPREADING THE WORD ON URBAN SPRAWL;
EXHIBIT OFFERS ROUGH SKETCH OF WAYS TO PRESERVE LAND. Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: B STYLE p: 1. Summary: Benjamin Forgey
discusses the 'Sprawl' exhibition at the District of Columbia Arts Center
in Washington DC's Adams-Morgan area, which examines the phenomenon of urban
sprawl.
Harney, K.R. 1996, June 1. THE NATION'S HOUSING - HOME BUYERS WANT MODERN
TOWNS WITH LOTS OF OLD-FASHIONED CHARM. Washington Post, Final
Edition, Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Kenneth R. Harney says
the 1996 national home buyers' community preference vote has just been tallied
and reveals that buyers may want a neo-traditional good-old-fashioned atmosphere
at the center of their towns, but they prefer an updated version of the
good old suburbs outside the town center.
Hosmer, P. 1995, July 13. RAIL PLAN ON THE WRONG TRACK, SAY DEVOTEES
OF THE B&A TRAIL.Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: M WEEKLY
- MARYLAND p: 1.
Lee, G. 1995, January 8. THE GREEN SCENE; ECOTRAVEL IS ONE OF THE TRENDIEST
BUZZWORDS OF THE '90S -- BUT WHAT EXACTLY DOES IT MEAN? Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: E TRAVEL p: 1. Summary: Gary Lee discusses
the concept behind ecotravel, which means practicing good environmentalism
whatever one's destination. [By the estimate of the nonprofit Ecotourism
Society, a kind of travelers' clearinghouse, 8 million U.S. residents have
taken an ecotour at some point. By the end of 1995, the society projects,
that number will have climbed by as much as 25 percent.]
Lelen, K. 1996, June 22. ELEMENTS OF STYLE: BUILDERS FIND NEO- TRADITIONAL
DESIGNS HAVE THEIR LIMITS. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec:
E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Despite the limited buyer appeal of
neo-traditional towns that embody the latest ideas in suburban development,
Washington DC- area builders are giving picket fences, front porches and
other neighbor-friendly amenities fresh scrutiny for their more traditional
projects elsewhere.
Mayer, C.E. 1995, April 29. IN OLD NEIGHBORHOODS, LOTS OF CONTENTION;
SOME BUILDERS' RUSH TO PACK BIG NEW HOMES INTO CLOSE- IN SUBDIVISIONS LEADS
TO RESIDENTIAL UPROAR. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: E
REAL ESTATE p: 1.
Mayer, C.E. 1995, April 29. THE SHRINKING OF THE AMERICAN LAWN; FOR REASONS
OF BUSINESS AND PLEASURE, A LOT OF THE GREEN IS GONE. Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: A SECTION p: 1. Summary: The lawn,
that unique status symbol of suburbia and homeownership is slowly but steadily
shrinking. If it is not harried homeowners cutting back to minimize maintenance,
it is the nation's homebuilders erecting larger houses on ever smaller lots,
leaving little, if any room, for grass.
Pomeroy, W. M. 1995. The Fraser River Basin Towards sustainability.
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,- S.H.; Gulati,-R.D.; Van-Liere,-L.;
Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) 1995 pp. 33-39. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL. vol. 31,
no. 8. Summary: The Fraser River Basin occupies approximately one
quarter of the area of British Columbia ranging from undeveloped forests
to heavily urbanized centres. Competing demands are continually being made
on the system with respect to preservation of the natural environment and
economic development. In response to increasing stresses, the six year Fraser
River Action Plan was initiated in 1991 to reduce pollution, enhance environmental
quality, and develop an integrated basin management program based on sustainability.
Activities addressing the first two are under way in the areas of pollution
abatement, environmental quality and research, enforcement and compliance,
and habitat restoration and conservation. Partnerships are critical to implementing
a successful integrated management program. The Fraser Basin Management
Program balances current social and economic needs with environmental conservation
to achieve sustainability. Smaller scale management programs exist within
the basin to address the highly urbanized/industrialized Fraser estuary
(Fraser River Estuary Management Program) and the Port of Vancouver/Burrard
Inlet (Burrard Inlet Environmental Action Program). Environment Canada,
in partnership with others, is cleaning up pollution and establishing effective
sustainable management programs, before the conflicts between environment
and economy reach a critical point. Results to date are encouraging.
Salant, K. 1996, June 15. HOUSEWATCH - UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGNS YIELD UNUSUAL
PRICES, STANDARD FEATURES. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec:
E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Katherine Salant discusses back-to-back
town house projects in the Germantown area of Montgomery County MD, saying
that the $130,000 price range and standard features have appealed to first-time
home buyers.
Schwartz, J. 1995, September 18. SCIENCE: ECONOMICS - WORLD BANK RETOOLS
ECONOMIC YARDSTICK TO FIND HIDDEN VALUE. Washington Post, Final
Edition, Sec: A SECTION p: 3. Summary: The environment department
of the World Bank has come up with a way to measure a nation's hidden worth
in the form of a new publication, 'Monitoring Environmental Progress: A
Report on Work in Progress,' a framework that attempts to integrate economic
indicators with environmental considerations.
Shaw, T. 1995, January 5. AN EARTH-FRIENDLY AGENDA IN THE WHITE HOUSE;
UPDATING THE MANSION'S SYSTEMS SAVES MONEY -- AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: T HOME p: 5.
Stevens, W. 1992, September 8. Science Times: Economists Strive to Find
Environment's Bottom Line. The New York Times, Sec: C p: 1 col:
5. Summary: An analysis is made of the hotly debated issue in the
1992 presidential race of whether governmental efforts to protect the environment
help or hinder economic growth. At the root of the argument is the growing
acceptance of the idea that the world economy is merely a subsystem of the
planet's ecology, on which it depends for materials, energy and general
sustenance.
Williams, C. 1992. Books - Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle.
Edited by F. Herbert Bormann and Stephen R. Kellert. Science News,
Vol: 141 Iss: 8 Date: Feb 22, 1992 p: 114. Summary: Favorable book
review.
Back To Top
Habitat Bibliography
A better row to hoe: The economic, environmental, and social impact of
sustainable agriculture. 1994. Northwest Area Foundation, St. Paul, MN (USA). 1994.
40 pp. Summary: Sustainable agriculture involves substituting renewable
resources generated on the farm for nonrenewable, purchased resources. It
also makes use of ecological practices such as crop rotation, landscape
management, and livestock waste management. This report evaluates the impact
of a shift toward sustainable agriculture on the economy, environment, and
rural communities in the eight-state northwest region of the U.S. The research
findings show that some of the measurable environmental benefits of sustainable
agriculture are reduced toxins in soil and water, less erosion, enhanced
wildlife habitat, and lower energy use.
Allen, H.H.; Lazor, R.L. 1989. Reservoir Shoreline Erosion and Revegetation
Workshops. Army Corps of Engineers Water Operations Technical Support
Information Exchange Bulletin Volume E-89-1, October 1989. 5p. Summary:
In 1987, the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station began organizing
and conducting a series of annual workshops for Corps of Engineer (CE) personnel.
The objectives were to illustrate amd explain impacts of shoreline erosion
in CE reservoirs; identify probable causes of erosion; demonstrate means
of measuring and analyzing bank erosion and recession; review traditional
means of protecting shorelines; and describe alternative methods of controlling
erosion using vegetation or a combination of vegetative and structural solutions.
With proper planning, site preparation, appropriate plant establishment
methods used at the right time, and postplanting monitoring and maintenance,
reservoir shorelines can be vegetated to satisfy several objectives including
shoreline erosion control. Revegetating reservoir shorelines can help prevent
and control erosion, reduce turbidity and improve water quality, establish
fisheries and wildlife habitat, and enhance reservoir esthetic values. Workshops
on reservoir erosion control and revegetation will continue to provide innovative
techniques to field personnel and draw upon others ' experiences in controlling
reservoir shoreline erosion.
Anonymous. 1994. Inviting Bambi into the backyard. Environment,
Vol: 36 Iss: 8 Date: Oct 1994 p: 22. Summary: Wildlife can exist
in cities, and it is actually the biological monitor of the health of cities.
Wildlife conservationists are working on the creation of urban habitats
for wildlife.
Barnett, J.L.; Windell, J.T. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop,
Fort Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar 1992. .Stream restoration in Boulder,
Colorado. PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.;
Nordstrom,- S.K.; Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV.,
FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST.. 1992 p.
171. INF.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71. Summary: Urbanization,
gravel mining, and channelization cause major impacts to stream corridors.
Flooding characteristics, water quality, aquatic and terrestrial habitat
values, and stream channel stability are adversely affected by these activities.
Like other cities, the City of Boulder, Colorado contains many reaches of
altered stream channels. Numerous stream reaches pass through the city's
busiest commercial areas and most densely developed residential neighborhoods,
while other reaches remain relatively pristine. The City of Boulder has
recognized that these streams provide unique opportunities for creating
a comprehensive greenway system for the community. They can be creatively
developed to function as storm drainage and flood channels, efficient bicycle
and pedestrian transportation systems, open space and wildlife corridors,
and attractive recreation areas. Sensitivity designed improvements enhance
the value of each stream corridor as wildlife habitat, as a place for in-town
opportunities for both active and passive recreation, as major links in
both existing and proposed trails and bikeways, and as improved flood carrying
channels. This paper describes the rationale, approach, and progress by
the City of Boulder in restoring its stream corridors.
Barrow, C.J. 1994. Land degradation. Development and breakdown of terrestrial
environments. NEW YORK, NY (USA). CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1994.
Summary: Land degradation is fast becoming recognized as a key issue
for world conservation as the end of the twentieth century approaches. The
complex relationship between human development and the environment is explored,
with a particular emphasis on the causes of land degradation processes.
Having given a broad overview of what land degradation is and why it is
occurring, the author goes on to illustrate the problem in the context of
different habitat types such as forest, woodland, and drylands. The impact
of human activities through global pollution, and industrial and urban development,
as well as conservation efforts are discussed. Written as an introduction
to the topic, the book provides a synthesis of our current understanding
of the phenomenon of land degradation.
Beard, D. P. 1994. Bureau of Reclamation revamps efforts to help fish.
FISHERIES 1994 vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 6-7. Summary: In its 92-year history,
the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation has been instrumental to the development
of water resources in the arid western United States. Now the bureau's mission
is changing to better suit today's water needs. Secretary of the Interior
Bruce Babbitt and I are committed to transforming the Bureau of Reclamation
from a civil works construction agency into a premier water resources manager.
The bureau's increased emphasis on improved management and protection of
natural resources is reflective of greater environmental knowledge, changing
societal values and needs, and the natural evolution from a resource development
focus. Our program will focus on operating existing projects with greater
environmental sensitivity, implementing environmental restoration efforts,
and undertaking activities with more concern for environmental values. While
we still have much to do, the bureau has taken some important steps to implement
its new mission. The following are examples of bureau activities that illustrate
our commitment to endangered species recovery, fish habitat restoration,
and sustainable management of healthy fisheries.
Bolger, D. 1992. Ecological Linkages - Nature Conservation 2. The Role
of Corridors. Edited by Denis A. Saunders and Richard J. Hobbs. Science,
Vol: 256 Iss: 5060 Date: May 22, 1992 p: 1224-1225. Summary: Mixed
book review.
Bowen, R. 1995. 39 Annual New Mexico Water Conference, Summary: Albuqu.
Federal initiatives on the Rio Grande. THE FUTURE OF ALBUQUERQUE
AND MIDDLE RIO GRANDE BASIN. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 39TH ANNUAL NEW MEXICO WATER
CONFERENCE. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY, BOX 30001, DEPT. 3167, LAS CRUCES,
NM 88003 (USA) NEW MEXICO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1995 pp. 97-99.
TECH.-REP.- NEW-MEX.-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 290. Summary: Ecosystem
protection is at the core of EPA's reorientation goal of moving the agency
toward a more holistic approach to environmental protection. Currently,
a multitude of terms are being used to describe the new orientation. There
is the watershed protection approach, whole basin planning, ecoregion protection,
geographic focused approach, ecosystem management and place-based protection.
Other federal agencies also have their own terms. What do they all have
in common? In my opinion, their common theme is to bring us back to focusing
on natural resources as a system and not separate components. In the past
we have chosen to focus on certain components because of the agency's organizational
structure or specific programmatic goals. The Office of Water's approach
to ecosystem protection is being called the watershed approach. We will
attempt to deliver the services we are responsible for, in a manner that
recognizes and respects the complexity and interrelationships within ecosystems.
A few key principles underlie EPA's watershed approach. Geographic focus
is the first. Management activities need to be directed within specific
areas, typically watersheds or basins or groundwater recharge zones. Next,
actions need to be driven by environmental objectives and supported by strong
science and data. Next is partnerships. Those parties most affected by the
management decisions must be involved throughout and help shape key decisions.
Management teams must include local, state, tribal, all appropriate federal
agencies and public interest groups. The last key principles are coordinated
priority setting and integrated solutions. Through coordinated efforts,
appropriate parties can establish priorities and take integrated actions
based on consideration of all environmental issues, including threats to
public health, and surface and groundwater as well as the need to protect
critical habitat and biological integrity.
Chilibeck, B.; Chislett, G.; Norris, G. 1992. Land development guidelines
for the protection of aquatic habitat. Department, Of Fisheries And
Oceans, Ottawa, ON (Canada) Habitat Management, Div. 1992. 131 pp. Summary:
Guidelines to protect Pacific salmon, trout, char and other freshwater
species and their habitat from the damaging effects of land development
activities. The guidelines cover leave strips, erosion and sediment control,
stormwater management, instream work, fish passage and culverts, and implementation.
An example is also included.
Colby, B. G. 1990. Enhancing Instream Flow Benefits in an Era of Water
Marketing. Water Resources Research, Vol. 26, No. 6, p 1113-1120,
June. Summary: Growing populations in the western United States demand
water not only for residential use and to support urban development but
also for recreation, water quality enhancement, improvement of fish and
wildlife habitat and to preserve the aesthetics of riparian areas. Instream
flows contribute substantial economic benefits, and emerging pressure to
reserve water instream comes at a time when markets are evolving to reallocate
water among offstream uses such as agriculture, industry and municipal expansion.
Current instream flow policies in the western states were examined to determined
the economic values generated by stream flows. Instream values were argued
to be high enough to compete in the market for water rights with offstream
uses when important recreation sites and wildlife species are involved.
Alterations to the western state 's policies are suggested to accommodate
instream flow protection within the context of water marketing, with the
objective of improving the efficiency of water allocation among instream
and consumptive users.
Ellinghouse, C.D. 1994. Boulder Creek instream flow program. INTEGRATED
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTH PLATTE BASIN: STATUS AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1994 SOUTH PLATTE FORUM, OCTOBER 26-27, 1994, GREELEY,
COLORADO. Klein,-K.C.; Williams,-D.J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY,
FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
pp. 52-53. FORM.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.- INST. no. 77 Summary:
The City of Boulder, in conjunction with the Colorado Water Conservation
Board, has developed an innovative program for the maintenance of streamflow
within Boulder Creek and North Boulder Creek. The instream flow program
will preserve fish habitat and enhance the aesthetics of the stream corridor.
The instream flow program is a part of the water management program adopted
by the City Council based on the September 1988 Raw Water Master Plan. Under
Colorado law, the Colorado Water Conservation Board (CWCB) is the only agency
allowed to hold water rights decreed for instream flow purposes. The joint
City/CWCB instream flow program was carefully designed to be in compliance
with the state water administration system in order to assure that the water
donated by the City would be used for instream flows and not diverted by
other water users. In the past, the holders of senior water rights, including
agricultural interests and the City of Boulder, have had the legal right
to virtually dry up portions of the creek through diversions during low
flow periods. To alter this condition, Boulder's Raw Water Master Plan established
goals for the City of achieving minimum streamflows in main Boulder Creek
and its tributaries. In July of 1990, an agreement was completed between
Boulder and the CWCB and has been amended twice since that time. This agreement
and the amendments provide for the deeding of ownership of a portion of
Boulder's water rights to the CWCB. The agreement also provides for Boulder
to release water that is stored by the City in the Silver Lake Watershed
or in Barker Reservoir for fulfillment of the CWCB's junior instream flow
right on Boulder Creek and the CWCB's new instream flow filings on North
Boulder Creek and Boulder Creek. The City has deeded ownership of $12 million
of water and water rights to the CWCB so far. Boulder had previously depended
on this water to meet municipal needs. During severe droughts or emergencies,
Boulder is allowed to call the water rights back and curtail storage releases
for use within the utility system. This will protect reservoir levels in
the Silver Lake watershed to preserve the native species of fish in the
reservoirs. Boulder is also allowed to use the rights if they are not needed
to satisfy the minimum streamflow requirements. At the downstream terminus
of the instream flow reach, Boulder retains control of part of the water
that had previously been consumed for municipal purposes. The next step
toward finalizing the instream flow program was to obtain a decree from
the Colorado Water Court allowing use of these water rights and storage
releases for instream flow. Boulder and the CWCB were joint applicants to
the Water Court for a change in use in December 1990. A decree approving
the change in use to instream flow was signed on December 20, 1993. Through
the joint CWCB/City of Boulder instream flow program, consisting of the
City's dedication of water and water rights and the CWCB filings for new
instream flow water rights, North Boulder and main Boulder Creeks now will
rarely drop below the minimum levels needed for healthy fish habitat. The
Creeks will continue to flow at much higher than the minimum levels during
the natural high flow periods.
Ezzell, C. 1992. Wilderness Corridors May not Benefit All. Science
News, Vol: 142 Iss: 9 Date: Aug 29, 1992 p: 135. Summary: A new
study questions the efficacy of the corridor concept in preserving wild
populations. Daniel K. Rosenberg, who led the research group, says the study
demonstrates the importance of the environment surrounding corridors, because
many animals won't find their way into greenways.
Ferguson, B. K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation. Journal of Soil
and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 324-328, September/October.
Summary: In urban areas, streams represent potential wildlife corridors,
wetland multipliers of ecosystem integrity, scenic resources, recreational
facilities close to home, and greenway links among neighborhoods and parks.
California's Urban Stream Restoration Program was begun in 1985 to reduce
damages from streambank and watershed instability and floods while restoring
streams' aesthetic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values. The Boulder
Creek Corridor Project in Colorado was adopted in 1985 to provide off-street
pedestrian and bicycle transportation, preserve and enhance fish habitat
and riparian wetland, expand recreational use, and maintain and improve
flood-carrying capacity. San Antonio's Riverwalk is an intensely urban pedestrian
commercial corridor, constantly being expanded and refined through continuing
urban development. Urbanization tends to disrupt stream equilibrium in many
ways. Urban clearing and construction temporarily intensify sediment yield
to streams. To enhance stream amenity and ecology, landscape design provides
options in land use designation, earth-forming, vegetation and use of construction
materials through corridor reservation, bank treatment, geomorphic restoration,
or grade control. Flow management has been one of the principal motivations
for designing urban stream corridors in the past. Downstream flood peaks
can be suppressed by reducing throughflow velocity; flood evaluations laterally
adjacent to the stream can be lowered by increasing throughflow velocity.
Any proposal for stream alteration or management should be investigated
for its potential flow and stability effects on upstream, downstream and
laterally adjacent areas.
Gordon, W.R., Jr. 1994. 5. Int Conf On Aquatic Habitat Enhancement, Long
Beach. A role for comprehensive planning, Geographical Information System
(GIS) technologies and program evaluation in aquatic habitat development.
FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AQUATIC HABITAT ENHANCEMENT. pp. 995-1013.
BULL.- MAR.-SCI. vol. 55, no. 2-3. Summary: Planning for artificial
aquatic habitat development has typically occurred within the biological
community. This paper traces the evolution of planning frameworks, and proposes
the use of traditional urban and regional planning concepts in artificial
aquatic habitat management. It is argued that aquatic habitat planning in
the U.S., as interpreted by states and regional fisheries commissions, exists
merely at the project level and has not suitably evolved to a holistic level
as represented by either a comprehensive or systematic approach to planning.
In response, a comprehensive systems framework is proposed which considers
the role of onshore infrastructural support and offshore user and non-user
considerations. The use of Geographical Information System (GIS) technology
and its overall utility in planning and evaluation processes is discussed.
The use of GIS can transcend present exclusion mapping procedures and make
them temporally and contextually dynamic. This paper contends that a traditional
focus on exclusion or negative constraints represents only an initial set
of considerations, but must be followed with an inclusive analysis which
identifies intended sanctuary or human uses within marine habitat priority
zones. Finally, as an integral element of planning, evaluation activities
within habitat management are traditionally based on biological dynamics
and are executed on a site by site basis. The need exists to demonstrate
intended habitat and fishery management benefits on a state or regional
basis. A role for program evaluation techniques within the planning framework
is emphasized to ensure that habitat program objectives are either being
met, or adapted, to satisfy initial program goals.
Hammer, R.G. 1989. Forest Headwaters Riparian Road Construction and Timber
Harvest Guidelines to Control Sediment. Proceedings of the Symposium
on Headwaters Hydrology. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda
Maryland. p 127-131. Summary: Two major principles to control forest
headwaters sediment are to minimize sediment from road construction and
to maintain woody debris stream structures such as log steps which store
sediment. Guidelines for road construction in riparian areas include slash
filter windrows at the toe of road fill slopes. Studies indicate that slash
filter windrows trap 75% or more of road sediment at low cost. Guidelines
for timber harvest in riparian areas include provision for large woody debris
recruitment to headwater streams. Forest headwater stream channels are dependent
upon woody materials to form log steps which store sediment, dissipate stream
energy, and provide fish habitat.
Jones, J.E. 1990. Multipurpose Stormwater Detention Ponds. Public
Works, Vol. 121, No. 13, p 52-53, December. Summary: Multipurpose
detention pond concepts for both ' wet ' ponds (those that maintain water
permanently) and ' dry ' ponds (those that retain stormwater briefly during
and after floods) are summarized. Regardless of the specific functions that
the designer attempts to fulfill, the pond must be: (1) safe, from the standpoint
of public visitors or users of the facility; (2) hydrologically and hydraulically
sound; (3) maintainable at low cost; (4) structurally sound if a severe
flood occurs, possibly up to the probable maximum flood; and (5) pleasant
to view; considered an asset rather than a nuisance. Specific purposes for
stormwater detention ponds other than runoff containment include: (a) water
quality enhancement; (b) enhanced property values and community focal points;
(c) wildlife habitat enhancement; and (d) active recreational potential.
Unfortunately, many ponds are built because a developer had to demonstrate
that ' post- development discharges will not exceed pre-development discharges.
' Detention pond design needs to be for more than this. It is incumbent
upon the drainage designer to evaluate m |