Allen, H.H.; Lazor, R.L. 1989. Reservoir Shoreline Erosion and Revegetation Workshops. Army Corps of Engineers Water Operations Technical Support Information Exchange Bulletin Volume E-89-1, October 1989. 5p. Summary: In 1987, the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station began organizing and conducting a series of annual workshops for Corps of Engineer (CE) personnel. The objectives were to illustrate amd explain impacts of shoreline erosion in CE reservoirs; identify probable causes of erosion; demonstrate means of measuring and analyzing bank erosion and recession; review traditional means of protecting shorelines; and describe alternative methods of controlling erosion using vegetation or a combination of vegetative and structural solutions. With proper planning, site preparation, appropriate plant establishment methods used at the right time, and postplanting monitoring and maintenance, reservoir shorelines can be vegetated to satisfy several objectives including shoreline erosion control. Revegetating reservoir shorelines can help prevent and control erosion, reduce turbidity and improve water quality, establish fisheries and wildlife habitat, and enhance reservoir esthetic values. Workshops on reservoir erosion control and revegetation will continue to provide innovative techniques to field personnel and draw upon others ' experiences in controlling reservoir shoreline erosion.

Anonymous. 1994. Inviting Bambi into the backyard. Environment, Vol: 36 Iss: 8 Date: Oct 1994 p: 22. Summary: Wildlife can exist in cities, and it is actually the biological monitor of the health of cities. Wildlife conservationists are working on the creation of urban habitats for wildlife.

Barnett, J.L.; Windell, J.T. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar 1992. .Stream restoration in Boulder, Colorado. PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.; Nordstrom,- S.K.; Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST.. 1992 p. 171. INF.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71. Summary: Urbanization, gravel mining, and channelization cause major impacts to stream corridors. Flooding characteristics, water quality, aquatic and terrestrial habitat values, and stream channel stability are adversely affected by these activities. Like other cities, the City of Boulder, Colorado contains many reaches of altered stream channels. Numerous stream reaches pass through the city's busiest commercial areas and most densely developed residential neighborhoods, while other reaches remain relatively pristine. The City of Boulder has recognized that these streams provide unique opportunities for creating a comprehensive greenway system for the community. They can be creatively developed to function as storm drainage and flood channels, efficient bicycle and pedestrian transportation systems, open space and wildlife corridors, and attractive recreation areas. Sensitivity designed improvements enhance the value of each stream corridor as wildlife habitat, as a place for in-town opportunities for both active and passive recreation, as major links in both existing and proposed trails and bikeways, and as improved flood carrying channels. This paper describes the rationale, approach, and progress by the City of Boulder in restoring its stream corridors.

Barrow, C.J. 1994. Land degradation. Development and breakdown of terrestrial environments. NEW YORK, NY (USA). CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1994. Summary: Land degradation is fast becoming recognized as a key issue for world conservation as the end of the twentieth century approaches. The complex relationship between human development and the environment is explored, with a particular emphasis on the causes of land degradation processes. Having given a broad overview of what land degradation is and why it is occurring, the author goes on to illustrate the problem in the context of different habitat types such as forest, woodland, and drylands. The impact of human activities through global pollution, and industrial and urban development, as well as conservation efforts are discussed. Written as an introduction to the topic, the book provides a synthesis of our current understanding of the phenomenon of land degradation.

Beard, D. P. 1994. Bureau of Reclamation revamps efforts to help fish. FISHERIES 1994 vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 6-7. Summary: In its 92-year history, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation has been instrumental to the development of water resources in the arid western United States. Now the bureau's mission is changing to better suit today's water needs. Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt and I are committed to transforming the Bureau of Reclamation from a civil works construction agency into a premier water resources manager. The bureau's increased emphasis on improved management and protection of natural resources is reflective of greater environmental knowledge, changing societal values and needs, and the natural evolution from a resource development focus. Our program will focus on operating existing projects with greater environmental sensitivity, implementing environmental restoration efforts, and undertaking activities with more concern for environmental values. While we still have much to do, the bureau has taken some important steps to implement its new mission. The following are examples of bureau activities that illustrate our commitment to endangered species recovery, fish habitat restoration, and sustainable management of healthy fisheries.

Bolger, D. 1992. Ecological Linkages - Nature Conservation 2. The Role of Corridors. Edited by Denis A. Saunders and Richard J. Hobbs. Science, Vol: 256 Iss: 5060 Date: May 22, 1992 p: 1224-1225. Summary: Mixed book review.

Bowen, R. 1995. 39 Annual New Mexico Water Conference, Summary: Albuqu. Federal initiatives on the Rio Grande. THE FUTURE OF ALBUQUERQUE AND MIDDLE RIO GRANDE BASIN. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 39TH ANNUAL NEW MEXICO WATER CONFERENCE. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY, BOX 30001, DEPT. 3167, LAS CRUCES, NM 88003 (USA) NEW MEXICO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1995 pp. 97-99. TECH.-REP.- NEW-MEX.-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 290. Summary: Ecosystem protection is at the core of EPA's reorientation goal of moving the agency toward a more holistic approach to environmental protection. Currently, a multitude of terms are being used to describe the new orientation. There is the watershed protection approach, whole basin planning, ecoregion protection, geographic focused approach, ecosystem management and place-based protection. Other federal agencies also have their own terms. What do they all have in common? In my opinion, their common theme is to bring us back to focusing on natural resources as a system and not separate components. In the past we have chosen to focus on certain components because of the agency's organizational structure or specific programmatic goals. The Office of Water's approach to ecosystem protection is being called the watershed approach. We will attempt to deliver the services we are responsible for, in a manner that recognizes and respects the complexity and interrelationships within ecosystems. A few key principles underlie EPA's watershed approach. Geographic focus is the first. Management activities need to be directed within specific areas, typically watersheds or basins or groundwater recharge zones. Next, actions need to be driven by environmental objectives and supported by strong science and data. Next is partnerships. Those parties most affected by the management decisions must be involved throughout and help shape key decisions. Management teams must include local, state, tribal, all appropriate federal agencies and public interest groups. The last key principles are coordinated priority setting and integrated solutions. Through coordinated efforts, appropriate parties can establish priorities and take integrated actions based on consideration of all environmental issues, including threats to public health, and surface and groundwater as well as the need to protect critical habitat and biological integrity.

Chilibeck, B.; Chislett, G.; Norris, G. 1992. Land development guidelines for the protection of aquatic habitat. Department, Of Fisheries And Oceans, Ottawa, ON (Canada) Habitat Management, Div. 1992. 131 pp. Summary: Guidelines to protect Pacific salmon, trout, char and other freshwater species and their habitat from the damaging effects of land development activities. The guidelines cover leave strips, erosion and sediment control, stormwater management, instream work, fish passage and culverts, and implementation. An example is also included.

Colby, B. G. 1990. Enhancing Instream Flow Benefits in an Era of Water Marketing. Water Resources Research, Vol. 26, No. 6, p 1113-1120, June. Summary: Growing populations in the western United States demand water not only for residential use and to support urban development but also for recreation, water quality enhancement, improvement of fish and wildlife habitat and to preserve the aesthetics of riparian areas. Instream flows contribute substantial economic benefits, and emerging pressure to reserve water instream comes at a time when markets are evolving to reallocate water among offstream uses such as agriculture, industry and municipal expansion. Current instream flow policies in the western states were examined to determined the economic values generated by stream flows. Instream values were argued to be high enough to compete in the market for water rights with offstream uses when important recreation sites and wildlife species are involved. Alterations to the western state 's policies are suggested to accommodate instream flow protection within the context of water marketing, with the objective of improving the efficiency of water allocation among instream and consumptive users.

Ellinghouse, C.D. 1994. Boulder Creek instream flow program. INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTH PLATTE BASIN: STATUS AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1994 SOUTH PLATTE FORUM, OCTOBER 26-27, 1994, GREELEY, COLORADO. Klein,-K.C.; Williams,-D.J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. pp. 52-53. FORM.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.- INST. no. 77 Summary: The City of Boulder, in conjunction with the Colorado Water Conservation Board, has developed an innovative program for the maintenance of streamflow within Boulder Creek and North Boulder Creek. The instream flow program will preserve fish habitat and enhance the aesthetics of the stream corridor. The instream flow program is a part of the water management program adopted by the City Council based on the September 1988 Raw Water Master Plan. Under Colorado law, the Colorado Water Conservation Board (CWCB) is the only agency allowed to hold water rights decreed for instream flow purposes. The joint City/CWCB instream flow program was carefully designed to be in compliance with the state water administration system in order to assure that the water donated by the City would be used for instream flows and not diverted by other water users. In the past, the holders of senior water rights, including agricultural interests and the City of Boulder, have had the legal right to virtually dry up portions of the creek through diversions during low flow periods. To alter this condition, Boulder's Raw Water Master Plan established goals for the City of achieving minimum streamflows in main Boulder Creek and its tributaries. In July of 1990, an agreement was completed between Boulder and the CWCB and has been amended twice since that time. This agreement and the amendments provide for the deeding of ownership of a portion of Boulder's water rights to the CWCB. The agreement also provides for Boulder to release water that is stored by the City in the Silver Lake Watershed or in Barker Reservoir for fulfillment of the CWCB's junior instream flow right on Boulder Creek and the CWCB's new instream flow filings on North Boulder Creek and Boulder Creek. The City has deeded ownership of $12 million of water and water rights to the CWCB so far. Boulder had previously depended on this water to meet municipal needs. During severe droughts or emergencies, Boulder is allowed to call the water rights back and curtail storage releases for use within the utility system. This will protect reservoir levels in the Silver Lake watershed to preserve the native species of fish in the reservoirs. Boulder is also allowed to use the rights if they are not needed to satisfy the minimum streamflow requirements. At the downstream terminus of the instream flow reach, Boulder retains control of part of the water that had previously been consumed for municipal purposes. The next step toward finalizing the instream flow program was to obtain a decree from the Colorado Water Court allowing use of these water rights and storage releases for instream flow. Boulder and the CWCB were joint applicants to the Water Court for a change in use in December 1990. A decree approving the change in use to instream flow was signed on December 20, 1993. Through the joint CWCB/City of Boulder instream flow program, consisting of the City's dedication of water and water rights and the CWCB filings for new instream flow water rights, North Boulder and main Boulder Creeks now will rarely drop below the minimum levels needed for healthy fish habitat. The Creeks will continue to flow at much higher than the minimum levels during the natural high flow periods.

Ezzell, C. 1992. Wilderness Corridors May not Benefit All. Science News, Vol: 142 Iss: 9 Date: Aug 29, 1992 p: 135. Summary: A new study questions the efficacy of the corridor concept in preserving wild populations. Daniel K. Rosenberg, who led the research group, says the study demonstrates the importance of the environment surrounding corridors, because many animals won't find their way into greenways.

Ferguson, B. K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 324-328, September/October. Summary: In urban areas, streams represent potential wildlife corridors, wetland multipliers of ecosystem integrity, scenic resources, recreational facilities close to home, and greenway links among neighborhoods and parks. California's Urban Stream Restoration Program was begun in 1985 to reduce damages from streambank and watershed instability and floods while restoring streams' aesthetic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values. The Boulder Creek Corridor Project in Colorado was adopted in 1985 to provide off-street pedestrian and bicycle transportation, preserve and enhance fish habitat and riparian wetland, expand recreational use, and maintain and improve flood-carrying capacity. San Antonio's Riverwalk is an intensely urban pedestrian commercial corridor, constantly being expanded and refined through continuing urban development. Urbanization tends to disrupt stream equilibrium in many ways. Urban clearing and construction temporarily intensify sediment yield to streams. To enhance stream amenity and ecology, landscape design provides options in land use designation, earth-forming, vegetation and use of construction materials through corridor reservation, bank treatment, geomorphic restoration, or grade control. Flow management has been one of the principal motivations for designing urban stream corridors in the past. Downstream flood peaks can be suppressed by reducing throughflow velocity; flood evaluations laterally adjacent to the stream can be lowered by increasing throughflow velocity. Any proposal for stream alteration or management should be investigated for its potential flow and stability effects on upstream, downstream and laterally adjacent areas.

Gordon, W.R., Jr. 1994. 5. Int Conf On Aquatic Habitat Enhancement, Long Beach. A role for comprehensive planning, Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies and program evaluation in aquatic habitat development. FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AQUATIC HABITAT ENHANCEMENT. pp. 995-1013. BULL.- MAR.-SCI. vol. 55, no. 2-3. Summary: Planning for artificial aquatic habitat development has typically occurred within the biological community. This paper traces the evolution of planning frameworks, and proposes the use of traditional urban and regional planning concepts in artificial aquatic habitat management. It is argued that aquatic habitat planning in the U.S., as interpreted by states and regional fisheries commissions, exists merely at the project level and has not suitably evolved to a holistic level as represented by either a comprehensive or systematic approach to planning. In response, a comprehensive systems framework is proposed which considers the role of onshore infrastructural support and offshore user and non-user considerations. The use of Geographical Information System (GIS) technology and its overall utility in planning and evaluation processes is discussed. The use of GIS can transcend present exclusion mapping procedures and make them temporally and contextually dynamic. This paper contends that a traditional focus on exclusion or negative constraints represents only an initial set of considerations, but must be followed with an inclusive analysis which identifies intended sanctuary or human uses within marine habitat priority zones. Finally, as an integral element of planning, evaluation activities within habitat management are traditionally based on biological dynamics and are executed on a site by site basis. The need exists to demonstrate intended habitat and fishery management benefits on a state or regional basis. A role for program evaluation techniques within the planning framework is emphasized to ensure that habitat program objectives are either being met, or adapted, to satisfy initial program goals.

Hammer, R.G. 1989. Forest Headwaters Riparian Road Construction and Timber Harvest Guidelines to Control Sediment. Proceedings of the Symposium on Headwaters Hydrology. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda Maryland. p 127-131. Summary: Two major principles to control forest headwaters sediment are to minimize sediment from road construction and to maintain woody debris stream structures such as log steps which store sediment. Guidelines for road construction in riparian areas include slash filter windrows at the toe of road fill slopes. Studies indicate that slash filter windrows trap 75% or more of road sediment at low cost. Guidelines for timber harvest in riparian areas include provision for large woody debris recruitment to headwater streams. Forest headwater stream channels are dependent upon woody materials to form log steps which store sediment, dissipate stream energy, and provide fish habitat.

Jones, J.E. 1990. Multipurpose Stormwater Detention Ponds. Public Works, Vol. 121, No. 13, p 52-53, December. Summary: Multipurpose detention pond concepts for both ' wet ' ponds (those that maintain water permanently) and ' dry ' ponds (those that retain stormwater briefly during and after floods) are summarized. Regardless of the specific functions that the designer attempts to fulfill, the pond must be: (1) safe, from the standpoint of public visitors or users of the facility; (2) hydrologically and hydraulically sound; (3) maintainable at low cost; (4) structurally sound if a severe flood occurs, possibly up to the probable maximum flood; and (5) pleasant to view; considered an asset rather than a nuisance. Specific purposes for stormwater detention ponds other than runoff containment include: (a) water quality enhancement; (b) enhanced property values and community focal points; (c) wildlife habitat enhancement; and (d) active recreational potential. Unfortunately, many ponds are built because a developer had to demonstrate that ' post- development discharges will not exceed pre-development discharges. ' Detention pond design needs to be for more than this. It is incumbent upon the drainage designer to evaluate multiple purpose objectives for wet and dry stormwater detention ponds.

Jungwirth, M.; Muhar, S.; Schmutz, S. 1995. Mid Term Meeting Of FLIWE (Fish And Land/Inland Water, Ecotones) Lunz (Austri. The effects of recreated instream and ecotone structures on the fish fauna of an epipotamal river. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MID-TERM MEETING OF FLIWE (FISH AND LAND/INLAND WATER ECOTONES) HELD IN LUNZ, Summary: Investigations of fifteen sections of seven Austrian epipotamal (barbel region) streams between 1981 and 1984 demonstrate the impact of instream river bed structures on fish communities. Reduced spatial heterogeneity due to river straightening resulted in decreasing species number, diversity, stock density and biomass. Reincreased variability of the river bed in the frame of a subsequent restructuring project improved all community-specific values significantly within a 3-year investigation period (1988-1990). Besides the regained habitat variability in form of riffle pool sequences and other instream structures, the newly created riparian zones obviously provided important niches, e.g. as refuge areas during flooding and as nursery grounds for fish fry. The positive effects of the recreated land/water ecotone are discussed with respect to river restoration projects.

Kenney, J.A. III. 1985. Problem of People: Critical Areas and Floating Zones in the Chesapeake. Virginia Journal of Natural Resources Law Vol. 4, No. 2, p 209-218. Summary: Maryland 's Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Act authorizes local jurisdictions to develop and implement programs to control the use and development of sensitive shoreline areas, designated by the act as ' Critical Areas. ' The traditional approach to zoning involves a constant war for land use flexibility. The ' floating zone ' concept was developed to permit certain land uses in accordance with an overall development plan for a designated area of land, without requiring a legislative determination of 'change or mistake' at the time of a comprehensive rezoning. A floating zone is a specialized use district created by ordinance that ' floats ' over an entire jurisdiction until it attaches to a specific property upon the petition of the property owner. A site plan, which typically includes restrictions on maximum building area, minimum green area, and, in some cases, requires off-site improvements, must be approved by the local governing body. Plan approval can be revoked if the plan 's provisions, including restrictions, are not complied with, or if there is no meaningful development within a reasonable period of time. In one case, a 200-acre development on the Patuxent River was approved under a floating zone. The project included a central marina, habitat preservation areas, community beach areas with restricted access areas, and central sewage; the density was increased from 1.0 units per acre to 2.83 units per acre as a result of rezoning. Numerous conditions were imposed, covering such areas as street design, parking, sediment and stormwater control, and limitations on pleasure boat mooring and use. The cost of development in this instance were borne by the private sector, and the costs of maintaining wildlife habitats were borne by the people with access to them. The floating zone and planned unit development concept can be an effect means to meet increasing development pressure in a creative, positive way.

Liebmann, G.W. 1991. The Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Law: The Evolution of a Statute. Coastal Management, Vol. 19, No. 4, p 451-468, October/December. Summary: By Chapter 794 of the Acts of 1984, the Maryland General Assembly enacted the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Act (Act), a far-reaching effort to control future land use development pressure in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The state decided to regulate local zoning and subdivision approval powers, in preference to other approaches that would have mandated elaborate planning exercises or directly involved the state government in approving particular development applications. In the initial stages of drafting the Act, a review was conducted of prior legislative activity in Maryland, including the 1974 Maryland Land Use Bill, the Patuxet River Plan, and the Coastal Zone Management Plan, which relate to state government regulation of land use. Also, legislation made in a number of other states, including the San Francisco Bay Commission Legislation, the California Coastal Zone Act, the Adirondack Park Agency, and North Carolina Legislation, were reviewed to evaluate state controls upon local land use planning for specialized purposes. The purposes of the Act are to: (1) minimize adverse impacts on water quality; (2) conserve fish, wildlife, and plant habitat; and (3) promote sensitive land use policies for development in the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area which accommodate growth in recognition of the fact that even if pollution is controlled, the number, movement and activities of persons in that area can create adverse impacts. The progress of the statute toward enactment includes a description of the definition of the corridor, plan amendments, grandfather rights, transitional provisions, and procedural provisions. The primary aim of the Act is to guard against piecemeal erosion of local plans in local government's quest for economic development by providing for: (1) review of proposals for piecemeal amendments; (2) intervention power with respect to project approvals; and (3) power of approval over state and local public projects within the Critical Area. Since enactment of the Act, counties and municipalities have been required to divide their critical areas into: intensely developed, limited development, and resource conservation areas, mainly to restrict density on resource conservation areas to one unit per 20 acres.

Mann, C.C.; Plummer, M.L. 1995. Are wildlife corridors the right path? Science, Vol: 270 Iss: 5241 Date: Dec 1, 1995 p: 1428-1430. Summary: The strategy of using corridors to link patches of isolated habitat to save endangered species is examined. Some feel this could save numerous species, while others feel it would be an expensive failure.

Mann, C.C.; Plummer, M.L. 1993. The high cost of biodiversity. Science, Vol: 260 Iss: 5116 Date: Jun 25, 1993 p: 1868-1871. Summary: A controversial plan to protect North American biodiversity by creating a network of wilderness reserves, human buffer zones and wildlife corridors stretching across as much as half the continent is discussed. The plan may be asking too much of the people who already live in the proposed zones.

Rogers, J.W. 1992. Sustainable Development Patterns: The Chesapeake Bay Region. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 26, No. 12, p 2711-2721. Summary: The attractive quality of the Chesapeake Bay region on the eastern seaboard of the U.S. as a place to live is both a boon and a curse, illustrating the relationship between a de sirable environment and a good economy; the regional economy depends to great degree on whether or not the Bay remains a natural amenity. Those who decide how land is developed need to understand the concept of 'nodes and corridors' for human development patterns as well as 'nodes and corridors' for sustainable biological diversity and natural processes. Human activity has dramatically changed the landscape and has subtly altered the balance of nature. Each land use creates a host of environmental quality issues. For each choice of location development types, density, construction methods, or ways of conducting day-to-day domestic and business practices, there seems to be unintended environmental consequences. Studies have shown how land use densities and landscape patterns are fundamental to achieving sustainable environmental quality, lifestyles, and economies. Sustainable economic vitality requires sustainable environmental quality. By maintaining landscape patterns of large woodlan ds and wetlands (nodes) and wooded stream valleys and drainage-ways (corridors), significant natural functions are protected. Biologists and managers have been aware since Darwin's work on the biology of islands that a relationship exists between habitat size and its composition. Today, forests, wetlands, and other sensitive ecosystems are often 'islands' in a sea of disturbed land. The patterns and sizes of these island ecosystems must be managed to prevent extinction of plants and animals and loss of functions such as those that prevent flooding and enhance water quality.

Scatena, P.N. 1990. Selection of Riparian Buffer Zones in Humid Tropical Steeplands. IN: Research Needs and Applications to Reduce Erosion and Sedimentation in Tropical Steeplands. IAHS Publication No. 192. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Washington, DC. 1990. p 328-337. Summary: The use of riparian protection zones in forestry operations is based on the premise that the structure of the riparian zone has a controlling influence on the environmental conditions of the aquatic habitat. In the design of riparian protection zones, maximized environmental benefits can be met by minimizing changes in light, temperature, sediment and channel morphology within the riparian zone; and reducing offside exports of sediment and nutrients by providing storage sites adjacent to the stream channel. The determination of effective buffer width and extent has typically been established by establishing and protecting the minimum area contributing the runoff, and by determining the sediment trapping efficiency of the vegetative strip. Both the watershed area and commercial basal areal area increases geometrically as smaller and smaller channels are protected. Due to the relatively high stream channel densities in tropical steeplands, protection of intermittent channels is economically prohibitive. Furthermore, since storm runoff is dominated by channelized flow from intermittent swales, and the steep channel margins cannot store large volumes of sediment, the sediment trapping efficiency of these buffers is greatly reduced. Delimiting buffers on the presence of herbaceous vegetation provides both a practical and ecologically sound solution to buffer selection. Since herbaceous layers are a diagnostic feature of these riparian zones, buffers based on their presence should reduce changes to ecological characteristics of the system.

Smith, L.G.; Carlisle, T.J.; Meek, S.N. 1993. Implementing Sustainability: the Use Of Natural Channel Design and Artificial Wetlands for Stormwater Management. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 37, No. 4, p 241-257, April. Summary: Sustainability is a concept that has been widely embraced both politically and intellectually but has not been addressed in terms of practical application. In most resource sectors, the features of a sustainable future remain unclear and there are few examples that give practical expression to sustainability. This deficiency has been addressed on two counts: (1) the application of the concept to the management of water resources; and (2) how the concept can be utilized for the management and planning of urban stormwater. Natural channel design and artificial wetlands represent an innovative approach to stormwater management in that they provide benefits for the natural environment. Rather than thinking of created wetlands and natural channels as techniques for the single purpose of stormwater management, the designs are more accurately thought of as a concept. Integral features of this concept include its potential for maintaining or enhancing terrestrial and aquatic habitat and its use of an integrated approach to stormwater management. The practical application of these designs is limited in the North American context. Preliminary research indicates that some impediments include the negative attitudes of developers and planners, the complexity of storm drainage plan approval processes, local government skepticism, legal liability and overall inexperience with the designs.

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Alper, J. 1993. Protecting the environment with the power of the market. Science, Vol: 260 Iss: 5116 Date: Jun 25, 1993 p: 1884-1885. Summary: The common ground that can be reached between sound economics and sound environmental practices is discussed. A market-based approach can show consumers the hidden costs entailed in their actions.

Comerio, J.W. 1989. Illinois Department of Conservation 's Changing Role in the Illinois River Basin. Second Conference on the Management of the Illinois River System: The 1990s and Beyond. Proceedings of the Conference held October 3-4, 1989 in Peoria, Illinois. University of Illinois Water Resources Center Special Report No. 18. p 15-18. Summary: The Illinois Water Department (IWD) traditionally has been viewed as a natural resource conservation and recreation provision agency, with little impact on the state 's economy. However, the relationship between the Illinois tourism industry and the state 's quality of life is becoming more obvious. A $120 million park and conservation program, known as PCII, was appropriated to improve tourism. PCII includes expansion of overnight accommodations at department sites with several possible new public-private joint ventures if economically warranted; development of visitor centers and visitor information facilities; development of swimming pools and beaches; campground expansion and the addition of shower buildings; development of day use facilities and trails; and basic infrastructure improvements. The IWD has also made some internal changes to strengthen its economic development role. The Office of Resource Marketing and Education has been formed to better promote conservation sites, facilities, and programs. Tourism is one of the state 's fastest growing industries and a vital part of Illinois ' economic development.

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Model Bibliography

Austin, L.H.; Tullis, R.L.; Stauffer, N.E. 1988. Virgin River: Planning for Development While Meeting Flow Requirements for Endangered Species. Water Use Data for Water Resources Management. Proceedings of a Symposium. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1988. p 523-535. Summary: The Virgin River Basin in southern Utah, particularly the St. George area, has experienced rapid growth as a recreation and retirement location during the last 15 to 20 years. This has created new water demands in a water short, semiarid area that has a long history of difficulty in water development. Meeting these demands is complicated by the many national and state parks as well as the forest, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and Indian lands that are in close proximity to the Virgin River. Further complicating the issue is the listing of the Woundfin as an endangered species and the proposed listing of the Virgin River Chub as an endangered species. A widespread effort is underway to address these issues using techniques such as: a river basin study pertaining to water, soil, and related resources; a biological study of the native fish; and computer modeling of fish habitat and water development. The modeling effort includes simulating existing and potential reservoir sites for evaluating the effects of water development on endangered fish habitats with minimum flow constraints.

Bakker, J.F.; Colin, F. 1992. A Target Ecosystem for the Wadden Sea A Time for Concerted Action. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, Vol. S20, p 79-82, 1992. Summary: In recent years government policy on water management has shifted from a unilateral to an integrated approach. The Dutch government, in terms of the Ministry of Transport and Public Works, formulated its policy for the coming four-year period in the Third Water Management Plan: Water in the Netherlands: A Time for Action. The ecological target of a water system was introduced as a guidance for the elaboration of administrative measures and legislation, briefly referred to as the AMOEBA approach. The ecological target is an ecosystem in which sustainable use and development are likely to be present, and can be divided into three ecological units: sublittoral, littoral, and salt marshes. To use the AMOEBA approach, a number of steps have to be completed: (1) choose a cross-section of organisms of the examined ecosystem, preferably those that have suffered severe changes during recent times; (2) indicate an ecological state of reference for the Wadden Sea, which represents a sustainable development and use of the ecosystem; (3) try to locate causal relations with changes in one or more control species; (4) formulate measures which redirect primary processes to the level at which they were during the state of reference; and (5) design a monitoring program that has the primary objective to follow the developments in the ecosystem and the effects of the managerial measures on control species and cardinal processes. The results indicate that: (1) algae have increased; (2) eelgrass is nearly extinct; (3) oysters are extinct; (4) anadromous fish species are nearly extinct; (5) natural beds of mussels and shells, anchovy, sandwich tern, seal and porpoise populations are severely reduced: (6) mussel cultures, oystercatchers, eiderducks, cockles and worms have expanded; and (7) fish diseases and the number of oil spillage victims have escalated. The application of the AMOEBA approach will help to structure thoughts about ecosystems and help to visualize clear, quantifiable objectives for the Wadden Sea.

Bennett, D.B.; Heaney, J.P. 1991. Retrofitting for Watershed Drainage. Water Environment & Technology, Vol. 3, No. 9, p 63- 68, September. Summary: Over the past 8 years, degradation in Florida's Indian River Lagoon has taken the form of fish kills, reduced viable recreational and commercial fisheries, and loss of seagrass beds. Stormwater drainage practices in the watershed have been identified as the primary culprit in the slow demise of the lagoon. A project was implemented to create a watershed control system for the Indian River Lagoon and to develop pragmatic management strategies to relieve stresses resulting from runoff to the lagoon. Using site-specific hydrologic data, the cause and effect relationships of the catchment hydrology, channel hydraulics, and pollutant loads were documented and summarized using the Storm Water Management Model. The calibrated model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed watershed control system under existing land use and under maximum buildout. The simulation clearly illustrated that the system would have great difficulty meeting the groundwater discharge and water level fluctuation criteria for all development scenarios. Without periodic drawdown, water levels in the system would be nearly static. Groundwater discharge was estimated to be reduced by only 9%. Under maximum buildout, sedimentation in the wetland may be a problem. It is concluded that stormwater management on the watershed must take a multiobjective analysis approach. Not all criteria may be optimally achieved, raising interesting tradeoff questions.

Bewers, J.M.; Wells, P.G. 1992. Challenges for Improved Marine Environmental Protection. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 1-4, p 112-117. Summary: A review of the progress made in the protection of the marine environment during the last 40 years shows that the prevailing sectoral approach to marine policy and management has limited effectiveness and is overdue for replacement by a comprehensive overall strategy for social development and environmental protection. The prevention and control of marine pollution requires partnerships among scientific, management, local and political spheres. Two categories of scientific challenge, relating to marine pollution prevention in its broadest sense, are identified. The first involves science directed towards improvements in the reliability of assessments and predictions for current practices and chemicals. Where the properties of a marine pollutant are adequately known, there is seldom any need to consider application of the precautionary approach beyond the common-sense minimization of releases to the environment. Where there are major deficiencies in the knowledge of the properties of a substance, or in the character of complex emissions, there will be strong reasons for advocating additional measures of precaution in management. The second category of scientific challenge comprises areas of fundamental science that are crucial to developing knowledge required for long-term protection of the marine environment. The confidence with which scientists can constrain known relationships among variables needs to be improved so that model simulations for assessment and prediction become more realistic. Biological indicators are also needed for assessment purposes along with evaluations of the properties of substances in the marine environment through long-term monitoring.

Braden, J.B.; Larson, R.S.; Herricks, E.E. 1991. Impact Targets versus Discharge Standards in Agricultural Pollution Management. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 73, No. 2, p388-397, May 1991. Summary: The economic losses from the use of soil movement rather than water quality criteria for the attainment of habitat protection for high-valued fish species were examined using a version of the Sediment Economics (SEDEC) model. The SEDEC model was extended to include: (1) seasonality of sediment loads;(2) pesticide losses, toxicity, and concentrations; and (3) effects of sediment and pesticides on the habitat requirements of selected fish species. Estimates were based on a case study of Lake Michigan tributaries. The study showed that when attempting to protect fish in streams, sediment or erosion targets are inefficient. Use of a habitat suitability target reveals lower cost abatement measures because it accounts for pesticides as well as soil particles. In the Lake Michigan case studies the lower cost measures involve more crop diversity, less use of no- till, and changes on more acres than the solutions based on sediment discharges or erosion rates.

Cicin, Sain B. 1993. Sustainable development and integrated coastal management. OCEAN COAST. MANAGE. 1993 vol. 21, no. 1-3, pp. 11-43. Summary: Agenda 21, the 40-chapter action plan, agreed to by all nations participating in the 1992 Earth Summit represents an ambitious effort to provide policy guidance across the entire spectrum of environment, development, and social issues confronting mankind. In the area of oceans and coasts (Chapter 17 of Agenda 21), the Earth Summit underscored that the management of oceans and coasts should be 'integrated in content and anticipatory in ambit.' To assist those responsible for implementing the Earth Summit guidelines on ocean and coastal management, this article first reviews the fundamental shift in paradigm reflected in the Earth Summit agreements as well as the specific recommendations contained in Chapter 17. Next, the article examines the central concept of 'integrated management,' noting both its importance and its limits. A general or 'synthesis' model of 'integrated coastal management' is then presented, addressing such questions as management goals, what is being managed, where, how, and by whom. In a concluding section, methods are proposed whereby the general or 'synthesis model' can be tailored to diverse national contexts, involving varying physical, socio-economic, and political conditions.

Coates, R.; Swanson, M.; Williams, P. 1989. Hydrologic Analysis for Coastal Wetland Restoration. Environmental Management, Vol. 13, No. 6, p 715-727, November/December 1989. Summary: Increasing recognition of the value of tidal wetlands has led to interest in how to restore and enhance areas that have been modified by human activity. The policy of recognizing restoration or enhancement as mitigation for destruction of other wetlands is controversial. Once policy questions are separated from technical questions, the steps in a successful project are straightforward. Restoration projects at two sites in California (the Hayward Area Recreation District and the Tijuana Estuary) used a combination of empirical geomorphic relationships, numerical modeling, and verification with field observations. The objectives at the Hayward area were to: restore habitat, and maintain healthy pickleweed on levees as habitat for the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse. The objective at the Tijuana Estuary was to protect and restore a productive cordgrass tidal salt marsh. Experience with these and other projects indicate that successful projects include the following elements: (1) clear definition of biological objectives that can be translated to hydrologic objectives; (2) good definition of site topography and tidal regime; (3) analysis of physical and biological constraints and opportunities; (4) development of design alternatives using numerical computer models and empirical geomorphic relationships along with calibration and verification of models with field data; (5) selection and review of the preferred alternative; (6) field inspections by the design team during construction; and (7) postconstruction monitoring of biological and hydrological parameters.

Cortner, H.J.; Moote, M.A. 1994. Trends and issues in land and water resources management: Setting the agenda for change. ENVIRON. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 167-173. Summary: The classical model of a paradigm shift is used to explore changes that are occurring in public lands and water resources management. Recent policy developments suggest that the traditional paradigm, which is characterized by sustained yield, is in the process of being invalidated. While no new paradigm has been fully accepted, the emerging paradigm does appear to be based on two principles: ecosystem management and collaborative decision making. Implementation of these two principles is likely to require extensive revision of traditional management practices and institutions. Failure to address these issues could result in adoption of the rhetoric of change without any lasting shift in management practices or professional attitudes.

Costanza, R. 1993. Beyond the limits: Dealing with an uncertain future. ESTUARIES 1993 vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 919-922.

Debo, T.N.; Small, G.N. 1989. Detention Storage: Its Design and Use. Public Works, Vol. 120, No. 1, p 71-72, January 1989. Summary: Urban development in many areas has resulted in downstream drainage and flooding problems. To cope with these problems, many municipalities are using stormwater detention storage facilities to temporarily store runoff and release it at a controlled rate of discharge. Some important design considerations for detention-storage facilities are discussed and a new computer model developed to aid in the design of these facilities is presented. Several elements should be closely considered when designing detention storage facilities. First, the inflow hydrograph should be carefully evaluated for the design storm(s) that will be used. Second, the volume of storage available within the detention facility should be calculated to determine how much runoff can be stored and to what extent the inflow peak can be decreased. Third, the outflow (discharge) structure should be accurately sized to discharge at the desired rate of flow from the facility to downstream areas. To prevent erosion problems, energy dissipators should be used at the exit from all detention facilities where high velocities could create downstream problems. Unless it can be routinely and economically maintained, even the most beautiful and useful detention facility will soon deteriorate until where it is no longer effective. A computer model, developed as part of the Chapel Hill, North Carolina, stormwater management program is called the HYDROS detention design model. This model greatly simplifies the design of detention facilities without sacrificing accuracy or reliability.

Dodds, A.A.; Fisher, P.J.; Paull, A.J.; Sears, J.R. 1993. Developing an Appropriate Wastewater Management Strategy for Sydney's Future Urban Development. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 27, No. 1, p 19-29, 1993. Summary: Over the next 20 years, Sydney Australia's population is expected to increase by about one million, with most of this growth proposed to be within the already environmentally stressed Hawkesbury-Nepean River catchment. The Water Board is providing infrastructure for the future urban development using a combination of conventional and innovative structural and non- structural solutions within an integrated river basin planning approach. For the Rouse Hill Development Area the Board has implemented a comprehensive, coordinated pollution control package which includes: integrated management of water supply, drainage and wastewater for the catchment; urban runoff management which aims to maintain present river quality and quantity through the use of detention basins, sediment traps and constructed wetlands, and advanced treatment of sewage with nutrient removal and disinfection using the best current technology; use of reclaimed effluent for non-potable domestic purposes; use of water efficient toilets and domestic appliances; promotion of the use of phosphate-free detergents; and, adoption of economically effective new technology as it is developed. The Board's servicing strategies for Rouse Hill, and similar strategies which can be applied to South Creek Valley, Macarthur South and other developments in the catchment, will be integrated into the broader Strategic Water Management Plan for the Hawkesbury-Nepean basin. The Board is developing a computer- based water quality and quantity model of the total Hawkesbury- Nepean River system as well as a computer-based geographic information system to store data on existing conditions such as basin and sub-basin boundaries, channel routes, floodplains, existing and projected land uses and environmentally sensitive areas.

Easley, W.S.; Barness, Walz L.E.; Neichter, P.L.; Bohannon, J.A. 1994. The Evaluation of water quality in Taylorsville Lake, Kentucky, using the CE QUAL W2 model. LAKE RESERV. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 71-72. Summary: In order to more efficiently and effectively evaluate water quality and effects of watershed management at each of our lake projects, the Louisville District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is implementing use of the CE-QUAL-W2 water quality model, developed and supported by the Corps' Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg, MS. The CE-QUAL-W2 model was designed to be used in conjunction with actual field measurements and data collection as an aid in data interpretation. The value of the model lies in its integrative use of physical, chemical, and biological information to describe potential changes in water quality. Model results may simulate natural conditions as long as certain specified assumptions hold true. Deviations of actual observations from model predicted values may indicate changing environmental conditions. The model may then be implemented to help evaluate possible causes. We have just recently completed initial modeling efforts at Ceasar Creek Lake, Ohio. In our current study of Taylorsville Lake-Upper Salt River Basin, KY, we are using the model to determine the effects of erosion and nutrient controls and other changes on the water quality of the lake. One question being pursued is whether a significant reduction in nutrient loading into the system would have a significant impact on water quality in Taylorsville Lake. We plan to test a number of nutrient reduction scenarios to determine best strategies for future changes in agricultural practices and land use, wetland creation, or other physical changes to the routing within the basin. We have found the CE-QUAL-W2's use of inflow, outflow, and meteorological data, as well as detailed bathymetry obtained from digitized mapping, can closely simulate lake behavior. As a final product, we will have a planning tool capable of evaluating the effects on water quality of significant land use changes or lake management schemes on water quality at Taylorsville Lake.

Environmental quality, the fourth annual report of the Council on Environmental Quality. 1973. Council, on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., September 1973. Summary: Seven categories of environmental concern are covered: the urban environment; water quality improvement; economics and environmental management; law and land use regulations; federal environmental programs; international environmental programs; environmental status and trends; and the citizen's role in environmental improvement. The topic of water resources is treated both individually and in relation to economics, land use, law, and international and federal programs. The cleanup of the willamette river in Oregon is examined as a model of the process of reversing water pollution. The effect of the clean river on land use along the river, including public access and associated recreational facilities, is also studied. The chapter on the relationship between economics and environmental policy describes four types of environmental costs of pollution and pollution control: abatement costs, avoidance costs, transaction costs, and damage costs. Judicial response to restrictions on the filling or developing of low-lying marsh and coastal lands is discussed in the context of the limitations imposed by the 'taking' clause on state and local governmental efforts to protect environmentally critical areas. The federal water pollution control act amendments of 1972 are summarized and analyzed. Efforts to monitor water pollution are surveyed. The pollution status of the great lakes and the oceans is examined. International environmental protection concerns, including protection of the oceans and control of transboundary pollution, are discussed.

Fischer, A.M. 1995. 2. Annual Marine And Estuarine Shallow Water Science And, Management Conference, Atlantic City, NJ (USA) 3. 7. Apr. Area wide jurisdictional planning: Toward comprehensive and coordinated management typologies. SECOND ANNUAL MARINE AND ESTUARINE SHALLOW WATER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE. PHILADELPHIA, PA (USA) U.S. EPA. 1995 p. 44. Summary: Throughout the US, complex, sectorized jurisdictional frameworks constrain estuarine watershed planning. Planners and managers must contend with jurisdictional overlap, regulatory loopholes, lack of agency coordination and goal conflicts. Under such conditions, private rights conflict with public trust interests, restoration programs and urban development lack coordination, and environmental regulations can adversely affect regional interests. These constraints, an inherent problem of such a complex, interaction system, prevents area-wide policy coordination and joint decision-making. The Jurisdictional Restoration Planning (JRP) model of the Liberty Bay Project is such a system. To address simplification, the JRP model provides a medium of information sharing and clarified management roles. Centralized information about jurisdictions in one information system can more easily alert users to the problems associated with overlap, as well as identify goal conflicts and the other constraints. The JRP addresses jurisdictional integration through a dynamic thematic planning process of assigning values to jurisdictional sets of information or Jurisdictional Landscape Units. Once regional themes are established, than greater integration and coordination among the jurisdictions can be formulated into simpler and more comprehensive planning strategies.

Garcia, A.; James, W.P. 1988. Urban Runoff Simulation Model. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management (ASCE), Vol. 114, No. 4, p 399-413, July 1988. Summary: A study was conducted to determine the sensitivity of the unit hydrograph to the effects of the urbanization process was conducted. The overland flow parameter that defines the degree of urbanization in an urban watershed is the percentage of the total watershed area that is impervious. Furthermore, the parameter which defines the degree of urbanization in the channelized flow portion of a watershed is the channel roughness coefficient. Several rainfall-runoff simulations were conducted to determine the hydrologic response of the unit hydrograph to the impact of urbanization. A hydrologic model was formulated for an urban catchment located at Houston, Texas, using the kinematic wave model developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC). The model was used to simulate various degree of urbanization by allowing the percentage of watershed imperviousness and the channel roughness coefficient to vary from simulation to simulation. A system of regression equations was developed to quantify the impact of urbanization on the unit hydrograph. The equations were incorporated into the A and M Watershed Model and verified by modeling three test watersheds. Results of the study indicate that: (1) The percentage impervious area and average channel Manning n value are valid parameters for estimating the effect of urbanization on the runoff characteristics of the watershed; (2) The unit hydrograph concept can be applied to small urban watersheds; (3) The unit hydrograph peaking factors, when applied to the two-parameter gamma function, rural unit hydrograph, gave reasonable results for runoff simulation in urban areas; and (4) Results of the study indicate that additional research is necessary to more accurately estimate the runoff volume more accurately.

Gray, J.S.; Calamari, D.; Duce, R.; Portmann, J.E.; Wells, P.G. 1991. Scientifically Based Strategies for Marine Environmental Protection and Management. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 9, p 432-440, September 1991. Summary: The Brundtland report postulated that a state of sustainable development was the ultimate goal to be reached by development and environmental protection measures. Principles and responsibilities proposed by the World Commission on Environment and Development include conservation and sustainable use, environmental standards and monitoring, and prior environmental assessments. The need for improving environmental protection on local, regional and global scales requires management strategies that take account of all alternatives and options for waste disposal, and therefore the marine environment must not be considered in isolation from all others. However, having evaluated the currently applied approaches, new strategies for purely marine environmental protection and management must also be developed. The new strategies should integrate relevant aspects of toxicity, bioaccumulation, and persistence, improved understanding of biogeochemical cycles, mass balance and other factors related to potential exposure. Holistic marine ecosystem modeling is an important part of marine environmental impact assessment. Emphasis must be placed on a truly holistic approach with important physical, chemical and biogeochemical processes are integrated in models.

Hildreth, R.G. 1992. Australian Coastal Management: Some North American Perspectives on Recent Queensland and Other Initiatives. Coastal Management, Vol. 20, No. 3, p 255-268, July/September 1992. Summary: The establishment of appropriate federal-state or provincial relationships is an important component of any coastal management scheme. The similarities in the formidable technical, legal, and institutional challenges faced in both Australia and the United States suggest that successful techniques developed in one nation could be transferable at least in part to the other. Because the federal Coastal Zone Management Act, unlike most federal environmental legislation in the United States, is quite deferential to the states, it does serve as a useful model for national legislation that would provide financial support for coastal management by state and local authorities in Australia. Past Australian coastal management efforts often have been appropriate for the circumstances presented at that time. However, future Australian state coastal management schemes should further address seaward scope, inland scope, regional planning and its legal status, existing ports and harbors, the balance of the Australian coast, aboriginal and islander peoples, and state-owned coastal lands. Queensland's 1991 coastal protection strategy, a discussion document potentially leading to legislation, addresses development priorities for coastal locations, zero net loss/mitigation, precautionary principle, and coastal protection zoning. For management of large marine areas, Australia and Queensland have led the way worldwide with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park scheme. While no other single region of the Australian coast appears to present the large scale and unique values of the Great Barrier Reef, there are many that deserve state-initiated regional planning carried out with combined state and federal financial support in the framework of supportive state and national coastal management legislation.

Howard, R.C.; Conner, R.W. 1994. 14 Annual International Symposium Of The North American, Lake Management Society, Orland. Developing the next generation of lake managers. LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 83. Summary: The Teaching Resource for Environmental Education (TREE) Center in Graysville, Georgia was developed in 1994 under a Title II Eisenhower Demonstration and Exemplary Program Grant as a model environmental teaching center for the state. The goal of the TREE Center is to establish an appreciation of natural resource management and protection in the next generation. The project demonstrates effective partnerships by bringing together students, teachers, local industries, and governmental agencies in an atmosphere of cooperation. It is an example of ways professionals can be linked to local schools, The procedure for exporting this project to other schools in the southeast will be described in the presentation. Guidelines for establishing partnerships among scientists, professionals, schools, and businesses will be given. The presentation will describe the physical facilities of the TREE Center, the involvement of local partners in developing the center, curriculum guides for using the center, and ways the results can be used by NALMS members and transferred to other locations.

Huang, S.L.; Chen, C.S. 1990. System Model to Analyse Environmental Carrying Capacity for Managing Urban Growth of the Taipei Metropolitan Region. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, p 47-60, July 1990. National Science Council of the Republic of China Grant NSC75-0301-H0005-03. Summary: An urban environmental system model, comprising subsystems of urban development, urban water use, and streams, is developed for analyzing the human carrying capacity of the Taipei metropolitan region. In this study, availability of land, capacities of water related infra-structures and water quality standards are used as limiting factors; variables of population and urbanized areas are used as indicators of carrying capacity. The allowable increase of population and urbanized area for each administrative district by the year 2000 are simulated. Results of the analysis indicate that urban growth in the Taipei metropolitan region will be significantly constrained by the environmentally sensitive characteristics of land, and the availability and capacity of water supply systems and waste treatment facilities. Resource management strategies based on the results of sensitivity analysis are proposed and used as model inputs to demonstrate that such constraints can be alleviated through better management of man and his environment.

Hubbard, R.K.; Lowrance, R.R. 1994. Southern Appalachian Man And The Biosphere (SAMAB) Conference, On. Riparian forest buffer system research at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. WETLANDS OF THE INTERIOR SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. Trettin,-C.C.; Aust,-W.M.; Wisniewski,-J. (eds.) 1994 pp. 409- 432. WATER,-AIR,-SOIL-POLLUT. vol. 77, no. 3-4. Summary: Recent attention has focused on riparian forest buffer systems for filtering sediment, nutrients, and pesticides entering from upslope agricultural fields. Studies in a variety of physiographic areas have shown that concentrations of sediment and agrichemicals are reduced after passage through a riparian forest. The mechanisms involved are both physical and biological, including deposition, uptake by vegetation, and loss by microbiological processes such as denitrification. Current research by USDA-ARS and University of Georgia scientists at Tifton, GA is focusing on managing riparian forest buffer systems to alleviate agricultural impacts on the environment. The underlying concept for this research is that agricultural impact on streams is best protected by a riparian forest buffer system consisting of three zones. In consecutive upslope order from the stream these zones are (1) a narrow band of permanent trees (5-10 m wide) immediately adjacent to the stream channel which provides streambank stabilization, organic debris input to streams, and shading of streams, (2) a forest management zone where maximum biomass production is stressed and trees can be harvested, and (3) a grass buffer strip up to 10 m wide to provide control of coarse sediment and to spread overland flow. Several ongoing projects at Tifton, GA are focusing on using riparian forest buffer systems as filters. A forest management project is testing the effects of different management practices on surface and ground water quality. This project includes three different forest management practices: mature forest, selectively thinned forest, and clearcut. In a different study a natural wetland is being restored by planting trees. The effectiveness of this wetland on filtering nutrients from dairy wastes which are being applied upslope is being evaluated. At this same site, a pesticide study is being conducted on the side opposite to where dairy wastes are applied. An overland flow- riparian buffer system using swine lagoon waste is evaluating the effectiveness of different vegetative treatments and lengths of buffer zones on filtering of nutrients. In this study three vegetative treatments are compared: (1) 10 m grass buffer and 20 m riparian forest, (2) 20 m grass buffer and 10 m riparian forest, (3) 10 m grass buffer and 20 m of the recommended wetland species maidencane. Waste is applied at the upper end of each plot at either a high or low rate, and then allowed to flow downslope. The three zone riparian forest buffer system is being used for the Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM). This model, which is currently under development at Tifton, GA, is a computer simulation model designed to reduce soil and water degradation by aiding farmers and land use managers in decision making regarding how best to utilize their riparian buffer system. Both information currently being collected in field studies and development of the REMM are innovative farm-level and forestry technologies to protect soil and water resources.

Klessig, L.L. 1994. 14 Annu International Symposium Of T. Integrated planning by local lake management organizations: A model. LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 87. Summary: In many states, local governments or riparian organizations are primarily responsible for the management of lakes. This model is designed for such communities. The model assumes that state government provides some financial assistance and technical back- up but is not performing day to day management functions. The model also assumes that the lake community has limited capacity to hire its own full time planners and managers. The example community relies on a combination of consultants, state technical experts, natural resources professionals employed by county government, and its own volunteers. The model could be adapted to communities with their own professional staff. A classical eight step planning sequence unfolds over a period of about 20 years. The process begins with community clarifying its goals for the lake and ends with the next generation starting the same process over again. In between these points the model leads a community through inventory/needs assessment, conceptualization of alternatives, formal decision, quantifiable objectives, implementation, and evaluation. By careful choice of concrete examples, the model provides an integrated plan which includes water quality management, protection of aesthetic values, resolution of water use conflicts, and development of local leadership.

Ludwa, K.A. 1994. International Symposium Of The North American Lake Management, Society, Seattle, W. Wetland water quality impacts in developing watersheds: Empirical models and biological indicators. LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 75-79. Summary: In the past decade, a significant amount of attention was given to the function of natural and constructed wetlands as buffering systems against hydrologic and water quality impacts caused by urban runoff. Wetlands are well regarded for their ability to reduce peak flows and to trap pollutants, thus protecting downstream systems. Seemingly little attention has been given to the effects of urban stormwater on the wetland ecosystem itself. The Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater Management Research Program (PSWSMRP) has monitored twenty wetlands in the Puget Sound (Washington) region since 1988 to examine the effect of watershed development on wetland and hydrology and water quality, and the resulting effects on wetland biota. The research reported here has a twofold objective. The first is to relate water quality parameters to morphological characteristics of the wetlands and their watersheds, particularly with regard to urban development. The second part of the objective is to develop a biotic index based on wetland emergent aquatic insect communities, and to demonstrate that this biotic index is correlated to anthropogenic impacts on wetland water quality, hydrology, and plant communities.

Luiten, J.P. 1995. International Conference On Integrated Water. The water system explorations A new Dutch project (the aquatic outlook) for combining monitoring, research and policy analysis for integrated water management. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,-S.H.; Gulati,-R.D.; Van-Liere,-L.; Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) 1995 pp. 329-344. WATER-SCI.- TECHNOL. vol. 31, no. 8. Summary: Sustained development is the target of almost every modern policy dealing with the aquatic environment. Sustainability is focused on human life, but also on the ecological quality of our environment. Both aspects are essential for life on earth. The ecological quality of aquatic systems can be expressed by biotic and abiotic parameters. Monitoring and research give information about these parameters and a comparison with the targets brings us to the necessity of supplementary policy-measures. Human activities are considered to be the cause of the environmental problems. All kinds of social and economical activities influence the water bodies. Reaching the goals is only possible if human influence on environment is changed or reduced. Within a catchment area, relations could be laid between human activities and ecological problems in the reception areas. Policy analysis is especially looking for the most efficient way to remove the bottlenecks. For an effective policy analysis in river catchment areas the following elements are essential: quantitative data; monitoring programs have to consider more than ever the ecological aspects of policy analysis; the determination of target values (probably by means of laboratory experiments); knowledge about the factors causing violation of the targets; an inventory of measures for influencing the existing or future situation; sufficient knowledge about the relation between the measures and (i) the ecological parameters and (ii) the social and economical activities in society; and a policy analysis for defining future policies; All of these studies will generate many data; to present these in a clear and succinct manner is one of the goals of the project "The Aquatic Outlook".

Muir, T. 1993. 36 Conf Of The Int Association For Great. Economic development capacity benefits of RAPS. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS. 1993 p. 72. Summary: The socioeconomic component of Stage II Remedial Action Plans can explore innovative solutions to the long-term structural changes being imposed on the economy of the Great Lakes basin. A major challenge is to invent and apply new patterns of development, and forms of growth that integrate and conserve the living resources essential to human survival and well-being. Another challenge is to overcome the inherent antithetical view of environment-economy that still dominates the conventional cost-benefit model of mainstream environmental economics. To meet these challenges, we are exploring the conceptual and empirical linkages between economic development capacity, and the restoration, enhancement and protection of watershed ecosystems, using RAP areas as case studies. A user-friendly framework is being developed that identifies and evaluates the beneficial possibilities created by an intelligent combination of public and private investment in the natural capital of watersheds as ecosystems, and the synergies and follow-on development capacity created. Results indicate that the "environment" in RAP areas is an integral factor of economic development. It is concluded, that integrated planning on a watershed ecosystem basis, can yield substantial synergies, which form the basis of a new economy.

Perkins, W.W.; Welch, E.B. 1994. 14 Annu International Symposium Of The North American, Lake Management Society, Or. A dynamic total phosphorus model to guide residential development in the watershed of a stratified mesotrophic lake. LAKE RESERV. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 103. Summary: Lake Sammamish, Washington is a mesotrophic, monomictic, 20 square kilometer lake with a watershed size of 226 sq kilometers. Primary treated sewage was diverted out of the watershed in 1968 leading to a slow but steady increase in the lake's water quality. Residential expansion into the watershed from nearby cities will increase the phosphorus loading to the lake. This has heightened concern regarding the future quality of the lake's water. There is a need to predict epilimnetic lake quality as development increases in order to plan for stormwater treatment that is effective enough to maintain lake water quality. To address this concern an update to a previous TP mass balance computer simulation model was constructed. The present model was calibrated to five independent data sets. Input data sets included TP loading as measured from the major influent stream and loading estimated from other watershed portions via site specific land use yield coefficients. The model was then used to predict future TP concentrations based upon projected land use characteristics. The predicted epilimnetic TP concentrations were used to estimate future transparency and chla concentrations, which were compared against established goals for transparency and chl a. The model is now serving as one of the input parameters to long term land use planning decisions.

Quinlan, B.; Simmons, C. 1993. Exploring land use alternatives. WATER ENVIRON. TECHNOL. 1993 vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 44-50. Summary: An urban catchment model was used by the Raleigh and Wake County (N.C.) Department of Public Utilities to calculate nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loadings for a critical watershed area. The model also evaluated how zoning alternatives and structural best management practices (BMPs) could affect the area as development increases. Annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus, nitrogen, lead, copper, and zinc were estimated for existing conditions, buildout at current zoning regulations, and three future development scenarios. Wet detention basins and grass swales, the structural BMPs selected, were evaluated in terms of effectiveness in improving water quality, ease of implementation, operation and maintenance requirement, and cost.

Rumery Betz, C.; Taylor, K.R. 1994. 14 Annu International Symposium Of The North American, Lake Manag. Managing lakes from a watershed perspective: Wisconsin's priority lakes program. LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 57. Summary: Wisconsin's priority watershed program has focused on stream and river water quality for the majority of its 15-year history. Recently, however, several priority lake projects have been selected to receive technical and financial support to improve water quality progressive land management. Based on its estimated positive response to reduced phosphorus loading, a lake is selected, and county or lake district staff are hired to collect inventory data for rural and urban land-based computer models (WINHUSLE, BARNY and SLAMM) and lake water quality models. The Camp/Center Lakes and Lake Mendota watershed projects are the first to use a geographic information system (GIS) to analyze pollutant yields and track land management changes. GIS is a tool for data integration and input into the urban and rural land-use models, and provides a spatial display of the watershed characteristics. The 2-to-3 year planning process culminates in a watershed plan outlining the goals for the water resources, eligibility criteria for participation, and the budget. The plan is implemented over 8-years with roughly $1- 6 million in state nonpoint source funds allocated per project. The state cost-shar es up to 100% with individual landowners and municipalities to implement best management practices. Addressing lake problems from a watershed perspective is a cost- effective, environmentally sensible approach to improved water quality.

Sayok, A.K.; Chang, M. 1990. Hydrological Responses to Urbanization in Forested LaNana Creek Watershed Nacogdoches, Texas. Tropical Hydrology and Caribbean Water Resources. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and Fourth Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 22-27, 1990. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. (1990). p 131-140. Summary: Twenty-year (1965-84) USGS streamflow records for LaNana Creek in East Texas were broken down into 2 periods, an early period (1965-72) with little development, and a recent period (1973-84) with rapid urban development. A mass curve generated by plotting accumulated annual streamflow against accumulated annual precipitation revealed a significant difference in annual streamflow between these two periods. Simple statistics showed that the average annual streamflow of the recent period was 143 mm higher than that of the early period and was not totally attributable to differences in precipitation and temperature. Using a hydroclimatic calibration model for the early period, LaNana Creek streamflow was estimated to have increased 85.2 mm/year due to urbanization. Median daily flow was 0.07 cms for the early period versus 0.20 cms for the recent period. The recent period had a greater frequency of high flows, a smaller frequency of low flows and the monthly and annual maximum daily streamflows were greater. If storm characteristics were similar, peak flow is higher and direct runoff is greater in the recent period. The effects of urbanization on streamflow regimes in LaNana Creek were influenced by the short distance of the urbanized area to the gaging station, the sandy soils, and the destruction of forest environment. There were no significant changes in climatic conditions during the 20-year period.

Wood, D.M.; Wycoff, R.L. 1990. Development of a Watershed Management Model. IN: Transferring Models to Users. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1990. p 281- 291. Summary: The Mountain Island Lake watershed in Mecklenburg County is the sole water source for the Charlotte, North Carolina metropolitan area. The watershed, largely undeveloped, is being pressured by development interests. A project was undertaken to aid County personnel in developing a lake watershed protection plan. A model to predict watershed yield and associated pollutant concentrations of development alternatives was developed and transferred to the County for use by its personnel. The procedure involved the use of yield curves derived from continuous hydrologic simulation to predict flow yield based on future Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number (CN) values. In addition, regression equations, available through the National Urban Runoff Program (NURP), were used to predict pollution concentrations. The resulting flow yields and concentrations were then used to estimate pollutant loadings to the Lake as a result of increasing development. A simple receiving water model was used to predict resulting ambient concentrations. With this procedure, County personnel could quickly and efficiently assess the impacts of different development scenarios. As a result, Mecklenburg County could protect the future of its water supply by issuing zoning mandates founded on sound information.

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Natural Resources Bibliography

Anonymous. 1994. Inviting Bambi into the backyard. Environment, Vol: 36 Iss: 8 Date: Oct 1994 p: 22. Summary: Wildlife can exist in cities, and it is actually the biological monitor of the health of cities. Wildlife conservationists are working on the creation of urban habitats for wildlife.

Balco, J.J. 1992. Site Planning for Aquifer Protection. Environmental Protection, Vol. 3, No. 5, p 39-42, June 1992. Summary: Zoning ordinances designed to protect groundwater sources sometimes can hinder industrial development when unreasonable restrictions are imposed. However, totally prohibiting development is not necessarily beneficial to communities or the economy upon which their residents depend. Rather a resource protection program designed to manage as opposed to prohibit development has been demonstrated in recent experience to permit relatively safe industrial and commercial activities in protected areas. In the area of wellhead zones, the regulatory focus is on point sources such as underground storage tanks or industrial septic tanks. A well-established and successful approach to a wellhead protection program is being implemented by the State of Massachusetts and its local communities. With appropriate planning, financial commitment, and sensitivity to resource protection, industries have demonstrated that responsible development can continue in these areas while still protecting precious natural resources. The key is to determine early in the planning process whether a site is within a protection zone, and incorporate that reality into the site design.

Bequette, F. 1994. Inventing the urban future. UNESCO Courie r, Iss: 5 Date: May 1994 p: 25-27. Summary: The next millenium will see immense, sprawling megacities with huge populations and even huger environmental problems. Creative solutions to the problems of urban ecology must be sought and implemented soon.

Bolger, D. 1992. Ecological Linkages - Nature Conservation 2. The Role of Corridors. Edited by Denis A. Saunders and Richard J. Hobbs. Science, Vol: 256 Iss: 5060 Date: May 22, 1992 p: 1224-1225. Summary: Mixed book review.

Briggs, M.K.; Roundy, B.A.; Shaw, W.W. 1994. Trial and error: Assessing the effectiveness of riparian revegetation in Arizona. RESTOR. MANAGE. NOTES 1994 vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 160- 167. Summary: Many riparian ecosystems in the Southwest are in trouble. The effects of agriculture, dam construction, groundwater pumping, livestock grazing, urbanization, and other human activities have led to the rapid decline of many southwestern riparian vegetation communities. Hall and Bammon observed that 22 of Arizona's 27 native fish are federally classified as being in danger of extinction; this is probably as good an indicator as any of the decline of Arizona's riparian areas. Concern over the plight of riparian ecosystems in the Southwest has resulted in the development of various conservation strategies specifically designed to reclaim these valuable ecosystems. One such strategy, coined "riparian revegetation," involves planting trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses in degraded riparian ecosystems. Once established, such plantings can help to replace lost riparian vegetation.

Cheema, G.S. 1994. UNDP statement. MAR. POLICY 1994 vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 104-106. 1994 Summary: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development represented the largest ever gathering of heads of state, international specialized agencies, United Nations bodies, non- governmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations. One of the main products of the Conference was Agenda 21. Chapter 17, related to the marine environment, states that more than half the world's population lives within 60 km of the shoreline and many of the world's poor are crowded in these areas. Although coastal resources are vital for many local communities and indigenous people, urban populations gradually cause the direct or indirect contamination of the very marine environment on which they so much depend. Inland communities are also affected through the contamination of rivers, streams and other bodies of water that follow the cycles of nature and eventually reach the open seas. A comprehensive solution will demand specific regional strategies aimed at not merely alleviating effects but combating causes. This coincides with the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP's) commitment to regionalizing its Urban Development Cooperation Activities.

CLOSE TO HOME - COMMONS' CAUSE FOR FAIRFAX. 1995, December 31. Washington Post, Final Edition. Sec: C OP/ED p: 8. Summary: The famous story of the 'Tragedy of the Commons' might apply to Fairfax County.

DiChristina, M. 1996. The village green. Popular Science, Vol: 248 Iss: 1 Date: Jan 1996 p: 60-64. Summary: Former environmental activist Liz Walker is working with Joan Bokaer to design a community that is more environmentally conscientious than typical suburban subdivisions. The design and development of EcoVillage is examined.

Ezzell, C. 1992. Wilderness Corridors May not Benefit All. Science News, Vol: 142 Iss: 9 Date: Aug 29, 1992 p: 135. Summary: A new study questions the efficacy of the corridor concept in preserving wild populations. Daniel K. Rosenberg, who led the research group, says the study demonstrates the importance of the environment surrounding corridors, because many animals won't find their way into greenways.

Grant, K. 1994. Oregon river restoration: A sensitive management strategy boosts natural healing. RESTOR. MANAGE. NOTES 1994 vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 152- 159. Summary: Balancing natural processes with manipulative actions is helping to restore the Middle Fork John Day Preserve.

Gresswell, R.E.; Barton, B.A.; Kershner, J.L. 1989. Practical approaches to riparian resource management : an educational workshop, May 8 11, 1989, Billings, Montana. United States Bureau Of Land Management Billings District Office American, Fisheries Society Montana Chapter. 1989 Oct. Support for the workshop provided by Montana Chapter of the American Fisheries Society ... [et al.] .

Harowitz, S. 1992. A Garden That Will Shrink Your Water Bill. Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine, Vol: 46 Iss: 5 Date: May 1992 p: 106. Summary: The latest idea in drought-resistant landscaping is Xeriscaping. The new form of gardening that will save money in water bills is discussed.

Hayes, D. 1992, April 17. Future Milestones. USA TODAY, Sec: USW p: 10 col: 4. Summary: Denis Hayes discusses environmental progress as the US moves to the year 2000. He examines the impact of population growth, the greenhouse effect, and urban development on the environment.

Johnson, R.R. 1985. Riparian ecosystems and their management : reconciling conflicting uses. United, States Forest Service North American Riparian Conference (1St :. 1985 :. Tucson, Ariz ). 1985 Aug.

Kellner, R.; Hackl, A. (Eds) 1994. 1. Interdisciplinary FECS Conf Of The Federation Of, European Chemical Societies On Environmental Issues (EURO ENVIRONMENT '92) Budapest, (Hungary) 10 14 May 1992. Chemistry for the protection of the environment. SCI. TOTAL ENVIRON. 1994 vol. 143, no. 1, 156 pp. Summary: The Federation of European Chemical Societies (FECS) invited for the first time top experts in the fields of environmental relevance to the interdisciplinary broad spectrum conference Euroenvironment '92 to Budapest. This event was organised by the Hungarian Chemical Society on behalf of 4 Working Parties of the FECS under the auspices of the Hungarian Minister of Environmental and Regional Policy, Sandor Keresztes and supported by the Austrian Ministry for Environment Youth and Family and by Rotary International, District 1910. In 7 sessions (Air and Climate Water, Soil, Food, Cultural Heritage, Environmental Technology and General Themes) the audience and the speakers contributed to the solution of the 'World Problematique' by analysing the present situation of unlimited and wasteful exploitation of natural resources and providing information about the role of chemistry and chemical technology to secure a sustainable development of our civilisation also in the future.

Kenney, J.A. III. 1985. Problem of People: Critical Areas and Floating Zones in the Chesapeake. Virginia Journal of Natural Resources Law, Vol. 4, No. 2, p 209-218, 1985. Summary: Maryland 's Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Act authorizes local jurisdictions to develop and implement programs to control the use and development of sensitive shoreline areas, designated by the act as ' Critical Areas. ' The traditional approach to zoning involves a constant war for land use flexibility. The ' floating zone ' concept was developed to permit certain land uses in accordance with an overall development plan for a designated area of land, without requiring a legislative determination of ' change or mistake ' at the time of a comprehensive rezoning. A floating zone is a specialized use district created by ordinance that ' floats ' over an entire jurisdiction until it attaches to a specific property upon the petition of the property owner. A site plan, which typically includes restrictions on maximum building area, minimum green area, and, in some cases, requires off-site improvements, must be approved by the local governing body. Plan approval can be revoked if the plan 's provisions, including restrictions, are not complied with, or if there is no meaningful development within a reasonable period of time. In one case, a 200-acre development on the Patuxent River was approved under a floating zone. The project included a central marina, habitat preservation areas, community beach areas with restricted access areas, and central sewage; the density was increased from 1.0 units per acre to 2.83 units per acre as a result of rezoning. Numerous conditions were imposed, covering such areas as street design, parking, sediment and stormwater control, and limitations on pleasure boat mooring and use. The cost of development in this instance were borne by the private sector, and the costs of maintaining wildlife habitats were borne by the people with access to them. The floating zone and planned unit development concept can be an effect means to meet increasing development pressure in a creative, positive way.

Mann, C.C.; Plummer, M.L. 1993. The high cost of biodiversity. Science, Vol: 260 Iss: 5116 Date: Jun 25, 1993 p: 1868-1871. Summary: A controversial plan to protect North American biodiversity by creating a network of wilderness reserves, human buffer zones and wildlife corridors stretching across as much as half the continent is discussed. The plan may be asking too much of the people who already live in the proposed zones.

Mann, C.C.; Plummer, M.L. 1995. Are wildlife corridors the right path? Science, Vol: 270 Iss: 5241 Date: Dec 1, 1995 p: 1428-1430. Summary: The strategy of using corridors to link patches of isolated habitat to save endangered species is examined. Some feel this could save numerous species, while others feel it would be an expensive failure.

Pearce, J.B. 1995. Introduction to theme issue: Conservation and marine ecosystems. NAT. AREAS J. 1995 vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 4- 6. Summary: It has become ever more apparent that marine life - its reproduction, recruitment, and survival - is not dependent on any single natural or anthropogenic variable. Rather, temperature, salinity, sediment type, and current systems, along with a range of contaminants and physically degrading activities, cumulatively dictate where marine life will occur and how human activities might affect the life history stages, distribution, and survival of species. The conveners for the two special sessions on "Conservation and Marine Ecosystems" selected papers relevant to both the east and west coasts of North America and others describing situations that might occur in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world. Almost all of the papers presented in the two sessions were case studies covering a range of situations but with special emphasis on how human activities in terrestrial habitats and the coastal zone affect the overall well-being of the oceans, especially when these are viewed as natural areas. The first papers set the scene, and subsequent presentations provided case studies and details of management schemes to preserve extant wild areas and to mitigate damage in heavily developed and degraded industrial/urbanized natural areas. Collectively, the papers define many contemporary issues (and solutions) and provide evidence that even in heavily degraded marine habitats it is possible to reverse trends and avoid future despoliation.

Petts, G. 1989. Historical Analysis of Fluvial Hydrosystems. Historical Change of Large Alluvial Rivers: Western Europe. John Wiley & Sons New York. 1989. p 1-18. Summary: Knowledge of environmental change resulting from our exploitation of land and water resources over historic timescales is necessary to improve river regulation strategies; to achieve sustainable resource development; and to advance environmental conservation. During the 1980s there have been three major shifts in river regulation: (1) a change from river development to river management; (2) a move by scientists to tackle problems of large rivers; and (3) a development of multidisciplinary approaches to both research and management. In Europe, all three themes are embodied within the ' European Large Alluvial Rivers Network, ' formed in 1986 in response to an initiative of the Council of Europe to promote scientific and technical cooperation, and concerned with water as a natural resource and the interaction between that resource and the environment.

Reid, W.V.; Trexler, M.C. 1991. Drowning the National Heritage: Climate Change and Coastal Biodiversity in the United States. World Resources Institute, Washington. 1991. 48p. Summary: Global warming of the magnitude expected in coming decades, accompanied by changes in sea level, rainfall, and wind and ocean currents, will significantly affect species composition, community structure, and the function of coastal ecosystems. Understanding the current stress that these ecosystems face is crucial to fully appreciating how climate change may affect coastal biodiversity. Coastal species, habitats, and ecological processes; economic indicators of the status of coastal biodiversity; impacts of global warming on coastal habitats and on coastal species diversity (and other impacts); and the status and options of U.S. public policy in relation to the conservation of coastal biodiversity are examined in detail. Most policies proposed for mitigating the impacts of climate change neglect the need to conserve biodiversity. The following policy options are recommended to help conserve coastal biodiversity in the face of climatic change: (1) slowing, where possible, the rate and magnitude of global warming; (2) incorporating the protection of coastal ecosystems as a fundamental goal in federal and state policies; (3) eliminating federal and state subsidies that promote coastal development, beach nourishment, and seawalls; (4) making wider use of such regulatory measures as coastal zoning and setbacks; (5) putting property owners on notice that sea-level rise will occur and that public- policy goals will dictate the abandonment of large areas of dry land; (6) minimizing anthropogenic stresses on coastal ecosystems; (7) using the distribution of key coastal ecosystems to identify where various policy options should be pursued; and (8) experimentation, by non-governmental organizations interested in land acquisition for conservation purposes, with various easement and leasing options, focusing on lands of particular conservation importance. Biodiversity--the world's genes, species, and ecosystems--could be an invaluable resource in humanity's efforts to adapt to global warming, but it may also be one of the first victims of that change. Biodiversity conservation requires coastal development policies that promote accommodation to sea-level rise, rather than defense against it.

Rogers, J.D.; Augustyn, J.S. 1993. Using Satellite and GIS Technologies to Manage a County's Natural Resources. Public Works, Vol. 124, No. 9, p 44-87, August 1993. Summary: Passaic County, located in northern New Jersey and bordering on New York State, encompasses a unique mix of natural resources and environmental beauty, diverse urban centers, and expanding suburban developments. The communities of Passaic County with the support and encouragement of the County Board of Freeholders have long recognized the need to identify, protect, and preserve their natural resources. Now through teamwork, The Passaic County Natural Resource Management project is being prepared with participation from the county's 16 municipalities and technical assistance from satellite imagery and geographic information system (GIS) technology. Natural Resource Management project goals include: (1) implementation of a county-wide comprehensive natural-resource management program that will provide an overview of priority resources with specific strategies and guidelines for land and resource allocation, (2) incorporation of environmental education as an integral component of the program to promote the concept of conservation at all levels of society, (3) increasing of public access to open space in urban and rural areas, (4) identification of the framework for a county-wide open-space plan based upon stream corridors and other significant natural and cultural resources, and (5) integration of existing historic sites into a county open-space plan. Computer programs are being used to process remotely-sensed satellite imagery to provide map information such as the number of acres of forest in an area, wetlands detection and monitoring, agricultural production, water resources, and changes in land use. Using GIS, stored land-use information is retrieved in a variety of ways to create soil- type, floodplain, geologic, elevation, proposed land-use, and zoning maps. It is anticipated that the Passaic County Natural Resource Management plan will become an integral part of the county's municipal master plans, land-use plans, and zoning ordinances.

Tabor, M. 1992. 1992 South Platte Research Conference, Fort Collins, CO (USA) 27 28 Oct 1992. Issues of the urban river interface. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1992 SOUTH PLATTE RESEARCH CONFERENCE. Woodring,-R.C.; Roberts,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1992 p. 81. INF.-SER.-COLO.-WATER- RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 72. Summary: The Urban Design Forum (UDF) is a non-profit organization of planners, designers, and private citizens that are concerned with the issues of urban design in the Denver metropolitan area. Within UDF, a subcommittee has been formed, called the Urban Ecology Subcommittee, to explore the relationships between urban development and a healthy, functioning and sustainable local ecology. This inquiry is focused on the role of natural resources, their use, abuse, protection and enhancement within our 'built' environment. The premise of this organization is that human systems in general and cities in particular, must develop a harmonious relationship with the natural environment to remain healthy and viable over time. Given that one of the most important and limited natural resources in the Rocky Mountain region is water, it seems logical that we begin our inquiry of urban ecology with the role that surface water plays in our urban environment. Historically, the South Platte River has given form and orientation to our urban landscape. The Urban Design Forum seeks to be a catalyst for discussion of the future of urbanized sections of the South Platte River. We feel that all the diversified interests of our metropolitan areas as well as the downstream neighbors in agriculture and water supply must be part of this discourse as well.

Towards an environmentally sound and sustainable development of water resources in Asia and the Pacific. 1992. United, Nations Economic And Social Commission For Asia And The Pacific. 1992 Aug.

Coastal systems studies and sustainable development. 1991. Proceedings of the COMAR Interregional Scientific Conference, Unesco, Paris, 21 25 May 1991. United, Nations Environment Programme International, Council Of Scientific Unions Scientific Committee On Oceanic Re Search; International, Association For Biological Oceanography. COMAR Interregional Scientific Conference (1991 :. Paris). 1991 Jul.

United States of America national report. 1992. Council, On Environmental Quality (U S. ). 1992; United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992. Council on Environmental Quality, 1992 "Compiled in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on June 1-12, 1992"--P. 418. United Nations Conference on Environment & Development.

Wali, M.K. 1992. Ecosystem rehabilitation : preamble to sustainable development. Oct. SPB Academic Publishing.

Williams, C. 1992. Books - Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle. Edited by F. Herbert Bormann and Stephen R. Kellert. Science News, Vol: 141 Iss: 8 Date: Feb 22, 1992 p: 114. Summary: Favorable book review.

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Open Space Bibliography

Meeks, G. 1990. Growth Management: A Renewed Agenda for States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 6, p. 600-604, November/December. Summary: Natural resource managers have long been active in formulating and administering government policies for environmental conservation. Typically, states regulate activities through such authorities as forest practice, wetlands preservation, and groundwater management acts. Local governments traditionally have used their police powers, such as zoning, to regulate land use. A new approach being formulated by some states and regional authorities may involve a much more extensive and comprehensive means of managing resources. Growth management and comprehensive planning acts are being enacted that may change not only the nature of land use but also the decision-making processes that affect our social and economic geography. Nine states (Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington) have been identified as having statewide growth management or comprehensive planning programs. Another seven states (California, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia) have gubernatorial growth strategies commissions or have held conferences focusing on land use issues with the objective of developing growth management legislation. Goals include economic development, farm and forest (open space) land preservation, natural resource conservation, affordable housing, coordinated infrastructure and transportation development, air and water quality, historic and special areas preservation, natural hazards mitigation, recreation resource enhancement, and energy conservation. Autonomy of local land use authority has been the crucial issue in most debates over state growth management programs. The negotiation process becomes critical to success or failure of the programs. The tone of many officials involved in developing these new planning programs may sound like political frustration in trying to cope with conflicting demands. But to hear state officials refer to carrying capacity is a dramatic change from previous years, when the land use debate was on an ideological level that failed to recognize economic problems imposed by lack of planning.

Rogers, J.D.; Augustyn, J.S. 1993. Using Satellite and GIS Technologies to Manage a County's Natural Resources. Public Works, Vol. 124, No. 9, p 44-87, August 1993. Summary: Passaic County, located in northern New Jersey and bordering on New York State, encompasses a unique mix of natural resources and environmental beauty, diverse urban centers, and expanding suburban developments. The communities of Passaic County with the support and encouragement of the County Board of Freeholders have long recognized the need to identify, protect, and preserve their natural resources. Now through teamwork, The Passaic County Natural Resource Management project is being prepared with participation from the county's 16 municipalities and technical assistance from satellite imagery and geographic information system (GIS) technology. Natural Resource Management project goals include: (1) implementation of a county-wide comprehensive natural-resource management program that will provide an overview of priority resources with specific strategies and guidelines for land and resource allocation, (2) incorporation of environmental education as an integral component of the program to promote the concept of conservation at all levels of society, (3) increasing of public access to open space in urban and rural areas, (4) identification of the framework for a county-wide open-space plan based upon stream corridors and other significant natural and cultural resources, and (5) integration of existing historic sites into a county open-space plan. Computer programs are being used to process remotely-sensed satellite imagery to provide map information such as the number of acres of forest in an area, wetlands detection and monitoring, agricultural production, water resources, and changes in land use. Using GIS, stored land-use information is retrieved in a variety of ways to create soil- type, floodplain, geologic, elevation, proposed land-use, and zoning maps. It is anticipated that the Passaic County Natural Resource Management plan will become an integral part of the county's municipal master plans, land-use plans, and zoning ordinances.

Tourbier, J.T. 1994. Open space through stormwater management: Helping to structure growth on the urban fringe. J. SOIL WATER CONSERV. 1994 vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 14-21. Summary: This article advocates a holistic approach that views stormwater as a vital part of the hydrologic cycle involving management practices to insure infiltration, control runoff pollution, reduce thermal impacts and control peak flows. Management practices for this kind of control put the landscape to work by utilizing processes of nature such as vegetative filtering during conveyance, cooling through shade trees, detention through depression storage, and infiltration. When implemented in settings that prior to the introduction of impervious surfaces did not experience much runoff, such management practices can be designed to form systems that function as an extension of the existing riparian landscape. The public is beginning to accept that bodies of water, wetlands, and floodplains are best used as permanent open space, protected through land use controls. These open spaces follow stream valleys and can be expanded and enhanced through stormwater management practices on adjacent development sites.

Tourbier, J.T.; Westmacott, R.; Goedken, C. 1980. Convivial Stormwater Management Alternatives. Stormwater Management Alternatives. Water Resources Center, University of Delaware, Newark DE. April 1980. p 9-21. Summary: Stormwater and flood management and their interrelationship to water quality are problems of national priority. The costs of urban flooding and drainage works on a nationwide scale have been estimated to exceed $5 billion per year. There is opportunity for substantially reducing the cost of stormwater management by examining and, where appropriate, modifying conventional practices. Blue-Green stormwater technology turns a liability into an asset by integrating control measures in open space systems. This concept recognizes the potential of streams, rivers and other natural drainage ways as multi-use urban open space/water systems; and it realizes the potential asset of stormwater by transferring some of the costs of stormwater management to other beneficiaries. Four basic stormwater problems in urbanized areas that can be solved through design solutions which can result in enhancement of a site include: (1) Increases in runoff and decreases in infiltration; (2) Flooding and streambank erosion; (3) Erosion and sedimentation; and (4) Runoff pollution. Solving these problems requires public involvement in the planning process. Convergence of interests, legitimacy of sponsorship, establishment of an effectuation framework, leading to implementation of objectives are all necessary steps.

Westmacott, R. 1980. Blue Green Concept Some Personal Comments. Stormwater Management Alternatives. Water Resources Center, University of Delaware, Newark DE. April 1980. p 37-41. Summary: The Blue-Green Concept is a deceptively simple one. Few examples of this idea exist, but those that have been implemented have been extraordinarily successful. Earl Jones first coined the term Blue-Green Development in the 1960s. When the term Blue- Green was first used, it referred to the planned integration of water areas in open space systems, multifunctional impoundments for both the detention of runoff and for aesthetic benefits. From its conception, storage and detention of urban stormwater were important features of Blue-Green development. The concept recognizes the multifunctional role of natural drainage systems. Failure to recognize these numerous roles of streams and rivers on urban development is probably the reason for little use of the Blue-Green concept.

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Planning Bibliography

Allen, H. H.; Lazor, R. L. 1989. Reservoir Shoreline Erosion and Revegetation Workshops. Army Corps of Engineers Water Operations Technical Support Information Exchange Bulletin Volume E-89-1, October 1989. Summary: In 1987, the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station began organizing and conducting a series of annual workshops for Corps of Engineer (CE) personnel. The objectives were to illustrate amd explain impacts of shoreline erosion in CE reservoirs; identify probable causes of erosion; demonstrate means of measuring and analyzing bank erosion and recession; review traditional means of protecting shorelines; and describe alternative methods of controlling erosion using vegetation or a combination of vegetative and structural solutions. With proper planning, site preparation, appropriate plant establishment methods used at the right time, and postplanting monitoring and maintenance, reservoir shorelines can be vegetated to satisfy several objectives including shoreline erosion control. Revegetating reservoir shorelines can help prevent and control erosion, reduce turbidity and improve water quality, establish fisheries and wildlife habitat, and enhance reservoir esthetic values. Workshops on reservoir erosion control and revegetation will continue to provide innovative techniques to field personnel and draw upon others ' experiences in controlling reservoir shoreline erosion.

Andrews, A.S.; Fraser, G.W.; Leak, A.J. 1990. Drainage Manual for Clark County, Nevada. IN: Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands (H2AL). American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 90-95. Summary: The development of a flood control district and its associated capital improvement and regulatory programs does not by itself address drainage standards for a community. While the capital improvement and regulatory programs go a long way in solving existing flooding problems and minimizing future flooding problems, a common denominator is missing. This common denominator is drainage standards that are laid out in a drainage manual. Such a drainage manual covers all aspects of drainage planning including policy, design criteria, applicable laws, and guidelines for development of private and public stormwater management facilities. The preparation of a drainage manual in an arid region that is experiencing rapid growth warrants the inclusion of special features that attempt to address the concerns of all affected individuals.

Anonymous. 1995. Making cities safer: Good fences ... Economist, Vol: 334 Iss: 7907 Date: Mar 25, 1995 p: 30-31. Summary: Architect and consultant Oscar Newman lent ideas to the Five Oaks area of Dayton OH on the use of physical planning for urban revitalization. Installing gates to cut through traffic and creating minineighborhoods, Dayton's crime rate dropped by a quarter and violent crime by a half.

Anonymous. 1993. Basquing in future glories. Economist, Vol: 328 Iss: 7829 Date: Sep 18, 1993 p: 95-96. Summary: Bilbao Spain's present griminess is an emblem of the Basque region's domination by the Spanish government. Bilbao-Ria 2000 is an ambitious attempt at urban revitalization, including a civic spending spree for a new concert hall, conference center and museum of modern art.

Austin, L. H.; Tullis, R. L.; Stauffer, N. E. 1988. Virgin River: Planning for Development While Meeting Flow Requirements for Endangered Species. Water Use Data for Water Resources Management. Proceedings of a Symposium. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1988. Summary: The Virgin River Basin in southern Utah, particularly the St. George area, has experienced rapid growth as a recreation and retirement location during the last 15 to 20 years. This has created new water demands in a water short, semiarid area that has a long history of difficulty in water development. Meeting these demands is complicated by the many national and state parks as well as the forest, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and Indian lands that are in close proximity to the Virgin River. Further complicating the issue is the listing of the Woundfin as an endangered species and the proposed listing of the Virgin River Chub as an endangered species. A widespread effort is underway to address these issues using techniques such as: a river basin study pertaining to water, soil, and related resources; a biological study of the native fish; and computer modeling of fish habitat and water development. The modeling effort includes simulating existing and potential reservoir sites for evaluating the effects of water development on endangered fish habitats with minimum flow constraints.

Balco, J. J. 1992. Site Planning for Aquifer Protection. Environmental Protection, Vol. 3, No. 5, p 39-42, June 1992. Summary: Zoning ordinances designed to protect groundwater sources sometimes can hinder industrial development when unreasonable restrictions are imposed. However, totally prohibiting development is not necessarily beneficial to communities or the economy upon which their residents depend. Rather a resource protection program designed to manage as opposed to prohibit development has been demonstrated in recent experience to permit relatively safe industrial and commercial activities in protected areas. In the area of wellhead zones, the regulatory focus is on point sources such as underground storage tanks or industrial septic tanks. A well-established and successful approach to a wellhead protection program is being implemented by the State of Massachusetts and its local communities. With appropriate planning, financial commitment, and sensitivity to resource protection, industries have demonstrated that responsible development can continue in these areas while still protecting precious natural resources. The key is to determine early in the planning process whether a site is within a protection zone, and incorporate that reality into the site design.

Benes, M.E. 1989. Boards of Health Protection for Private Wells and Groundwater. Protecting Ground Water from the Bottom Up: Local Responses to Wellhead Protection. Proceedings of the Conference, October 2-3, 1989, Danvers, Massachusetts. Underground Injection Practices Council, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 1989. p 303-308. Summary: In Massachusetts, people depending upon private wells are unprotected against improper siting, poor installation, and contamination, except where local health boards have adopted regulations. Effective private well protection depends upon the local board of health adopting a well protection policy which is consistent with local needs and conditions. In addition to specific private well regulations, there are other actions which local boards can take as part of an overall groundwater protection program. These include hazardous waste pickups, underground storage tank regulations, subdivision review, regulation of pesticides and septic tank cleaners, local emergency response planning committees, solid waste disposal regulations, and others.

Bequette, France. 1994. Inventing the urban future. UNESCO Courier, Iss: 5 Date: May 1994 p: 25-27. Summary: The next millenium will see immense, sprawling megacities with huge populations and even huger environmental problems. Creative solutions to the problems of urban ecology must be sought and implemented soon.

Biswas, A. K. 1994. Sustainable water resources development: Some personal thoughts. INT. J. WATER RESOUR. DEV. 1994 vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 109-116. Summary: Sustainable development has now become a popular term, but it often means different things to different people. Operationalization of this concept is still not possible. This paper examines some of the major issues associated with sustainability. The opportunities and constraints of the current environmental assessment approaches for water development are objectively discussed.

Blyth, R.S. 1994. The Limehouse Link Tunnel: The planning and route of the Link. PROC. INST. CIV. ENG. TRANSPORT 1994 vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 9-19. Summary: This paper outlines the history and planning of the Limehouse Link, the major link in the Docklands highways network, designed to improve access to and from the City of London to the Isle of Dogs. It opened to traffic ahead of schedule on 17 May 1993. This road is an urban development by the London Docklands Development Corporation, a Government agency set up by statute to bring about the social and economic regeneration of a neglected part of London. The purpose of the scheme is described, together with some of the options considered, including the early ones proposed by the Greater London Council. The paper also outlines the agreement between the London Docklands Development Corporation and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets which enabled the scheme to proceed and secured significant benefits for local residents.

Borden, R.T. 1992. The Greening of Greens. Civil Engineering (ASCE), Vol. 62, No. 10, p 55-57, October 1992. Summary: The construction of new golf courses may be delayed while environmental issues are satisfied. It takes careful planning and design to keep fertilizers and pesticides from wreaking havoc on an established ecosystem, or to prevent migrating sediment and bulldozed soil from filling wetlands. When the Lowes Island Golf Course was developed on an island in the Potomac River northwest of Washington, DC, engineering services were sought. The site required significant regrading to protect the course from low-level floods and yet allow conveyance of a 100-year storm event and a wetland mitigation program designed with attention to storm-water runoff quality. Golf-course architects provided the layout with conceptual grading, landscaping and construction specifications for the greens and tees; engineers knowing local conditions were able to judge the impact on the environment. An environmental services firm was called in to delineate any wetland areas, based on soil, plant and water characteristics. A marsh was created at the downstream end of the island as the mitigation site, together with a seasonal marsh and a lake. These marshes and ponds will also help control the quality of storm-water runoff. Mitigation areas were planned to filter out much of the chemicals used to maintain the course. A firm was hired to develop a program of pesticide and fertilizer application, to select chemicals that would have limited persistence, toxicity and mobility, to suggest biological and mechanical pest controls to reduce the need for chemicals and to develop chemical handling guidelines. Since the site had to be regraded to increase the level of flood protection, historical data and flood profiles were obtained, and the approximate probability of flooding for various elevations were derived. A berm was constructed around the outside of the island with a flap valve to let water out but not in, and to ensure that no sediment, chemicals, grass clippings, or lost golf balls pollute the river. A clay liner was placed around the lakes to limit percolation of water or waterborne contaminants into the groundwater. The lakes and marshes were interconnected to discharge downstream of the water intake. The course is environmentally sound, as well as beautiful and playable.

Brown, D. J. 1990. Michigan Groundwater Survey: A Cooperative Venture of Local Governments. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 268-269, 1990. Summary: The Michigan groundwater survey focused on the design and implementation of a computerized groundwater and geologic information management system. Thousands of well logs stored as paper copy in local health departments were converted into accessible electronic data files. County-wide baseline groundwater quality studies focusing on wells carefully chosen to characterize the aquifers in each county were designed and executed. Having computer accessible information available has allowed state and local agencies to better discharge their traditional responsibilities and to undertake new management activities. These range from well and septic system permitting and inspection to land use planning, zoning and groundwater management and protection. Baseline water quality can now be compared to new analyses to assess the degree of degradation in cases of possible contamination and preliminary site assessments can be performed with relative ease. Proposed new land uses can be evaluated more readily for their potential impact on groundwater quality.

Browne, F.X. 1990. Stormwater Management. Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York New York. 1990. p 759-893. Summary: The study of stormwater management includes all elements of the hydrologic cycle but focuses on how humans affect the production, movement, and control or surface runoff. In a natural system, the rate of surface runoff is controlled by the rainfall rate, soil conditions, vegetation, and subsurface geology. Most pollutants found in rainfall and stormwater runoff are removed from water as it soaks into the ground or flows through the organic litter at the soil surface. As urbanization occurs, large areas are covered by pavement and buildings. This results in large increases in the total quantity and peak rate of runoff. Pollutants deposited on pavements are washed directly into stream channels. Increases in surface runoff often result in more frequent flooding of near-channel areas and erosion of the streambanks. Modern stormwater management practices attempt to use natural and manmade systems to minimize environmental damage and provide the facilities necessary for modern society. A complete stormwater management program contains many elements including on-site infiltration and detention, collection and transport systems, regional flood control, and major stream channel improvements. It also includes a legal, financial, and institutional structure to implement the program.

Charlier, R. H.; Charlier, C. C. P. 1995. Sustainable multiple use and management of the coastal zone. ENVIRON. MANAGE. HEALTH 1995 vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 14-24. Summary: Population migration to the coastal zone has increased by 50 to 70 per cent. Conflicts of inhabitation and use are escalating rapidly. Single use is economically risky if not unsound. In traditional societies multiple-use has been exercised successfully. Concentration among today's users should lead to an acceptable balance and to sustainable situations. Physical, biological and geological equilibria and conservation should be maintained. For this to happen communication approaches should be fine-tuned. A Citizen's guide to planning and zoning in Virginia. Chesapeake, Bay Foundation.

Christianson, R. A.; Frahm, R. W. Regional Water Management Agency Involvement in Local Government Comprehensive Planning. Water: Laws and Management. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland, 1989. p 1B-1--1B-10, 2 fig, 3 ref. Summary: The Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD) has broad responsibilities for the management of water resources over a region that includes all or part of 16 counties. In response to the growth management legislation adopted by the state of Florida in 1984 and 1985, each of the 97 local governments within the SWFWMD is required to prepare a comprehensive plan. These local planning efforts represent a unique opportunity to enhance water resources protection through the coordination of land and water management. Local land use and planning decisions impact water resources significantly, especially in the context of the rapid growth currently taking place in the SWFWMD to strengthen intergovernmental coordination and improve water resource management. The four primary elements of this program include information and technical assistance, policy guidance, comprehensive plan review and comment, and follow-up assistance to aid in the implementation of local plans.

Clayshulte, R. N. 1994 South Platte Forum, Greeley, CO (USA) 26 27 Oct,. Application of a watershed management approach. Integrated Watershed Management in the South Platte Basin: Status and Practical Implementation. Proceedings of the 1994 South Platte Forum, October 26-27, 1994, Greeley, Colorado. Klein,-K.C.; Williams,-D.J. (eds.) Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (USA) Colorado Water Resources Research Institute. 1994 pp. 13-14. FORM.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.- RES.-INST. no. 77. Summary: The regional Clean Water Plan developed and maintained by the Denver Regional Council of Governments (DRCOG) recognizes 18 hydrologic planning basins in the eight county region. These basins have been used to define water quality management planning areas. Designated management agencies in these basins have developed water quality management plans and implementation programs. These plans are summarized in the regional Clean Water Plan and they provide specific recommendations on wastewater facility siting, service areas, levels of treatment, nonpoint source control, stormwater management, stream standards, best management practices, as well as characterizing water quality within each basin. Hydrologic features, geographical considerations and political designations were used to establish basin boundaries. Some basins define actual discrete hydrologic drainage areas or stream/river watersheds, while others are more complex hydrologic systems based on political realities. From a regional perspective, the water quality of each basin has some effect on downstream or contiguous basins. Although a general watershed protection approach has been used in the DRCOG region for water quality planning and management programs, the process has not always applied an integrated, holistic strategy. Efforts are underway at DRCOG to revise the system of hydrologic basins and designate new water quality planning and management watersheds for the region. This change requires an extensive evaluation of existing management programs and could lead to a new water quality management system for the DRCOG region. The goal of the DRCOG watershed protection approach is to apply an integrated, holistic strategy to protect or attain established beneficial uses of waters within regional watersheds, including protection of human health and aquatic ecosystems. The first level of watershed designation was based on geographic areas where activities have significantly affected a waterbody or stream segment and control.

CLOSE TO HOME - COMMONS' CAUSE FOR FAIRFAX. 1995, December 31. Washington Post, Final Edition. Sec: C OP/ED p: 8. Summary: The famous story of the 'Tragedy of the Commons' might apply to Fairfax County.

Cocks, K. D.; Walker, B. H. 1994. Symposium On Land Use And Land Cover In Australia: Living, With Global Change,. Contribution of 'sustainability' criteria to social perceptions of land use options. LAND DEGRAD. REHAB. 1994 vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 143-151. Summary: With relatively minor exceptions, the process of land use change is one of intensification and the narrowing of future land use options. This has led to community concern for the gradual irrecoverable loss of values associated with less intensive land uses; in particular, concern for the availability and functional capacity of biodiversity, earth materials, water and air. Concern extends to the functionality of these resources in industrial, amenity and service roles. Such losses, called, inter alia, environmental costs, are never wholly avoidable despite the hopes behind the sustainable development concept. What is realistically possible is conservative development, meaning that land uses with environmental costs exceeding the economic net benefits would be proscribed as options, through the application of extant and emerging social technologies such as land use zoning, environmental standards and environmental impact assessment. This paper presents some general and some more specific ideas about land uses susceptible to proscription under the conservative development criterion. Most major land uses stand to be challenged to a degree, particularly in densely populated areas, regions of economic opportunity and/or in regions recognized as having a high conservation value. Proposals involving a leap in intensification or loss of remnant or old-established land uses will be more liable to assessment for proscription. Several regions are identified where joint assessment for exclusion across members of a suite of land uses would not be surprising (e.g. the Kimberleys); also some regions and situations where particular land uses stand to be challenged, e.g. irrigated cotton, high country developments and integrated forest harvesting. Rather than list intensification trends at length and predict which challenges to intensification might succeed, this paper discusses the prospects for development of social technologies which evaluate community concerns about the environmental costs of land use intensification. It is suggested that a blending of the existing procedures of the Resource Assessment Commission for regional resource inventory and evaluation and the existing resource allocation procedures of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority would form a highly defensible core for a new generation of option-defining technologies. The social importance of having a rich suite of social technologies for addressing intensification issues is emphasized.

Colby, B. G. 1990. Enhancing Instream Flow Benefits in an Era of Water Marketing. Water Resources Research WRERAQ Vol. 26, No. 6, p 1113-1120, June 1990. 25 ref. Summary: Growing populations in the western United States demand water not only for residential use and to support urban development but also for recreation, water quality enhancement, improvement of fish and wildlife habitat and to preserve the aesthetics of riparian areas. Instream flows contribute substantial economic benefits, and emerging pressure to reserve water instream comes at a time when markets are evolving to reallocate water among offstream uses such as agriculture, industry and municipal expansion. Current instream flow policies in the western states were examined to determined the economic values generated by stream flows. Instream values were argued to be high enough to compete in the market for water rights with offstream uses when important recreation sites and wildlife species are involved. Alterations to the western state 's policies are suggested to accommodate instream flow protection within the context of water marketing, with the objective of improving the efficiency of water allocation among instream and consumptive users.

Corcoran, C.; Randall, K.; Lage, K. 1993. County develops a comprehensive stormwater management plan. PUBLIC WORKS 1993 vol. 124, no. 12, pp. 48-50. Summary: Developing a stormwater management plan for one community is a time-consuming and often difficult project. When a second community is involved, the economical, environmental, political, social, and practical complexities are greatly magnified. Now, imagine putting together one stormwater management plan for 21 cities. A daunting task, especially when each city has a vested interest in the plan's outcome. That was the case recently when Johnson County, Kansas developed its stormwater management program.

Crosby, M. P.; Beck, A. D. 1995. Management oriented research in National Estuarine Research Reserves, with examples of fisheries focused studies. NAT. AREAS J. 1995 vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 12-20. Summary: The National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) was established as part of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 to provide financial assistance to the states for the acquisition, development, and operation of estuarine ecosystems as field laboratories. Twenty-two reserves have been designated encompassing over 171,000 ha of diverse coastal habitats throughout the coastal United States (including the Great Lakes Region). The research component of the NERRS focuses on management-related research that will enhance understanding of estuarine environments, provide information necessary to management decision making for these ecosystems, and improve public awareness of estuaries and estuarine management issues. The system is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM), in partnership with the individual states in which the reserves are located. The NERRS also plays an important role in protecting critical fish habitats and preserving biodiversity. From 1982 to 1992, OCRM awarded 40 grants totaling $880,000 to support direct research on fish and fisheries-related studies. Twenty-six principal investigators from 21 institutions conducted these studies at 16 NERRS sites. Such management-oriented research in the NERRS provides information essential to the management of individual reserves and to general coastal zone management and decision making.

De Freese, D. E. 1991. Threats to Biological Diversity in Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems of Florida. Coastal Management, Vol. 19, No. 1, 73-101 p, January/March 1991. Summary: The Indian River Lagoon of east central Florida and the marine ecosystem of the Florida Keys are important natural ecosystems with ecological, economic, esthetic, and recreational values. Both ecosystems have high biological diversity and are threatened by a variety of anthropogenic impacts. Although all coastal marine and estuarine ecosystems are influenced by an interplay of oceanic and terrestrial influences, structural and functional characteristics and anthropogenic impacts are often site- specific. This suggests that ecosystem management and research must focus on a holistic ecosystem approach that establishes ecosystem boundaries, considers the dynamic nature of ecosystem processes, and prioritizes issues and objectives. Although Florida has enacted a framework of coastal zone management legislation, no specific legislation has addressed the issue of biological diversity conservation in marine and estuarine ecosystems. Implementation of a comprehensive coastal zone management plan is confounded by a fragmented infrastructure of governmental agencies, lack of coordination, and inadequate funding for implementation, research, education, and enforcement. Florida's extended coastline, diversified ecosystems, and extensive biological diversity challenges state, regional, and local agencies to develop comprehensive research, management, and education initiatives that are adequately funded and sufficiently focused to ensure long-term ecosystem and biological diversity protection.

Deardorff, H. A 1977. Recall for Greenways. Parks and Recreation Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 39a-40a, February 1977. Summary: New opportunities for greenway development are appearing with regard to water oriented land. The stereotype of a greenway as a wide, uninterrupted expanse of forest and meadow does not fit the context of existing waterfronts around the country where a wide range of landscape and land-use characteristics can be found. The water, under 201 and 208 water cleanup programs, is scheduled to be clean by 1983 thus providing water-oriented greenway opportunities. To realize the opportunities, it should be understood that one of the most significant values of a greenway is environmental protection. Water-oriented greenways can provide nonstructural controls to prevent flooding and direct storm drainage. Industries and wastewater treatment facilities need not be considered ugly intrusions on the waterfront but should be more carefully sited and designed so that public will know they exist. In planning a greenway, it must be realized that water is a shared resource and while more prohibitive stances are appropriate in undeveloped areas, replacing vital industrial uses with open space is senseless. Communities must acquire greenway water frontage now and plan for the future.

DeGeorge, Gail. 1995. A theme park you can live in. Business Week [Industrial/Technology Edition], Iss: 3443 Date: Sep 25, 1995 p: 57. Summary: Celebration FL is a new housing development just 15 minutes away from Orlando, and it is unmistakably a Walt Disney production. Plans for the self-contained village were unveiled by Disney in mid-August.

Degong, C. 1989. Coastal Zone Development, Utilization, Legislation, and Management in China. Coastal Management Vol. 17, No. 1, p 55-62, 1989. 1 fig, 1 tab. Summary: China is a coastal state with 18,000 kilometers of continental shoreline and 14,000 kilometers of island shoreline, with over 5,000 islands. It has one of the longest national shorelines in the world. The coastal zone in China spans three climate zones-- tropical, subtropical, and temperate--and the coast is classified as rocky, sandy and gravel, muddy and silty, coral reef, and mangrove. From an administrative standpoint, the coastal zone is situated in nine provinces, an autonomous region, and two municipalities. Although it occupies only about 15 percent of the country 's area, it holds about 44 percent of the population. The coastal economy is relatively more developed than in other areas. China has given priority to the development and management of the coastal zone with a three-stage project. The first stage is comprehensive investigation to formulate a long-term program for development and utilization in the coastal area. The second stage is investigation at selected locations for development measures to improve reclaimed salty soil, strengthen marine fishing measures, develop seawater culture, establish a forest protection system, prevent coastal erosion, regulate the transport routes, and establish natural resources and environmental protection areas. The third stage is to draft legislation and management measures for the coastal zone. Tentative national management regulations on the coastal zone in Jiangsu Province have already been adopted.

DiChristina, Mariette. 1996. The village green. Popular Science, Vol: 248 Iss: 1 Date: Jan 1996 p: 60-64. Summary: Former environmental activist Liz Walker is working with Joan Bokaer to design a community that is more environmentally conscientious than typical suburban subdivisions. The design and development of EcoVillage is examined.

Dodd, Randall C.; McMahon, Gerard; Stichter, Steven. 1992. Watershed planning in the Albemarle Pamlico Estuarine System. Research Triangle Institute Center For Environmental Analysis North, Carolina Albemarle Pamlico Estuarine Study. Albemarle- Pamlico Estuarine Study, NC Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Agency, National Estuary Program, [1992] Report (North Carolina. Albemarle- Pamlico Estuarine Study) ; no. 92-10. "August 1992." "Project no. 4873-03."

Dodds, A. A.; Fisher, P. J.; Paull, A. J.; Sears, J. R. 1993. Developing an Appropriate Wastewater Management Strategy for Sydney's Future Urban Development. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 27, No. 1, p 19-29. Summary: Over the next 20 years, Sydney Australia's population is expected to increase by about one million, with most of this growth proposed to be within the already environmentally stressed Hawkesbury-Nepean River catchment. The Water Board is providing infrastructure for the future urban development using a combination of conventional and innovative structural and non- structural solutions within an integrated river basin planning approach. For the Rouse Hill Development Area the Board has implemented a comprehensive, coordinated pollution control package which includes: integrated management of water supply, drainage and wastewater for the catchment; urban runoff management which aims to maintain present river quality and quantity through the use of detention basins, sediment traps and constructed wetlands, and advanced treatment of sewage with nutrient removal and disinfection using the best current technology; use of reclaimed effluent for non-potable domestic purposes; use of water efficient toilets and domestic appliances; promotion of the use of phosphate-free detergents; and, adoption of economically effective new technology as it is developed. The Board's servicing strategies for Rouse Hill, and similar strategies which can be applied to South Creek Valley, Macarthur South and other developments in the catchment, will be integrated into the broader Strategic Water Management Plan for the Hawkesbury-Nepean basin. The Board is developing a computer- based water quality and quantity model of the total Hawkesbury- Nepean River system as well as a computer-based geographic information system to store data on existing conditions such as basin and sub-basin boundaries, channel routes, floodplains, existing and projected land uses and environmentally sensitive areas.

Donahue, M. J. 1993. 36 Conf Of The Int Association For Great Lakes Research, De Pere, WI (USA) 4. 10. A system of governance to promote sustainable development. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. Summary: Great Lakes basin governance is characterized by a complex and highly developed "institutional ecosystem", the array of public and non-governmental agencies and organizations that develop, implement or otherwise influence public policy. Political jurisdictions in the Great Lakes region have increasingly recognized the merits of basin-oriented policy-making, finding that management by hydrologic - rather than political - boundaries is essential to the future of the resource. Despite past progress, however, this "institutional ecosystem" struggles to keep pace with scientific and technological advancements, current management challenges and anticipated issues. The emergencies of "sustainable development" as a management concept poses further challenges for a system of governance that has historically placed little emphasis on the integration of resource management, environmental protection and economic development goals. A system of governance is needed that will lead - not follow; a system that will embrace the notion of sustainable development and guide it from concept to application. Toward that end, this paper will explore the evolution and current status of Great Lakes governance; identify institutional requirements for promoting sustainable development; and suggest means to incorporate those requirements into the present system of basin governance.

Dowling, C. 1994. 14 Annu International Symposium Of The North American, Lake Management Societ. Don River watershed regeneration strategy presentation. LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 70. Summary: The valley and stream corridors of the Don River represent a major natural heritage feature of Metropolitan Toronto and the surrounding region. Originating in the complex Oak Ridges Moraine area, the river empties into Lake Ontario at the Toronto Harbour. In 1992, the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority established the Don Watershed Task Force. Comprised of politicians and citizen representatives, the Task Force shared a commitment to regeneration of the Don River watershed. In May 1994, the Task Force released the Don River Watershed Regeneration Strategy. This document presents regeneration principles for the Don and details 40 Steps To A New Don. This project represents the most comprehensive watershed regeneration initiative undertaken in Ontario. The purpose of this presentation is to share the experiences of the Task Force as it undertook this ambitious undertaking. Extensive public consultations included 20 workshops over a six month period and extensive efforts to build partnerships which will sustain the project's momentum formed an integral part of the process. The multidisciplinary technical work of the assignment will be presented, including application of an innovative framework for regeneration planning and effective GIS mapping techniques. One of the six detailed concept site regeneration plans, illustrating restoration techniques in an urban setting, will be presented.

Erosion control planning tool. 1994. LAND WATER 1994 vol. 38, 43. Summary: A new erosion control planning tool on the market called Erosion Draw was developed by John McCullah and Associates, for the engineer, architect, CPESC or other resource professional who uses computer aided drafting (CAD) to develop erosion control plans. Erosion Draw includes a manual of accepted industry standards for erosion and sediment control and 28 detailed construction drawings - all on computer diskettes. Also included is a sample erosion control plan and instructions for using the software.

Eugster, G.; Titus, E. 1980. Greenway Concept Within the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. Stormwater Management Alternatives. Water Resources Center, University of Delaware, Newark DE. April 1980. p 287-308. Summary: The U.S. Department of the Interior 's Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, through the Nationwide Rivers Inventory, established a comprehensive river information system which served as a framework and a focal point for greenway conservation activities. The Inventory, being conducted under the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, did several things. (1) It provided recognition and the option for varying degrees of protection to significant river resource areas to avoid adverse environmental impacts and to upgrade the public 's awareness of these valuable resources. (2) It served as a focal point for the more effective coordination and use of existing Federal activities and programs related to greenway conservation. (3) It established a data base of objectives and descriptive river resource information for planning and decision making. (4) It identified through the use of a grass-roots communication network, opportunities for greenway conservation implementation including information about local and State issues and conservation supporters. (5) It identified and emphasized greenway conservation implementation options at all levels of the government and the private sector including funding programs , legislative tools and techniques, and less-than-fee- acquisition strategies. The Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service 's national greenway conservation effort was based on the philosophy that river conservation is a shared responsibility between all levels of the government and the private sector.

Ferguson, B. K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation JSWCA3, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 324-328, September/October 1991. 6 fig, 29 ref. Summary: In urban areas, streams represent potential wildlife corridors, wetland multipliers of ecosystem integrity, scenic resources, recreational facilities close to home, and greenway links among neighborhoods and parks. California's Urban Stream Restoration Program was begun in 1985 to reduce damages from streambank and watershed instability and floods while restoring streams' aesthetic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values. The Boulder Creek Corridor Project in Colorado was adopted in 1985 to provide off-street pedestrian and bicycle transportation, preserve and enhance fish habitat and riparian wetland, expand recreational use, and maintain and improve flood-carrying capacity. San Antonio's Riverwalk is an intensely urban pedestrian commercial corridor, constantly being expanded and refined through continuing urban development. Urbanization tends to disrupt stream equilibrium in many ways. Urban clearing and construction temporarily intensify sediment yield to streams. To enhance stream amenity and ecology, landscape design provides options in land use designation, earth-forming, vegetation and use of construction materials through corridor reservation, bank treatment, geomorphic restoration, or grade control. Flow management has been one of the principal motivations for designing urban stream corridors in the past. Downstream flood peaks can be suppressed by reducing throughflow velocity; flood evaluations laterally adjacent to the stream can be lowered by increasing throughflow velocity. Any proposal for stream alteration or management should be investigated for its potential flow and stability effects on upstream, downstream and laterally adjacent areas.

Fischer, A. M. 1995. 2. Annu Marine And Estuarine Shallow Water Science and, Management Conference, Atlantic City, NJ (USA) 3. 7. Apr. Area wide jurisdictional planning: Toward comprehensive and coordinated management typologies. SECOND ANNUAL MARINE AND ESTUARINE SHALLOW WATER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE. PHILADELPHIA, PA (USA) U.S. EPA. p. 44. Summary: Throughout the US, complex, sectorized jurisdictional frameworks constrain estuarine watershed planning. Planners and managers must contend with jurisdictional overlap, regulatory loopholes, lack of agency coordination and goal conflicts. Under such conditions, private rights conflict with public trust interests, restoration programs and urban development lack coordination, and environmental regulations can adversely affect regional interests. These constraints, an inherent problem of such a complex, interaction system, prevents area-wide policy coordination and joint decision-making. The Jurisdictional Restoration Planning (JRP) model of the Liberty Bay Project is such a system. To address simplification, the JRP model provides a medium of information sharing and clarified management roles. Centralized information about jurisdictions in one information system can more easily alert users to the problems associated with overlap, as well as identify goal conflicts and the other constraints. The JRP addresses jurisdictional integration through a dynamic thematic planning process of assigning values to jurisdictional sets of information or Jurisdictional Landscape Units. Once regional themes are established, than greater integration and coordination among the jurisdictions can be formulated into simpler and more comprehensive planning strategies.

Forgey, B. 1995, June 10. CITYSCAPE - SPREADING THE WORD ON URBAN SPRAWL; EXHIBIT OFFERS ROUGH SKETCH OF WAYS TO PRESERVE LAND. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: B STYLE p: 1. Summary: Benjamin Forgey discusses the 'Sprawl' exhibition at the District of Columbia Arts Center in Washington DC's Adams-Morgan area, which examines the phenomenon of urban sprawl.

Galloway, R. M.; Whitfield, A. A. 1995. Parkway/M602 link: Lift bridge over the Manchester ship canal Paper 1. Background to and management of project. PROC. INST. CIV. ENG. STRUCT. BUILD. 1995 vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 149-160. Summary: Following a brief look at the history of Trafford Park and the establishment of the Urban Development Corporation, the Paper considers the need, justification and objectives of the link, which is the Corporation's priority highway scheme. Various route options considered during the planning stages of the scheme are reviewed, as are the funding arrangements and other approvals necessary. The paper then outlines the management arrangements for the project and the Corporation's procurement strategy for its construction. Before concentrating on the most interesting aspect of the scheme-the construction of a new low- level opening bridge across the Manchester Ship Canal-the paper briefly highlights the significant engineering aspects of the roadworks north and south of the bridge. The paper then addresses the engineering aspects with respect to the new bridge. Consideration is given to the technical options constraints. The background to the method of procurement for the bridge contract is discussed together with the particular aspects of the tender brief and contract documentation. The method of assessing the tenders on the basis of whole life costs is also covered. The paper discusses the particular aspects of the successful tender and then addresses the design development stage, including refinement of the proposals, through to construction stage, including the role of the Engineer in this Design and Construction Contract.

Garcia, A.; James, W. P. 1988. Urban Runoff Simulation Model. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management (ASCE)Vol. 114, No. 4, p 399-413, July 1988. Summary: A study was conducted to determine the sensitivity of the unit hydrograph to the effects of the urbanization process was conducted. The overland flow parameter that defines the degree of urbanization in an urban watershed is the percentage of the total watershed area that is impervious. Furthermore, the parameter which defines the degree of urbanization in the channelized flow portion of a watershed is the channel roughness coefficient. Several rainfall-runoff simulations were conducted to determine the hydrologic response of the unit hydrograph to the impact of urbanization. A hydrologic model was formulated for an urban catchment located at Houston, Texas, using the kinematic wave model developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC). The model was used to simulate various degree of urbanization by allowing the percentage of watershed imperviousness and the channel roughness coefficient to vary from simulation to simulation. A system of regression equations was developed to quantify the impact of urbanization on the unit hydrograph. The equations were incorporated into the A and M Watershed Model and verified by modeling three test watersheds. Results of the study indicate that: (1) The percentage impervious area and average channel Manning n value are valid parameters for estimating the effect of urbanization on the runoff characteristics of the watershed; (2) The unit hydrograph concept can be applied to small urban watersheds; (3) The unit hydrograph peaking factors, when applied to the two-parameter gamma function, rural unit hydrograph, gave reasonable results for runoff simulation in urban areas; and (4) Results of the study indicate that additional research is necessary to more accurately estimate the runoff volume more accurately.

Gardiner, J. L. 1994. Sustainable development for river catchments. J. INST. WATER ENVIRON. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 308-319. Summary: This paper deals with some of the strategic issues arising from the consideration of the sustainable development of river catchments. Principles and best practice are discussed, both in general terms and as challenges to professionals involved with the coordinated planning and management of river catchments. Points are illustrated with reference to experience in the highly developed River Thames catchment, where the many demands made on the water environment require complex multifunctional decision-making. Sustainability offers a new paradigm and common language to support decision-making for sustainable development. The appropriate institutional and legislative framework will be supported by tools such as environmental appraisal, strategic environmental assessment and economic instruments. Within this context, the implicit partnership between asset management planning, catchment management planning and land-use planning has the potential to deliver sustainable development for the water environment, through a process which may be called "total" catchment planning. It is suggested that source control will play a major role in the search for "prevention rather than cure" as a basic principle of sustainability.

General management plan El Malpais National Conservation Area. United States Bureau Of Land Management Rio Puerco Resource Area. 1991 May; [Albuquerque, N.M.] : The Area, [1990] Cover title: El Malpais National Conservation Area general management plan: final. "January 1991"

Gruntfest, Eve. 1989. Multi objective river corridor planning: proceedings of the Urban Stream Corridor and Stormwater Management Workshop, March 14 16, 1989, Colorado Springs, Colorado, and the Multi Objective Management of River Corridors and Their Restoration Workshop, March 21 23, 1989, Knoxville, Tennessee. United, States Environmental Protection Agency Association, Of State Floodplain Managers. Urban Stream Corridor And Stormwater Management Workshop (1989, Colorado Springs, Colo ). Association of State Floodplain Managers, 1991 Sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Association of State Floodplain Managers.

Hayes, Denis. 1992. Future Milestones. USA TODAY, Date: Apr 17, 1992 Sec: USW p: 10 col: 4. Summary: Denis Hayes discusses environmental progress as the US moves to the year 2000. He examines the impact of population growth, the greenhouse effect, and urban development on the environment.

Heimlich, R. E.; Vesterby, M. 1989. Resources And Technology, Div. Conversion of Wetlands to Urban Uses: Evidence from Southeastern Counties. Wetlands: Concerns and Successes. Proceedings of a Symposium held September 17-22 1989, Tampa, Florida. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1989. p 161-173. Summary: Changes in land use on 5 million wetland acres were inventoried in a study of 68 Southeastern counties which experienced rapid population growth during the 1970s. Conversion occurred on a gross total of 372,000 wetland acres, 7.5% of the total wetlands inventoried at the early date. Direct conversion to urban uses accounted for 30% of wetland losses, but wetlands made up only 10% of the land urbanized. Forty-four percent of wetlands converted were used for agriculture and rangelands, while 20% were converted to forest land. Agricultural and forest land account for 46% and 43% of land converted to urban uses. Agriculture and forestry probably serve as intermediate land uses, but a large fraction of wetlands converted to these uses are ultimately urbanized. It is likely that urban development occurs on previously drained agricultural land, while displaced farmers convert wetlands located beyond the urban fringe for new cropland. Regionally, 86% of wetlands in fast-growth counties are in the Southeast and 85% of gross wetland conversion occurs there.

Holdgate, S. M. 1994. ENS (Environment North Seas) '93, Stavanger (Norway), 24 27 Aug 1993. The need for international co operation in the management of coastal environments. PROCEEDINGS OF ENS (ENVIRONMENT NORTH SEAS) '93 CONFERENCE HELD IN STAVANGER, 24-27 AUGUST 1993. Elliott,-M.; Ducrotoy,-J.-P. (eds.) 1994 pp. 601-608. MAR.-POLLUT.-BULL. 0025-326 vol. 29, no. 6-12. Summary: The coastal zones are areas of high biological productivity and intense human pressure. Environmental challenges arise from pollution and from urban and industrial development. Administrative, social and legal challenges centre upon the need for sound management of coastal zone resources, as an important component of national strategies for sustainability. A number of specific actions have been set out in Agenda 21, the principal product of the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. But these need to be carried forward within cross-sectoral, integrated coastal area management procedures. International action is also needed because marine ecosystems rarely coincide with national boundaries, and are affected by international economic, social and legal decisions. International scientific co-operation on marine issues is already well established, and many regional action plans and Conventions have been adopted. Technological co-operation is less advanced. Such efforts need to be intensified, and continuously adapted. Sound plans for the future must be based on good science, critical economic evaluation of resources, sensitive evaluation of social and cultural factors and of the needs of local communities, evaluation of the risks of climate change, sea- level rise and other changes, and monitoring as a basis for continuing adaptation.

Hruby, T.; Scuderi, M. 1995. Integrated planning for wetland restoration and mitigation. RESTOR. MANAGE. NOTES 1995 vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 45-46. Summary: Outlining a scheme to coordinate restoration planning for 1,000 hectares under development pressure.

Huang, S. L.; Chen, C. S. 1990. AF, AUTHOR AFFILIATION: National Chunghsing Univ Taichung (Taiwan) Graduate Inst Of Urban Planning. System Model to Analyse Environmental Carrying Capacity for Managing Urban Growth of the Taipei Metropolitan Region. Journal of Environmental Management JEVMAW Vol. 31, No. 1, p 47-60, July 1990. 17 fig, 12 ref. National Science Council of the Republic of China Grant NSC75-0301-H0005-03. Summary: An urban environmental system model, comprising subsystems of urban development, urban water use, and streams, is developed for analyzing the human carrying capacity of the Taipei metropolitan region. In this study, availability of land, capacities of water related infra-structures and water quality standards are used as limiting factors; variables of population and urbanized areas are used as indicators of carrying capacity. The allowable increase of population and urbanized area for each administrative district by the year 2000 are simulated. Results of the analysis indicate that urban growth in the Taipei metropolitan region will be significantly constrained by the environmentally sensitive characteristics of land, and the availability and capacity of water supply systems and waste treatment facilities. Resource management strategies based on the results of sensitivity analysis are proposed and used as model inputs to demonstrate that such constraints can be alleviated through better management of man and his environment.

Hydrology of Mountainous Regions II: Artificial Reservoirs, Water and Slopes. 1990. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Impact of Artificial Reservoirs on Hydrological Equilibrium and the Symposium on the Role of Water in the Morphological Evolution of Slopes held at Lausanne, Switzerland, 27 August-1 September 1990. IAHS Publication No. 194. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Washington, DC. 1990. 446p. Edited by Richard O. Sinniger and Michel Monbaron. Summary: This volume contains the papers from two symposia. The first covers flood control by artificial reservoirs, sediment transport prediction, sediment deposit formation and problems related to flushing, consequences of modified flow regime downstream of reservoirs, and ecological effects and fishery problems related to reservoirs. The second symposium covers runoff processes and slope development, extreme floods and their geomorphological effects, influence of anthropogenic hydrological modifications, and assessment and mapping of flood and landslide hazards with regard to land-use planning. Both symposia point out the necessity for good watershed management to avoid floods, debris flows, catchment erosion, and other environmental and ecological hazards.

Inman, B. 1995, March 25. ON 2 COASTS, A SEARCH FOR LIMITS TO THE SPRAWL THAT APPALLS; IN GROWTH-SICK CALIF., A WAKE-UP CALL TO END ENDLESS SUBDIVIDING. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1.

Isberg, G. 1991. Strategic Planning for a Comprehensive Water Plan. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 3, p 178-183, May/June 1991. 18 ref. Summary: The public is becoming more alarmed about reports of toxins and pesticides in water wells, especially in environmentally sensitive areas. In response to this concern, governmental agencies at all levels are beginning to develop plans and programs to protect groundwater supplies. The Olmsted County (Minnesota) Comprehensive Water Management Plan and the process used to develop the plan are unique in several respects. First, a strategic planning approach was used by analyzing the existing background data, developing a mission statement with specific goals and policies, developing a valid system of priorities among many competing programs, focusing efforts on the most critical issues, and placing major emphasis on implementation strategies matched with existing and potential resources. Second , the planning process involved a truly intergovernmental and interdisciplinary approach which included federal, state and local agencies. Third, the plan was developed by an 'inhouse' staff and policy committee composed of local officials. Fourth, the planning process used specific and identifiable standards and criteria in establishing the system of priorities among competing programs. Fifth, the process strongly encouraged public input and participation through various public information meetings, surveys, newspaper articles, and public hearings. A number of valuable lessons were learned in the planning process: (1) There is a general lack of specific data related to the extent and sources of water pollution. (2) There is a critical need for intergovernmental cooperation, especially among different levels of government. (3) Water flow and water issues rarely correspond to political boundaries. And (4) recommended action programs may not fit neatly into existing county organizational structures, but cross several departmental lines. Olmsted County has made a good start in implementing a groundwater protection strategy and, it is hoped, will remain committed to this goal in the future.

JAAKSON, R. 1974. A MOSAIC PATTERN OF BALANCED LAND WATER PLANNING FOR COTTAGE DEVELOPMENT AND LAKE PLANNING. PLAN CANADA (JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNERS), VOL 14, NO 1, P 40-45, OCTOBER 1974. 2 FIG. Summary: LAKES ON THE PRE-CAMBRIAN SHIELD IN ONTARIO HAVE COME UNDER INCREASING PRESSURE FOR DEVELOPMENT FOR LAKE COTTAGES AND RECREATIONAL USES. PAST SOLUTIONS OF EITHER RIBBON DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE LAKE OR DEVELOPMENT IN DEPTH RECEDING FROM THE LAKE SIDE HAVE PROVED INEFFICIENT AND UNACCEPTABLE IN MAINTAINING A HIGH LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. A NEW CONCEPT FOR PLANNING OF LAKES AND DEVELOPMENT OF COTTAGE SUBDIVISIONS IS OUTLINED. BY REMOVING PRESSURES FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT AND SUBSEQUENT ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION, THE SUBDIVISIONS CLUSTER COTTAGES IN THE INTERVENING LAND BETWEEN LAKES, THEREBY RESERVING THE SHORELINES FOR PUBLIC OWNERSHIP AND USE. UNDER PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF THE LAKES IS FURTHER ENHANCED BY DETERMINING SPECIFIC USES FOR THE LAKES, REDUCING NUMBER OF ROAD ACCESSES (DISRUPTING THE ECOSYSTEM), LOCATING A CENTRAL EFFICIENT DISPOSAL SYSTEM, AND ENFORCEMENT OF OTHER GENERAL REGULATIONS. THE PLAN IS ALREADY OPERATIVE AT TEMAGAMI LAKE IN ONTARIO, AND THE SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES IT HAS OPENED TO LOWER INCOME GROUPS ARE EVIDENT. THIS PHASE MONITORED DEVELOPMENT ALLOWS FOR CONTINUED PLANNING SO AS TO FURTHER ENHANCE AND ANTICIPATE CHANGES.

Jacobs, Peter; Sadler, Barry. 1990. Sustainable development and environmental assessment : perspectives on planning for a common future : a background paper prepared for the Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council. Canadian, Environmental Assessment Research Council.

Jager, Jill. 1991. The Challenge of sustainable development in a greenhouse world: some visions of the future : report of a policy exercise held in Bad Bleiberg, Austria, September 2 7, 1990. Stockholm, Environment Institute. 1991.Report of a policy exercise held in Bad Bleiberg, Austria, September 2-7, 1990. Stockholm, Sweden : Stockholm Environment Institute, c1991.

Johnson, A. W. 1993. Delaware Estuary Program Goes Public. Water Environment & Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, p 25-27, April 1993. Summary: Citizens of the Delaware River and Bay areas are being encouraged to participate in a plan to preserve and protect the Delaware Estuary. The plan was produced by the Delaware Estuary Program, a joint effort of New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania, to develop solutions to environmental problems in the area. The Delaware estuary is a transitional area where the freshwater of the Delaware River and its tributaries mixes with salt water from the Atlantic Ocean. It stretches about 133 miles from the falls at Trenton, NJ., south to the mouth of Delaware bay between Cape May, NJ,. and Cape Henlopen, DE. The Program's report, titled 'Preliminary Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan', includes specific actions in six categories: habitat conservation, point source compliance, nonpoint source pollution, sustainable development, estuarine education, and public access. A large segment of the population places a high value on estuary access for recreation and livelihood, so the public access issue has been given a high priority. The preliminary plan calls for an inventory of public access points within the estuary so that management issues, such as rezoning and land acquisition, can be clearly identified.

Jordaan, J.; Plate, E. J.; Prins, E.; Veltrop, J. 1993. Water in Our Common Future: A Research Agenda for Sustainable Development of Water Resources. /RUE MIOLLIS, F-75732 PARIS (FRANCE). UNESCO, DIVISION OF WATER SCIENCES. Summary: Can development be sustained? "Development" implies change, hopefully for the better, and "sustainable" implies forever, or at least for the long term. Can change, for the better, continue forever? At some point we may have to be willing to settle for the long term maintenance of a given level of water resources development, changing only as our technology permits. These issues do not appear to be the subject of this report. The report takes the more conventional view that sustainable development requires a broad, comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to water resources planning, design, operation and management, and an increased emphasis on preserving and enhancing the environment, for us and for our descendants. The report is divided into five chapters. The first chapter reviews the recent history that has reintroduced the term sustainable development and made it a household word among resource and economic development organizations and professionals. It argues for a less sectorial approach to how one addresses water resources problems, and even how one organizes academic and professional bodies.

Jordaan, J. Water in our common future : a research agenda for sustainable development of water resources. Committee, On Water Research; International, Hydrological Programme. 1993; Unesco, 1993 "International Hydrological Programme"--Cover.

Kansas urban conservation handbook. Kansas. Soil Conservation Service. 1990 May; Urban conservation.

King, L. A.; Harris, G. R. 1990. Local Land Use Planning for Rural Groundwater Protection in Vermont and Northern New York. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 310- 314, 1990. Summary: An exploratory survey was conducted of land use planning for rural ground-water protection in 41 towns in Vermont and northern New York. Most communities have experienced contamination and/or supply problems but lack the information necessary to take action to prevent problems in the future. Federal and state governments should improve communication with local governments in rural areas and provide more usable groundwater information. Planning officials perceive existing regulations to be ineffective for protecting groundwater. In view of local resistance to state intervention and new regulations, an incremental approach is recommended, incorporating groundwater protection provisions into existing zoning or site plan review ordinances.

Klessig, L. L. 1994. Resour ,. Univ Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USACF, CONFERENCE INFORMATION: 14 Annu International Symposium Of T. Integrated planning by local lake management organizations: A model. LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 87. Summary: In many states, local governments or riparian organizations are primarily responsible for the management of lakes. This model is designed for such communities. The model assumes that state government provides some financial assistance and technical back- up but is not performing day to day management functions. The model also assumes that the lake community has limited capacity to hire its own full time planners and managers. The example community relies on a combination of consultants, state technical experts, natural resources professionals employed by county government, and its own volunteers. The model could be adapted to communities with their own professional staff. A classical eight step planning sequence unfolds over a period of about 20 years. The process begins with community clarifying its goals for the lake and ends with the next generation starting the same process over again. In between these points the model leads a community through inventory/needs assessment, conceptualization of alternatives, formal decision, quantifiable objectives, implementation, and evaluation. By careful choice of concrete examples, the model provides an integrated plan which includes water quality management, protection of aesthetic values, resolution of water use conflicts, and development of local leadership.

Land Reclamation: Advances in Research & Technology. 1992. Proceedings of an International Symposium held in Nashville, Tennessee, 14-15 December 1992. ASAE Publication 14-92. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan. 1992. 381p. Edited by T. Younos, P. Diplas, and S. Mostaghimi. Summary: Land reclamation encompasses remediation of industrial wasteland, improvement of infertile land for agricultural production, preservation of wetlands, and restoration of disturbed areas. This international symposium served as a forum to review current research and state-of-the-art technology dealing with various aspects of land reclamation, and provide an opportunity for professional interaction and exchange of information in a multi-disciplinary setting. Topics included salinity problems; surface and groundwater monitoring; reclamation of mined areas; waste treatment, disposal, and utilization; soil-amendment methods and impacts; water-pollution sources and control; water-quality monitoring; wetland- restoration techniques; erosion, runoff, and sediment control; irrigation practices; soil conservation; land-use planning for resource protection; development and applications of computer models; geographic information systems; and remote-sensing technology.

Lelen, K. 1996, June 22. ELEMENTS OF STYLE: BUILDERS FIND NEO- TRADITIONAL DESIGNS Summary: Despite the limited buyer appeal of neo-traditional towns that embody the latest ideas in suburban development, Washington DC- area builders are giving picket fences, front porches and other neighbor-friendly amenities fresh scrutiny for their more traditional projects elsewhere.

Lewis, Roger K. 1996, June 15. SHAPING THE CITY - NEW URBANIST' CHARTER RETURNS TO OLD-FASHIONED ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Roger K. Lewis comments on the Congress for New Urbanism's new charter, which was signed by several hundred architects and urban designers in 1996 at a meeting in Charleston SC.

Lewis, R.K. 1995, March 4. SHAPING THE CITY - PLANNERS TAKE NOTE: THERE'S A FUTURE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION FOR CITIES. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Roger K. Lewis discusses a presentation by Richard Moe, president of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, to the US Conference of Mayors, commenting on the premise that historic preservation can play a significant role as a framework for public policy and a tool for implementation.

Liebmann, G. W. 1991. The Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Law: The Evolution of a Statute. Coastal Management, Vol. 19, No. 4, p 451-468, October/December 1991. Summary: By Chapter 794 of the Acts of 1984, the Maryland General Assembly enacted the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Act (Act), a far-reaching effort to control future land use development pressure in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The state decided to regulate local zoning and subdivision approval powers, in preference to other approaches that would have mandated elaborate planning exercises or directly involved the state government in approving particular development applications. In the initial stages of drafting the Act, a review was conducted of prior legislative activity in Maryland, including the 1974 Maryland Land Use Bill, the Patuxet River Plan, and the Coastal Zone Management Plan, which relate to state government regulation of land use. Also, legislation made in a number of other states, including the San Francisco Bay Commission Legislation, the California Coastal Zone Act, the Adirondack Park Agency, and North Carolina Legislation, were reviewed to evaluate state controls upon local land use planning for specialized purposes. The purposes of the Act are to: (1) minimize adverse impacts on water quality; (2) conserve fish, wildlife, and plant habitat; and (3) promote sensitive land use policies for development in the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area which accommodate growth in recognition of the fact that even if pollution is controlled, the number, movement and activities of persons in that area can create adverse impacts. The progress of the statute toward enactment includes a description of the definition of the corridor, plan amendments, grandfather rights, transitional provisions, and procedural provisions. The primary aim of the Act is to guard against piecemeal erosion of local plans in local government's quest for economic development by providing for: (1) review of proposals for piecemeal amendments; (2) intervention power with respect to project approvals; and (3) power of approval over state and local public projects within the Critical Area. Since enactment of the Act, counties and municipalities have been required to divide their critical areas into: intensely developed, limited development, and resource conservation areas, mainly to restrict density on resource conservation areas to one unit per 20 acres.

Ling, J. T. 1988. 3P Program: An Effective Approach to Industrial Pollution. Toxic Contamination in Large Lakes. Volume IV: Prevention of Toxic Contamination in Large Lakes. Managing a Large Ecosystem for Sustainable Development. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan 1988. p 111-118. Summary: The best way to control toxic substances from industry is at the source. Since industrial pollution is a visible sign of inefficient use of resources, 3M developed a program to fight pollution by not creating it. Industry's traditional approach has been the use of add-on control equipment that changes the form of pollution but does not eliminate it. The 3M Pollution Prevention Pays (3P) program eliminates or reduces pollutants, conserves resources, and encourages innovative technology through product reformulation, process changes, equipment redesign, and recycling or reuse of process waste. Started in 1975, the 3P program, involving 3M operations in the United States and 22 other countries and annually prevents more than 40 ,000 tons of pollutants and 1.6 billion gallons of wastewater. 3P savings to date total $300 million. 3M 's prevention approach has had national and international impact. The program has received awards from the U.S. EPA and other organizations. Some states have adopted pollution prevention as environmental policy. Several world organizations, including the United Nations Environmental Programme and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have endorsed and promoted the concept. Pollution prevention has become government policy in several countries, including France and Britain. A number of major industrial companies also started prevention programs. Industry, however, is only one source of pollution. Other sources also must be effectively addressed. Since many environmental concerns are international in scope, meaningful government incentives and expanded international cooperation are vital to the development and implementation of innovative solutions to environmental problems, including those of the large lakes.

Lowery, Mark. 1994. Cleveland: A model for urban revitalization. Black Enterprise, Vol: 24 Iss: 10 Date: May 1994 p: 50-51. Summary: Cleveland has become a model for urban revitalization, and political battles have ensured that African-American businesses share in the prosperity. The city's growth is discussed. Mayor Michael R. White is profiled.

Mann, C.C., M.L. Plummer. 1993. The high cost of biodiversity. Science, Vol: 260 Iss: 5116 Date: Jun 25, 1993 p: 1868-1871. Summary: A controversial plan to protect North American biodiversity by creating a network of wilderness reserves, human buffer zones and wildlife corridors stretching across as much as half the continent is discussed. The plan may be asking too much of the people who already live in the proposed zones.

Marcus, J. S. 1996. Berlin: Into the Future. The New York Times Magazine, Part 2. Date: Oct 18, 1992 Sec: 6 p: 16 col: 1. Summary: The revitalization of the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin is discussed. The area is the planned site of a huge urban development project aimed at regaining Potsdamer Platz's claim as a historical symbol and financial hub in Germany.

Mayer, Caroline E. Jun 22, 1996. IN VA., A DREAM OF DEVELOPMENT; PLANS FOR A CLASSIC SMALL TOWN DRAW PRAISE -- AND CRITICISM. Washington Post, Final Edition Saturday Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1

Mayer, C.E. 1995, April 29. IN OLD NEIGHBORHOODS, LOTS OF CONTENTION; SOME BUILDERS' RUSH TO PACK BIG NEW HOMES INTO CLOSE- IN SUBDIVISIONS LEADS TO RESIDENTIAL UPROAR. Washington Post, Final Edition,Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1.

Mazich, J. P.; Pysher, T. R.; Mather, M. N.; Kibler, D. F. 1990. College, PA 16801. Municipal Stormwater Management Ordinance Development and Implementation in Pennsylvania. IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1990 National Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 500-505, 3 ref. Summary: Successful implementation of a basin-wide stormwater management strategy can only be accomplished by paying careful attention to the content of a new basin-wide stormwater management ordinance, and by uniformly and rigorously enforcing the regulations contained in that ordinance. The elements/provisions that should be included in the ordinance are: applicability and compatibility with other municipal regulations; statement of purpose; definitions; general drainage plan requirements; performance standards; design criteria; acceptable calculation methodology; drainage plan contents; plan submission, review, and approval processes; inspection and as-built survey requirements; municipal fees; and maintenance requirements. The developers of an ordinance must be specific enough in defining allowable approaches to preparing drainage plans that there is no question over the intent of the regulations or the means used to implement them. The relationship between the requirements of the ordinance and those of outside approving agencies must be delineated. Three major problems can develop during implementation of a basin-wide stormwater management ordinance: non-uniformity of application, role of authority in issuing approvals, and non-uniformity of release rates. It is important that these problems be foreseen and addressed within the ordinance. While basin-wide stormwater management can bring new administrative headaches, it is critical to insuring sound water resources management.

Mediterranean Action Plan: Which futures? OCEAN COAST. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 271-279. Summary: The Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP), launched in 1975 as an initiative of the Regional Seas Programme and agreed by the Mediterranean countries through the Barcelona Convention, has played a leading role in stimulating coastal and ocean protection against pollution at the regional level. It is presently facing the prospect of playing a new driving role based on the adoption of the sustainable development paradigm.

Meeks, G. 1990. Growth Management: A Renewed Agenda for States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation JSWCA3, Vol. 45, No. 6, p 600-604, November/December 1990. 1 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref. Summary: Natural resource managers have long been active in formulating and administering government policies for environmental conservation. Typically, states regulate activities through such authorities as forest practice, wetlands preservation, and groundwater management acts. Local governments traditionally have used their police powers, such as zoning, to regulate land use. A new approach being formulated by some states and regional authorities may involve a much more extensive and comprehensive means of managing resources. Growth management and comprehensive planning acts are being enacted that may change not only the nature of land use but also the decision-making processes that affect our social and economic geography. Nine states (Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington) have been identified as having statewide growth management or comprehensive planning programs. Another seven states (California, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia) have gubernatorial growth strategies commissions or have held conferences focusing on land use issues with the objective of developing growth management legislation. Goals include economic development, farm and forest (open space) land preservation, natural resource conservation, affordable housing, coordinated infrastructure and transportation development, air and water quality, historic and special areas preservation, natural hazards mitigation, recreation resource enhancement, and energy conservation. Autonomy of local land use authority has been the crucial issue in most debates over state growth management programs. The negotiation process becomes critical to success or failure of the programs. The tone of many officials involved in developing these new planning programs may sound like political frustration in trying to cope with conflicting demands. But to hear state officials refer to carrying capacity is a dramatic change from previous years, when the land use debate was on an ideological level that failed to recognize economic problems imposed by lack of planning.

Merrill, Dave. 1995. A picture-perfect town, but will it work? USA TODAY, Date: Oct 18, 1995 Sec: B p: 5 col: 1. Summary: Celebration FL, a regulated community of 20,000 that is supposed to recall a late 19th century village, is examined. The Walt Disney Co expects phase one to open Jul 4, 1996.

Mertes, J. D. 1989. Trends in Government Control of Erosion and Sedimentation in Urban Development. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation JSWCA3 Vol. 44, No. 6, p 550-554, November/December 1989. Summary: Soil erosion from land clearing and development, as well as stream channel erosion, contributes an estimated 600 million tons of sediment to streams annually. The visual and ecological results of this pollution, along with the social and economic costs, have resulted in the enactment of many stringent regulations governing land-disturbing activities. Through a variety of statutory requirements, persons engaged in land clearing must, with few exceptions, secure a development permit and/or prepare and have approved an erosion and sediment control plan before work begins. A range of exemplary federal, state, and local statutory models and implementation manuals now exist for those seeking new approaches to erosion and sedimentation control affecting urban land development. The statutes emphasize site planning, installation of erosion control structures, and site restoration. Many provide for stop-work orders and criminal penalties, including fines, along with bond forfeiture for violating code provisions. However, it appears that enforcement of stringent local rules to some extent depends upon the linkage of those rules to a strong state water quality statute, as well as the extent to which the local governing body provides the staff and backing to enforce these rules.

Mohorjy, A. M. 1989. Dept Of Civil, Engineering. Multidisciplinary Planning and Managing of Water Reuse. Water Resources Bulletin Vol. 25, No. 2, p 433-442. April 1989. 4 fig, 10 ref. Summary: Water reclamation and reuse are rapidly expanding areas of water supplies. A comprehensive planning methodology for developing and evaluating water reuse alternatives uses five phases: (1) goal setting, (2) identification of reuse opportunities, (3)development and evaluation of planning alternatives, (4) assessment of water reuse linkages, and (5) making decisions and recommendations. A tool called ' input-output modeling ' is used in the third phase to present numerical data and choices. The methodology seeks to integrate the hydrologic and socio-economic aspects of water resources planning in the area of study. Water reuse may satisfy some of the increasing demands for water, but water quality, economics, public attitudes, and legal and institutional constraints may impose limits on the extent to which it can be employed. An analysis of proposed and existing water reuse practices worldwide indicates that reused water, if it is prepared using appropriate technology, can be as safe as, or safer than, other conventional systems for providing the water needed for municipal, agricultural, industrial, and recreational uses. As in any other system, failure is possible, and safeguards to protect the public must be built in from the start. Since technically proven processes exist to prepare water of almost any quality desired, reuse has a rightful place in planning the optimal use of water. The cost of treatment may make it difficult for small communities or small cities to reuse water. However, large communities, especially if a program is adopted nationwide, may be able to increase their water supply by 50% or more by reusing wastewater.

Montgomery, D. R.; Grant, G. E.; Sullivan, K. 1995. Watershed analysis as a framework for implementing ecosystem management. WATER RESOUR. BULL. 1995 vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 369-386.. Summary: Implementing ecosystem approaches to land use decision making and land management requires new methods for linking science and planning. Greater integration is crucial because under ecosystem management sustainable levels of resource use are determined by coupling management objectives to landscape capabilities and capacities. Recent proposals for implementing ecosystem management employ analyses organized at a hierarchy of scales for analysis and planning. Within this hierarchy, watershed analysis provides a framework for delineating the spatial distribution and linkages between physical processes and biological communities in an appropriate physical context: the watershed. Several such methods are currently in use in the western United States, and although there is no universal procedure for either implementing watershed analysis or linking the results to planning, there are a number of essential elements. A series of questions on landscape-level ecological processes, history, condition, and response potential guide watershed analysis. Individual analysis modules are structured around answering these questions through a spatially- distributed, process-based approach. The planning framework linked to watershed analysis uses this information to either manage environmental impacts or to identify desired conditions and develop land management prescriptions to achieve these conditions. Watershed analysis offers a number of distinct advantages over contemporary environmental analyses for designing land management scenarios compatible with balancing environmental and economic objectives.

Muir, T. 1993. Canada Cent Inland Wat ,. P. O. Box 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada CF, CONFERENCE INFORMATION: 36 Conf Of The Int Association For Great. Economic development capacity benefits of RAPS. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS. p. 72. Summary: The socioeconomic component of Stage II Remedial Action Plans can explore innovative solutions to the long-term structural changes being imposed on the economy of the Great Lakes basin. A major challenge is to invent and apply new patterns of development, and forms of growth that integrate and conserve the living resources essential to human survival and well-being. Another challenge is to overcome the inherent antithetical view of environment-economy that still dominates the conventional cost-benefit model of mainstream environmental economics. To meet these challenges, we are exploring the conceptual and empirical linkages between economic development capacity, and the restoration, enhancement and protection of watershed ecosystems, using RAP areas as case studies. A user-friendly framework is being developed that identifies and evaluates the beneficial possibilities created by an intelligent combination of public and private investment in the natural capital of watersheds as ecosystems, and the synergies and follow-on development capacity created. Results indicate that the "environment" in RAP areas is an integral factor of economic development. It is concluded, that integrated planning on a watershed ecosystem basis, can yield substantial synergies, which form the basis of a new economy.

Mullard, S. 1995. Towards as EU strategy for integrated coastal zone management. EUR. ENVIRON. LAW REV. 1995 vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 16-20. Summary: Absence of coordinated policy for coastal zone management (CZM); pressure on coastal resources; management problems; absence of integrated EU policy; potential under the Fifth Environmental Action Programme, current EU policy measures and EU funding facilities; reasons for more EU involvement; possible features of an EU strategy.

Murphy, J. 1990. Coordinated Groundwater Protection in Hebron, Connecticut. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 272-273, 1990. Summary: In the early 1980's, Hebron was undergoing rapid and unanticipated expansion of residential and commercial development. The Planning and Zoning Commission recognized the potential water supply and waste disposal impacts of this growth and initiated a review of the town's zoning and subdivision regulations, zoning districts and plan of development. In response, new zoning regulations and zoning districts were adopted including addition of an aquifer protection overlay zone to protect a future water supply site, performance standards for high risk land uses, rezoning sensitive areas to lower risk categories and adoption of minimum buildable land criteria for new residential lots in unsewered areas. The Water Pollution Authority developed a sewer service plan that incorporates the minimum buildable land criteria for areas that will not be sewered and directed sewer service to the community's existing and potential commercial and industrial districts. A conservation plan is being prepared that will be incorporated by reference into the zoning commission's plan of development. A household hazardous waste collection day and a hazardous material storage ordinance is in the process of development.

Mutunayagam, N. Brito; Bahrami, Ali. 1987. Cartography and site analysis with microcomputers : a programming guide for physical planning, urban design, and landscape architecture. 1987 Aug Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1987.

Myers, P. C. 1994. CF, CONFERENCE INFORMATION: 14 Annu International Symposium Of The North American, Lake Management Society, Orlando, FL (USA) 31 O. Using what we know. LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 100-101. Summary: Using what we know to make decisions on herbicide control strategies. The complexity of the aquatic ecosystem, the philosophies, attitudes and policies of the regulating agencies, public perception and many other factors must be contemplated before herbicide treatments are conducted. Lake managers, more specifically aquatic plan managers, may want to consider using the basic check list to be presented. The check list will include considerations for enviro-political correctness, to herbicide efficacy, good-weed/bad-weed and socioeconomic considerations. The presentation will include video.

Novoa, J. I.; Halff, A. H. 1977. Management of Flooding in a Fully Developed Low Cost Housing Neighborhood. Water Resources Bulletin Vol. 13, No. 6, p 1237-1252, December 1977. Summary: Within the flood plain of the lower reach of Peaks Branch, a stream in east Dallas, Texas, 500 buildings would be partially inundated by the 100-year flood. The fully-developed watershed and flood plain mainly accomodate low-cost housing. Eight alternative flooding remedies, ranging from no action to stream channelization to complete redevelopment, are considered. The alternates are evaluated in terms of their relative safety, effects on neighborhoods, required relocations of families and businesses, initial costs, and maintenance costs. Creation of a stream-side greenway, offering lakes and parks, is recommended. This plan best balances costs and required relocations with community benefits, including flood protection.

Olem, H.; Duda, A. M. 1995. International Conference On Integrated Water Resources, Management, Amsterdam. International watercourses: The World Bank looks toward a more comprehensive approach to management. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,-S.H.; Gulati,-R.D.; Van-Liere,-L.; Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) 1995 pp. 345-352. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL. vol. 31, no. 8. Summary: This paper examines transboundary water resources management challenges currently being faced across the globe. Lessons learned from Europe, Africa, Asia and North America are outlined on the need for more integrated, ecosystem-based management of these international watercourses and on institutional arrangements for improving management. The World Bank's new Water Resources Management Policy is presented with an emphasis on elements related to a more comprehensive approach that considers integrated land-water management, proper pricing for water service delivery, nonpoint pollution abatement, aquatic ecosystem restoration, and institution building. Also described is a key international funding mechanism for more comprehensively managing international watercourses known as the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Restructured and replenished in 1994, GEF can play a catalytic role in building institutions for better water resources management and in fostering cooperative actions among nations in a basin toward the ultimate goal of making development more environmentally sustainable.

Olsen, S. B. 1993. Grad Sch Oceanogr,. Univ Rhode Island, RI, USA. Will integrated coastal management programs be sustainable; the constituency problem. OCEAN COAST. MANAGE. 1993 vol. 21, no. 1-3, pp. 201-225. Summary: The greatest need for coastal resource management initiatives is in tropical countries, since it is here that the process of environmental change is most rapid and it is here that the great majority of the increase in human population that is expected by 2040 will be concentrated. Fortunately, a body of experience can be drawn upon in a number of low income tropical nations that have already been working to meet the challenge and implement coastal management programs. National coastal management legislation was enacted in Sri Lanka in 1981 and in Costa Rica in 1977. The US Agency for International Development (USAID) had the foresight to fund two pilot projects in coastal management in 1985. The first of these was administered through a cooperative agreement between the USAID Office of Science and Technology and the Coastal Resources Center at the University of Rhode Island. This program has been extended to a ten-year effort and has focused upon (a) initiating national coastal management programs in three pilot countries, Ecuador, Sri Lanka, and Thailand; (b) initiating a training program in the practice of coastal management; and (c) sponsoring a series of networking activities to promote the sharing of experience.

Pae, P. 1996, January 25. LUCKETTS PONDERS HOW IT WILL GROW; PROPOSED RURAL VILLAGE' DEVELOPMENT WOULD INCLUDE 334 HOUSES, REQUIRE NEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: V WEEKLY - VIRGINIA p: 1.

Paterson, R. G.; Luger, M. I.; Burby, R. J.; Kaiser, E. J. Malcolm, H. R. 1993. Costs and Benefits of Urban Erosion and Sediment Control: The North Carolina Experience. Environmental Management EMNGDC, Vol. 17, No. 2, p 167-178, March/April. Summary: The Environmental Protection Agency's new nonpoint source pollution control requirements will soon institutionalize urban erosion and sediment pollution control practices nationwide. The public and private sector costs and social benefits associated with North Carolina's program were examined to provide general policy guidance on questions relating to the likely burden the new best management practices will have on the development industry, the likely costs and benefits of such a program, and the feasibility of running a program on a cost recovery basis. The results of this study indicate that urban erosion and sediment control requirements were not particularly burdensome to the development industry, only adding approximately 4% to development costs. Public-sector program costs ranged between $2.4 and 4.8 million in fiscal year 1989. The contingent valuation survey suggests that urban households in North Carolina are willing to spend between $7.1 and 14.2 million per year to maintain current levels of sediment pollution control. The cost-benefit analysis determined in this study suggested that the overall ratio is likely to be positive, although a definitive figure is elusive. Lastly, it was discovered that several North Carolina localities have cost recovery fee systems that are at least partially self-financing.

Pathan, S. K.; Sastry, S. V. C.; Dhinwa, P. S.; Rao, M.; Majumdar, K. L. Sampat, Kumar, D.; Patkar, V. N.; Phatak, V. N. 1993. ICORG 92: Remote Sensing Applications And Geographic, Information Systems Recent Trends, Hyderabad. Urban growth trend analysis using GIS techniques a case study of the Bombay metropolitan region. INT. J. REMOTE SENS. 1993 vol. 14, no. 17, pp. 3169-3179. Summary: Towns and cities in India are facing complex problems regarding the provision and maintenance of services and infrastructure in the face of the rapid growth of population, caused both by natural increase and migration. In order to meet such challenges a planner needs to have fairly accurate and up-to-date information, especially about physical structures and related land parameters. A study of their trends generally helps in the understanding of the emerging growth pattern and in formulating policies to guide or redirect it. Recent advances in the field of remote sensing technology and computer based Geographical Information Systems (GIS) provide very useful tools in undertaking such analysis. The results from a study about growth trends of the urban areas in the Bombay Metropolitan Region using multi-date remote sensing data and ARC/INFO GIS package are described here. The period under consideration is from 1968 to 1989. It should be noted that the major growth in the region is confined to Greater Bombay between 1968 to 1975. After the year 1975, a distinct outward growth along the rail corridors is visible. Growth after 1975 is mainly in the Kalyan, Bhiwandi, New Bombay and Panvel areas and in the area around Manori creek (Charkop area). The growth rate is found to be higher after the year 1975 compared to the prior growth rate. The spatial growth trends are examined in relation to the population and the population density has been computed for different periods. Based upon these densities, the extent of land required for urban development for the year 2001 has been calculated. Suitability of land for urbanisation has been carried out based upon physical characteristics of the land and environmental parameters. The priority areas of urban development to meet the additional requirement in 2001 have been identified on the basis of this suitability analysis. A map on a 1:250 000 scale has been prepared to show the areas for urbanisation which will meet the demands for the year 2001. This study demonstrates the potential offered by the integration of the tools of remote sensing and GIS for urban and regional planning.

Pearthree, M. S.; Wise, J. S. 1988. Living with Floodplains: Land Development in Arizona. Floodplain Harmony. The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center Institute of Behavioral Science No. 6, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 1988. p 260-267, 1 fig. Summary: Flood hazards in southern Arizona, where the Phoenix and Tuscon metropolitan areas are located, occur in two distinct riverine settings: (1) overbank inundation and channel meandering along major watercourses; and (2) shallow sheet flooding of alluvial fan areas and of low-lying areas dominated by braided channel systems. High population growth has necessitated rapid development of flood plain management regulatory policies and drainage design criteria. Flood plain encroachment, channel stabilization, and maintenance of natural flood plain methods have been successfully employed in areas of overbank inundation and channel meandering along major watercourses. Flood plain encroachment, channel/parkway schemes, and maintenance of existing wildlife corridors and riparian habitats within flood plain regions have been successfully employed in alluvial fan areas and braided channel systems. The projects cited have been developed with the idea of managing floodwaters while enhancing existing environmental and water resources. The coordination and interaction required between the public, agencies, developers, and engineers throughout the planning and design phases of these projects were of major importance.

Perkins, W. W.; Welch, E. B. 1994. 14 Annu International Symposium Of The North American, Lake Management Society, Or. A dynamic total phosphorus model to guide residential development in the watershed of a stratified mesotrophic lake. LAKE RESERV. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 103. Summary: Lake Sammamish, Washington is a mesotrophic, monomictic, 20 square kilometer lake with a watershed size of 226 sq kilometers. Primary treated sewage was diverted out of the watershed in 1968 leading to a slow but steady increase in the lake's water quality. Residential expansion into the watershed from nearby cities will increase the phosphorus loading to the lake. This has heightened concern regarding the future quality of the lake's water. There is a need to predict epilimnetic lake quality as development increases in order to plan for stormwater treatment that is effective enough to maintain lake water quality. To address this concern an update to a previous TP mass balance computer simulation model was constructed. The present model was calibrated to five independent data sets. Input data sets included TP loading as measured from the major influent stream and loading estimated from other watershed portions via site specific land use yield coefficients. The model was then used to predict future TP concentrations based upon projected land use characteristics. The predicted epilimnetic TP concentrations were used to estimate future transparency and chla concentrations, which were compared against established goals for transparency and chl a. The model is now serving as one of the input parameters to long term land use planning decisions.

Phillips, Angus. Dec 3, 1995. THE OUTSIDE LINE - THE OUTSIDE LINE. Washington Post, Final Edition Sunday Sec: D SPORTS p: 13

URBAN JUNGLE: The National Association of Home Builders offers a public policy forum on 'Alternatives to Sprawl in the Washington Region' from 5:30-8 p.m. Wednesday at NAHB headquarters, 15th and M Streets NW. Call 703-358-3694. . . . Molly Harris Olson, who heads the President's Council on Sustainable Development, will discuss that panel's work at the Natural Resources Council of America's monthly luncheon at 11:45 Thursday at the National Press Club. Tickets are $30; reservations required. Call 202-333- 0411.

Policy plan for Fairfax County: volume I (proposed), the comprehensive plan for Fairfax County, Virginia. Fairfax, County Board Of Supervisors Fairfax, County (Va ). Planning Commission. 1990; The Comprehensive plan for Fairfax County, Virginia.: Board of Supervisors, "This document is proposed to replace the Introduction/Countywide volume of The Comprehensive Plan, 1986 Edition, as amended."

Porter, Michael E. 1995. The rise of the urban entrepreneur. Inc., Vol: 17 Iss: 7 Date: May 16, 1995 p: 104-119. Summary: The time for revitalizing the inner city is now. Porter examines the failures of existing urban policy and lays out a blueprint for the economic revitalization of US cities.

Probst, J. R.; Weisbrod, A. R. 1993. 36 Conf Of The Int Association For Great Lakes Research, De Pere, WI (USA) 4. 10 Jun 1. Implementing national and regional wildlife programs with other resources in the Saint Croix River watershed. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS. 1993 p. 122. Summary: Holistic ecosystem management has been hampered by reductionist approaches targeted toward single species, isolated issues and narrow resource consideration. Of necessity, comprehensive programs cannot be as detailed as narrower efforts. Thus, it is advantageous to stress lower resolution assessments before adding local, detailed studies or projects. The Saint Croix Watershed is an outstanding place to implement at least 15 regional resource programs that have been identified for the Lake States. Located along the border between northern Wisconsin and central Minnesota, the Saint Croix Watershed presents an opportunity for integrating resource concerns as diverse as forest products, agriculture, industry, tourism, biodiversity, as well as recreational and residential uses.

Quade, H. W.; Barrett, R. A. 1989. Comprehensive County Water Planning Process in South Central Minnesota. Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science Vol. 55, No. 1, p 149-153, Fall 1989. Summary: Development of county comprehensive water plans is underway in a majority of Minnesota counties as a result of recent legislation. The planning process requires the fashioning of new relationships and roles for local and state government, agency personnel, and interdisciplinary technical teams. Early water planning efforts reveal significant problems with the adequacy and applicability of existing water resources data. Assessment of citizen attitudes regarding water resource issues was found necessary to link support with policy and develop public education activities. Analysis of water resources data combined with citizen and state agency attitudes has enabled counties in south central Minnesota to formulate goals and objectives for their county plans. County water resources management committees are currently formalizing strategies and implementation models to effectuate plan goals and objectives. The process of developing county comprehensive water plans in south central Minnesota has led to the preliminary conclusion that the process will become ongoing after plans are first adopted and that the relationships of local government, state agencies and technical professionals will evolve into a more constructive partnership for the benefit of water resources.

Quick, A. J. R. 1995. Issues facing water resource managers and scientists in a rapidly growing coastal city: Cape Town, South Africa. S. AFR. J. SCI. S. AFR. TYDSKR. WET. 1995 vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 175-183. Summary: Rapid urban growth in metropolitan Cape Town is subjecting the inland and coastal waters in the region to stress. Increasing extractive demands are being made on inland water systems to provide potable water. Larger volumes of liquid and solid waste, and increased stormwater runoff, are influencing negatively the nutrient and microbiological quality of inland and coastal water systems. Urban sprawl and informal housing are detracting from the aesthetics of river catchments, and are also detrimental to river and stormwater quality. These stresses have particularly serious implications for Cape Town because the future economic growth of the area is dependent on a high-quality environment. Constraints to the sustainable management of water resources are discussed under the broad themes of institutions, law and regulation, finance and economics, and lack of information, public awareness, holism, and realism. These can only be adequately addressed if there is a fundamental change in approach from scientists and water resource managers. Strategies to facilitate this change of approach should be embodied in a policy on development and the environment, and implemented using an environmental management system. An appreciation of the key environmental and developmental issues and the severe constraints to sustainable development in rapidly growing cities will enable scientists and water resource managers to incorporate their expertise into the planning and development process at a metropolitan and regional scale.

Quinlan, B.; Simmons, C. 1993. Exploring land use alternatives. WATER ENVIRON. TECHNOL. 1993 vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 44-50. Summary: An urban catchment model was used by the Raleigh and Wake County (N.C.) Department of Public Utilities to calculate nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loadings for a critical watershed area. The model also evaluated how zoning alternatives and structural best management practices (BMPs) could affect the area as development increases. Annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus, nitrogen, lead, copper, and zinc were estimated for existing conditions, buildout at current zoning regulations, and three future development scenarios. Wet detention basins and grass swales, the structural BMPs selected, were evaluated in terms of effectiveness in improving water quality, ease of implementation, operation and maintenance requirement, and cost.

Rogers, J. D.; Augustyn, J. S. 1993. Using Satellite and GIS Technologies to Manage a County's Natural Resources. Public Works, Vol. 124, No. 9, p 44,87, August 1993. Summary: Passaic County, located in northern New Jersey and bordering on New York State, encompasses a unique mix of natural resources and environmental beauty, diverse urban centers, and expanding suburban developments. The communities of Passaic County with the support and encouragement of the County Board of Freeholders have long recognized the need to identify, protect, and preserve their natural resources. Now through teamwork, The Passaic County Natural Resource Management project is being prepared with participation from the county's 16 municipalities and technical assistance from satellite imagery and geographic information system (GIS) technology. Natural Resource Management project goals include: (1) implementation of a county-wide comprehensive natural-resource management program that will provide an overview of priority resources with specific strategies and guidelines for land and resource allocation, (2) incorporation of environmental education as an integral component of the program to promote the concept of conservation at all levels of society, (3) increasing of public access to open space in urban and rural areas, (4) identification of the framework for a county-wide open-space plan based upon stream corridors and other significant natural and cultural resources, and (5) integration of existing historic sites into a county open-space plan. Computer programs are being used to process remotely-sensed satellite imagery to provide map information such as the number of acres of forest in an area, wetlands detection and monitoring, agricultural production, water resources, and changes in land use. Using GIS, stored land-use information is retrieved in a variety of ways to create soil- type, floodplain, geologic, elevation, proposed land-use, and zoning maps. It is anticipated that the Passaic County Natural Resource Management plan will become an integral part of the county's municipal master plans, land-use plans, and zoning ordinances.

Salant, K. June 15, 1996. HOUSEWATCH - UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGNS YIELD UNUSUAL PRICES, STANDARD FEATURES. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Katherine Salant discusses back-to-back town house projects in the Germantown area of Montgomery County MD, saying that the $130,000 price range and standard features have appealed to first-time home buyers.

Sear, D. A.; Darby, S. E.; Thorne, C. R.; Brookes, A. B. 1994. Geomorphological approach to stream stabilization and restoration: Case study of the Mimmshall Brook, Hertfordshire, UK. REGUL. RIVERS RES. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 205-223. Summary: The management of unstable river systems is conventionally costly in both financial and ecological terms. Traditional river engineering seeks to stabilize the instability through structural means rather than treating the cause of the symptom. The geomorphological approach to stream stabilization and restoration is considered with a view to providing practical recommendations for the long-term management of the system. Historical and documentary evidence are coupled with field surveys and sediment modelling to provide a comprehensive picture of fluvial processes with the Mimmshall Brook catchment. A simple sediment budget is calculated and the results used to develop practical management options that address the causes of the instability and associated ecological and flooding problems.

Sedell, J. R.; Reeves, G. H.; Burnett, K. M. 1994. Pac Northwest Res Stn ,. Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA. Development and evaluation of aquatic conservation strategies. J. FOR. 1994 vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 28-31. Summary: All Options Considered in the FEMAT report, with the exception of Option 7, used one of three variants of an aquatic conservation strategy first described in Thomas et al. (1993). The conservation strategy was designed to provide a scientific basis for protecting aquatic ecosystems and enable planning for sustainable resource management. It sought to restore and maintain the ecological health of watersheds (Karr et al. 1986, Karr 1991, Naiman et al. 1992) throughout the region by retaining, restoring, and protecting those processes and landforms that contribute habitat elements to streams and promote good habitat conditions for fish and other aquatic and riparian-dependent organisms.

Smith, L. G.; Carlisle, T. J.; Meek, S. N. 1993. Implementing Sustainability: the Use Of Natural Channel Design and Artificial Wetlands for Stormwater Management. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 37, No. 4, p 241-257, April 1993. Summary: Sustainability is a concept that has been widely embraced both politically and intellectually but has not been addressed in terms of practical application. In most resource sectors, the features of a sustainable future remain unclear and there are few examples that give practical expression to sustainability. This deficiency has been addressed on two counts: (1) the application of the concept to the management of water resources; and (2) how the concept can be utilized for the management and planning of urban stormwater. Natural channel design and artificial wetlands represent an innovative approach to stormwater management in that they provide benefits for the natural environment. Rather than thinking of created wetlands and natural channels as techniques for the single purpose of stormwater management, the designs are more accurately thought of as a concept. Integral features of this concept include its potential for maintaining or enhancing terrestrial and aquatic habitat and its use of an integrated approach to stormwater management. The practical application of these designs is limited in the North American context. Preliminary research indicates that some impediments include the negative attitudes of developers and planners, the complexity of storm drainage plan approval processes, local government skepticism, legal liability and overall inexperience with the designs.

Smyth, A. J.; Dumanski, J.; Spendijan, G. 1993. FESLM: an International Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management : a discussion paper. Food, And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations Land And Water Develo Pment, Division.Rome: Land and Water Development Division, Food and Agriculture Organizaiton of the United Nations, 1993 World soil resources reports.

Stein, E. G., Jr. 1994. Sediment control during construction: The Maryland experience. LAND WATER 1994 vol. 38, pp. 16-17. Summary: The administration of a successful Erosion and Sediment Control program embraces one major concept and that is teamwork. The Maryland State Highway Administration (SHA) leaned this lesson 10 years ago when the forerunner of our current program was introduced. In plan development the planners, designers and construction staff had to work together to develop a workable, effective set of plans. The implementation of the plan again required the same degree of teamwork but this time with the construction staff, the contractor and the regulatory inspectors.

Stormwater Management Alternatives. 1980. Water Resources Center, University of Delaware, Newark DE. April 1980. Edited by J. Toby Tourbier and Richard Westmacott. Summary: Stormwater management remains a national problem. Flood losses are increasing in spite of ever-rising expenditures for flood control. Non-point sources of stormwater pollution from urban areas are the major source of water pollution in many areas. Most urban streams are neglected and often a sensual blight, even though more money has been spent (since 1972) to clean up the nation 's waters than to construct the nation 's highway network. Opportunities for multi-use planning are often ignored. Blue-green technology can incorporate flood control, stormwater pollution abatement, recreation, and comprehensive city planning and development. Stormwater management technology can be convivial (implying conviviere--with life) resulting in a product that can be lasting, functional and beautiful. This conference on Stormwater Management Alternatives was held in October 1979 in Wilmington, Delaware. It was initiated because of a contract with the Office of Water Research and Technology of the U.S. Department of the Interior, under which the editors investigated water resources protection technology and produced a handbook of measures to protect water resources in land development. In the current book which includes conference papers, topics are grouped under: I. A rationale for innovative and alternative stormwater management; II. Planning, construction and operation of systems; III. Case examples of successful programs; and IV. Institutional aspects of implementation.

Strong, A. L. 1980. Legal Tools for the Implementation of Greenway and Blue Green Technology. Stormwater Management Alternatives. Water Resources Center, University of Delaware, Newark DE. April 1980. Summary: Stormwater management law is not a well defined area; such laws as there are vary considerably throughout the nation. Perhaps no aspect of stormwater management leaves as many unanswered questions as the legal aspect. There are a fair number of state enabling acts which pertain to stormwater management and there are many local ordinances, but there is little judicial precedent concerning either the state acts or the local ordinances. Existing governmental structures should be used for regulating runoff. For developing areas, the state should mandate either county or municipal stormwater management plans, and require these plans for watersheds, rather than for government boundary units. Innovative programs need to be followed. The courts should support programs which prove to be fair and reasonable.

Sustainable development : a conservation and protection newsletter. Canadian, Wildlife Service. 1988 May.

Tabor, M. AF ,. 1992. 1992 South Platte Research Conference, Fort Collins, CO (USA) 27 28 Oct 1992. Issues of the urban river interface. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1992 SOUTH PLATTE RESEARCH CONFERENCE. Woodring,-R.C.; Roberts,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1992 p. 81. INF.-SER.-COLO.-WATER- RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 72. Summary: The Urban Design Forum (UDF) is a non-profit organization of planners, designers, and private citizens that are concerned with the issues of urban design in the Denver metropolitan area. Within UDF, a subcommittee has been formed, called the Urban Ecology Subcommittee, to explore the relationships between urban development and a healthy, functioning and sustainable local ecology. This inquiry is focused on the role of natural resources, their use, abuse, protection and enhancement within our 'built' environment. The premise of this organization is that human systems in general and cities in particular, must develop a harmonious relationship with the natural environment to remain healthy and viable over time. Given that one of the most important and limited natural resources in the Rocky Mountain region is water, it seems logical that we begin our inquiry of urban ecology with the role that surface water plays in our urban environment. Historically, the South Platte River has given form and orientation to our urban landscape. The Urban Design Forum seeks to be a catalyst for discussion of the future of urbanized sections of the South Platte River. We feel that all the diversified interests of our metropolitan areas as well as the downstream neighbors in agriculture and water supply must be part of this discourse as well.

Tessendorff, H. 1992. The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development. Aqua AQUAAA, Vol. 41, No. 3, p 129-135, June 1992. Summary: Five hundred participants, including government-designated experts from a hundred countries and representatives of 80 international, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations attended the International Conference on Water and the Environment (ICWE) in Dublin, Ireland, on 26-31 January 1992. The experts saw the emerging global water resources picture as critical. At its closing session, the Conference adopted the Dublin Statement and the Conference Report. The Conference Report sets out recommendations for action at local, national, and international levels, based on four guiding principles: (1) freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment; (2) water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners, and policy- makers at all levels; (3) women play a central part in the provision, management, and safeguarding of water; and (4) water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good. The major benefits to come from implementation of the Dublin recommendations will be: alleviation of poverty and disease; protection against natural disasters; water conservation and reuse; sustainable urban development; agricultural production and rural water supply; protecting aquatic ecosystems; and resolving water conflicts. Implementation of action programs for Water and Sustainable Development will require a substantial investment, not only in the capital projects concerned, but, crucially, in building the capacity of people and institutions to plan and implement those projects. It is proposed that the first full assessment on implementation of the recommended program should be undertaken by the year 2000. The Conference participants urge all governments to study carefully the specific activities and means of implementation recommended in the Conference Report, and to translate those recommendations into urgent action programs for Water and Sustainable Development.

The Role of watershed management in sustainable development. University, Of Minnesota Working Group On Watershed Management And Development; University, Of Minnesota Forestry For Sustainable Development Program. 1988 Apr 22; Note: St. Paul, Minn: University of Minnesota, Dept. of Forest Resources, Forestry for Sustainable Development Program.

Thompson, T. R. E.; Bullock, P. 50Th Annual Meeting Of The Soil And Water Conservation, Society, Des Moine. The introduction of sustainable development into land resource policies in the United Kingdom. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 50th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SOCIETY 7515 NORTHEAST ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 (USA) SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SOCIETY.pp. 7-8. Summary: Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, the United Kingdom Government has published a national strategy for sustainable development and introduced the principle into policy guidance for environmental protection agencies and local planning authorities. This, and the imminent creation of a single Environment agency, are having a fundamental influence on the policies governing development planning and the control of pollution. Land use policies, set at County and District levels through the publication of statutory Development Plans but influenced by national policy guidance, are now beginning to address protection of the environmental and ecological functions of soil. For the first time, factors other than agricultural quality are to influence patterns of urban and industrial development. Policies will seek to protect vulnerable aquifers, identified on the properties of overlying strata and soils, from potentially polluting or disturbing forms of development and land use. Catchment management plans are being produced for all sensitive and important river basins in order to address existing quality and flow problems and to direct land use and management in ways that seek to achieve river quality standards. The European Directive on Nitrate from Agriculture, with which the UK must comply, will necessitate the identification of sensitive rivers and aquifers with high nitrate concentrations. Agricultural practices in these catchments will have to meet the requirements of lower nitrate leaching targets. This paper will describe the recent developments in the UK of relevance to soil and water conservation and draw conclusions as to the future of sustainable development policy and practice in this field.

Thorp, S. J. 1993. 36 Conf Of The Int Association For Great Lakes Research, De Pere, WI (USA) 4. 10. Infrastructure planning and management for sustainability. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS. 1993 p. 124. Summary: Publicly-funded facilities for transportation, water supply and wastewater treatment support and sustain most economic activity and entail significant environmental impacts and benefits. Sound investment in public works infrastructure requires the linkage of economic and environmental goals. As a sector-specific example, the Great Lakes region's transportation system is characterized by a well-developed multiple mode infrastructure and strong intermodal connections. Infrastructure investment requirements are high and system degradation is an on-going concern. Transportation is a prodigious consumer of energy and entails substantial land use and environmental impacts. Improvements to freight and passenger transportation infrastructure should be carefully evaluated with respect to potential environmental consequences. Comprehensive planning involving assessment of alternative along with modal shift potential is necessary to meet current environmental and fiscal challenges. Long-term management strategies are needed to preserve system integrity and maintain environmental benefits.

Tourbier, J. T. 1994. Open space through stormwater management: Helping to structure growth on the urban fringe. J. SOIL WATER CONSERV. 1994 vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 14-21. Summary: This article advocates a holistic approach that views stormwater as a vital part of the hydrologic cycle involving management practices to insure infiltration, control runoff pollution, reduce thermal impacts and control peak flows. Management practices for this kind of control put the landscape to work by utilizing processes of nature such as vegetative filtering during conveyance, cooling through shade trees, detention through depression storage, and infiltration. When implemented in settings that prior to the introduction of impervious surfaces did not experience much runoff, such management practices can be designed to form systems that function as an extension of the existing riparian landscape. The public is beginning to accept that bodies of water, wetlands, and floodplains are best used as permanent open space, protected through land use controls. These open spaces follow stream valleys and can be expanded and enhanced through stormwater management practices on adjacent development sites.

Tuck, C. 1991. The New Texas Water Plan Implications for Irrigated Agriculture. IN: Proceedings of: South Texas Irrigation Conference, January 15, 1991, Hondo, Texas. Texas Agricultural Extension Service, College Station. 1991. Summary: The primary objective of the Texas Water Plan is to provide a continuing comprehensive assessment of the current and future status of water-related resources within the State and to provide workable strategies that will serve as a guide to State policy for the development, management, conservation and protection of the State's water resources. The 1990 Water Plan identifies alternative approaches to manage water resources, makes recommendations for policy and program formulation and implementation, gives public and private institutions direction to: (1) provide for sufficient quantities of water; (2) protect the quality of both surface and groundwater, and (3) safeguard human life and property from flooding and flood damage. In a number of areas of Texas today, available yield of existing surface water supplies will barely be sufficient to meet water demands during a critical drought period. Total water use requirements in Texas are projected to increase over the 50 year planning horizon. Municipal water requirements are projected to become the major water demand category in several regions as the population increases. For irrigation water, a projection of 20% increased water use efficiency per acre, resulting from adoption of improved management and water conservation procedures was made for water use scenarios studied. Five major on-farm irrigation water conservation practices which should be implemented include: (1) low energy precision application (LEPA) sprinklers (2) surge flow furrow irrigation valves, (3) drip irrigation, (4) soil moisture measurement, and (5) use of on- farm underground water distribution pipelines.

Van, Alphen J. 1995. The voordelta integrated policy plan: Administrative aspects of coastal zone management in the Netherlands. OCEAN COAST. MANAGE. 1995 vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 133- 150. Summary: Coastal areas are densely populated and intensively used. At the same time they are highly productive fishing grounds and have important ecological value. Coastal zone management tries to find solutions to the conflicts characteristic to these areas. This paper presents an example from the Netherlands. As a result of the Delta project, in which three major estuaries and inlets were closed from the North Sea, large-scale ecosystem changes in the adjacent coastal zone or Voordelta were accompanied by far- reaching socio-economic developments. In 1988 the national government took the initiative of preparing a policy plan, in cooperation with regional and local authorities. The Voordelta Plan is aimed at a sustainable development of the area, ecologically and economically. It was prepared between 1989 and 1993. The paper describes administrative aspects of coastal zone management in the Netherlands (the process of decision-making, including public participation) and analyses the final policy and process outcomes. It shows the 'pros and cons' of non-legal planning structures and important prerequisites for successful interactive policy making.

Vietinghoff, U.; Puta, H.; Klapper, H.; Stender, M.; Hubert, M. L. 1990. Dept Of Biology. Ecosystem Management in Estuaries: Costs and Benefits. Limnologica Vol. 20, No. 1, p 157-163, April 1990. Summary: The improvement of the water quality of eutrophic water bodies is generally very costly. Therefore, the choice and timing of an adequate restoration method is a difficult task. Among the list of management techniques for restoration methods for eutrophic estuarine waters are: control of nutrient import; dredging; financial planning; self-purification capability; shoreland protection; biomanipulation; and biotic harvesting. All elementary processes of restoration are expressed in monetary terms. Two computer based models were used to assist in the difficult decision process. The ecological processes were quantitatively described by mathematical models. The restoration method showing the best ecological results connected with a minimum of costs can be demonstrated using applied scenario analysis and optimization techniques (variable metric method).

Viladas, Pilar. 1992. The Urbane Village. House & Garden, Vol. 164 Iss: 7 Date: Jul 1992 p: 38-39. Summary: A different kind of community taking shape in Windsor FL, a resort village designed in the urban tradition of the Caribbean, is profiled. The resulting village will have courtyard and garden houses resembling those of historic Charleston NC and Saint Augustine FL.

Vivian, John. 1995. The secrets of low tech plumbing. Mother Earth News, Iss: 150 Date: Jun 1995 p: 34-38+. Summary: Low-cost, low-impact, low-energy rain catchments and cisterns, water rams and solar pumps, along with a dose of plain old- fashioned water conservation, will allow one to take control of the water supply and wet-waste disposal systems. The secrets of low-tech plumbing are discussed.

Vujnovic, R. 1990. Urban Development in the Danubian Basin and its Effects on Water Quality Aspects and Trends. Water Science and Technology Vol. 22, No. 5, p 281-286, 1990. Summary: The fate and future of urbanization in the Danube Basin is linked to the processes of urban agglomerations in Europe and it can be expected that increased urban concentrations will develop along the Danube and its main tributaries, just as other regional urban systems develop in Europe. The natural potential of the Danube Basin is limited from the point of view of future agglomerations. The main limitations come from the availability of natural water resources, and further, from the limited spaces for specific uses. The deterioration of water quality by pollution may additionally restrict the limits of urbanization; improvement or deterioration of the situation would depend on the location and character of the sources of pollution. The idea that urban development in the Danube Basin must be jointly planned by all Danube countries (in the form of a water master plan or a physical plan of the basin) is becoming increasingly appreciated. The general objective of the plans would be to make the best use of the Danube and tributaries, for the benefit of the people living in the basin.

Walton, S. P.; Anderson, D. E. 1994. International Symposium Of The North America. Beaver Lake: Can lake protection work? LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 61-65. Summary: Beaver Lake is a 31 ha mesotrophic/eutrophic lake located in King County, Washington. The lake is comprised of three interconnected bodies of water. Land use in the lake's 416 ha watershed is dominated by forest with about 23 percent of the watershed developed in low/medium (1-3 units per acre) density residential use. Development proposals for nearly one-half of the forested portions of the watershed are in the review process and/or early construction phase. A 1993 zoning update will result in much of the remaining area converting to medium/high density residential uses in the future. Modeling current land use suggests that existing watershed loadings are representative of baseline or forested loading conditions. There are no known point sources of pollution to the lake and relatively few nonpoint sources entering the lake. Future residential land use is expected to significantly increase phosphorus loading to the lake. Through the Washington State Department of Ecology Centennial Clean Water Fund grant, a phase I restoration/feasibility study was conducted for Beaver Lake. The purpose of the study was to characterize the current biological, chemical, and physical quality of the lake and develop a management plan for the long-term protection of the lake.

Westmacott, R. 19080. Blue Green Concept Some Personal Comments. Stormwater Management Alternatives. Water Resources Center, University of Delaware, Newark DE. April 1980. P. 37-41. Summary: The Blue-Green Concept is a deceptively simple one. Few examples of this idea exist, but those that have been implemented have been extraordinarily successful. Earl Jones first coined the term Blue-Green Development in the 1960s. When the term Blue- Green was first used, it referred to the planned integration of water areas in open space systems, multifunctional impoundments for both the detention of runoff and for aesthetic benefits. From its conception, storage and detention of urban stormwater were important features of Blue-Green development. The concept recognizes the multifunctional role of natural drainage systems. Failure to recognize these numerous roles of streams and rivers on urban development is probably the reason for little use of the Blue-Green concept.

Whalen, Paul J.; Cullum, Michael G. 1988. An assessment of urban land use/stormwater runoff quality relationships and treatment efficiencies of selected stormwater management systems. South, Florida Water Management District Resource Planning Dept. Water Quality Division, Resource Planning Department, South Florida Water Management District: p. 45-56. Reston.

Wood, D. M.; Wycoff, R. L. 1990. Development of a Watershed Management Model. IN: Transferring Models to Users. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1990. p 281- 291. Summary: The Mountain Island Lake watershed in Mecklenburg County is the sole water source for the Charlotte, North Carolina metropolitan area. The watershed, largely undeveloped, is being pressured by development interests. A project was undertaken to aid County personnel in developing a lake watershed protection plan. A model to predict watershed yield and associated pollutant concentrations of development alternatives was developed and transferred to the County for use by its personnel. The procedure involved the use of yield curves derived from continuous hydrologic simulation to predict flow yield based on future Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number (CN) values. In addition, regression equations, available through the National Urban Runoff Program (NURP), were used to predict pollution concentrations. The resulting flow yields and concentrations were then used to estimate pollutant loadings to the Lake as a result of increasing development. A simple receiving water model was used to predict resulting ambient concentrations. With this procedure, County personnel could quickly and efficiently assess the impacts of different development scenarios. As a result, Mecklenburg County could protect the future of its water supply by issuing zoning mandates founded on sound information.

Yanggen, D. A.; Born, S. M. 1990. Protecting Groundwater Quality by Managing Local Land Use. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 207-210, 1990. Summary: The close relationship between land use and groundwater quality means that local government can play a significant role in protecting this resource. Higher levels of government are often unable to consider unique local characteristics in land use management because of their need to generalize across broad geographic areas. Local governments can attempt to fashion management decisions that reflect unique local characteristics. To be most effective, local protection programs generally should employ a mixture of regulatory and nonregulatory techniques. Nonregulatory approaches include public education and involvement, voluntary best management practices, land acquisition programs, facility siting procedures and capital facility and infrastructure planning, inspection and training programs, monitoring, emergency spill plans, community waste management and minimization programs and governmental coordination efforts.

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Recreation Bibliography

Austin, L.H.; Tullis, R.L.; Stauffer, N.E. 1988. Virgin River: Planning for Development While Meeting Flow Requirements for Endangered Species. Water Use Data for Water Resources Management. Proceedings of a Symposium. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1988. p 523-535. Summary: T he Virgin River Basin in southern Utah, particularly the St. George area, has experienced rapid growth as a recreation and retirement location during the last 15 to 20 years. This has created new water demands in a water short, semiarid area that has a long history of difficulty in water development. Meeting these demands is complicated by the many national and state parks as well as the forest, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and Indian lands that are in close proximity to the Virgin River. Further complicating the issue is the listing of the Woundfin as an endangered species and the proposed listing of the Virgin River Chub as an endangered species. A widespread effort is underway to address these issues using techniques such as: a river basin study pertaining to water, soil, and related resources; a biological study of the native fish; and computer modeling of fish habitat and water development. The modeling effort includes simulating existing and potential reservoir sites for evaluating the effects of water development on endangered fish habitats with minimum flow constraints.

Barnett, J.L.; Windell, J.T. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar 1992. Stream restoration in Boulder, Colorado. PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.; Nordstrom,- S.K.; Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST.. 1992 p. 171. INF.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71. Summary: Urbanization, gravel mining, and channelization cause major impacts to stream corridors. Flooding characteristics, water quality, aquatic and terrestrial habitat values, and stream channel stability are adversely affected by these activities. Like other cities, the City of Boulder, Colorado contains many reaches of altered stream channels. Numerous stream reaches pass through the city's busiest commercial areas and most densely developed residential neighborhoods, while other reaches remain relatively pristine. The City of Boulder has recognized that these streams provide unique opportunities for creating a comprehensive greenway system for the community. They can be creatively developed to function as storm drainage and flood channels, efficient bicycle and pedestrian transportation systems, open space and wildlife corridors, and attractive recreation areas. Sensitivity designed improvements enhance the value of each stream corridor as wildlife habitat, as a place for in-town opportunities for both active and passive recreation, as major links in both existing and proposed trails and bikeways, and as improved flood carrying channels. This paper describes the rationale, approach, and progress by the City of Boulder in restoring its stream corridors.

Colby, B.G. 1990. Enhancing Instream Flow Benefits in an Era of Water Marketing. Water Resources Research, Vol. 26, No. 6, p 1113-1120, June 1990. Summary: Growing populations in the western United States demand water not only for residential use and to support urban development but also for recreation, water quality enhancement, improvement of fish and wildlife habitat and to preserve the aesthetics of riparian areas. Instream flows contribute substantial economic benefits, and emerging pressure to reserve water instream comes at a time when markets are evolving to reallocate water among offstream uses such as agriculture, industry and municipal expansion. Current instream flow policies in the western states were examined to determined the economic values generated by stream flows. Instream values were argued to be high enough to compete in the market for water rights with offstream uses when important recreation sites and wildlife species are involved. Alterations to the western state 's policies are suggested to accommodate instream flow protection within the context of water marketing, with the objective of improving the efficiency of water allocation among instream and consumptive users.

Comerio, J.W. 1989. Illinois Department of Conservation 's Changing Role in the Illinois River Basin. Second Conference on the Management of the Illinois River System: The 1990s and Beyond. Proceedings of the Conference held October 3-4, 1989 in Peoria, Illinois. University of Illinois Water Resources Center Special Report No. 18, 1989. p 15-18. Summary: The Illinois Water Department (IWD) traditionally has been viewed as a natural resource conservation and recreation provision agency, with little impact on the state 's economy. However, the relationship between the Illinois tourism industry and the state 's quality of life is becoming more obvious. A $120 million park and conservation program, known as PCII, was appropriated to improve tourism. PCII includes expansion of overnight accommodations at department sites with several possible new public-private joint ventures if economically warranted; development of visitor centers and visitor information facilities; development of swimming pools and beaches; campground expansion and the addition of shower buildings; development of day use facilities and trails; and basic infrastructure improvements. The IWD has also made some internal changes to strengthen its economic development role. The Office of Resource Marketing and Education has been formed to better promote conservation sites, facilities, and programs. Tourism is one of the state 's fastest growing industries and a vital part of Illinois ' economic development.

Deardorff, H. 1977. A Recall for Greenways. Parks and Recreation, Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 39a-40a, February 1977. Summary: New opportunities for greenway development are appearing with regard to water oriented land. The stereotype of a greenway as a wide, uninterrupted expanse of forest and meadow does not fit the context of existing waterfronts around the country where a wide range of landscape and land-use characteristics can be found. The water, under 201 and 208 water cleanup programs, is scheduled to be clean by 1983 thus providing water-oriented greenway opportunities. To realize the opportunities, it should be understood that one of the most significant values of a greenway is environmental protection. Water-oriented greenways can provide nonstructural controls to prevent flooding and direct storm drainage. Industries and wastewater treatment facilities need not be considered ugly intrusions on the waterfront but should be more carefully sited and designed so that public will know they exist. In planning a greenway, it must be realized that water is a shared resource and while more prohibitive stances are appropriate in undeveloped areas, replacing vital industrial uses with open space is senseless. Communities must acquire greenway water frontage now and plan for the future.

Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Taking Advantage of Stormwater Control Basins in Urban Landscapes. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 2, p 100-103, March/April 1991. Summary: Flood control, base flow control, and water quality concerns frequently mandate storage and treatment of urban runoff. Consequently, urban developers have a new line item in their construction program. In addition to roads, houses, and parking lots, there must be some sort of runoff storage basin. It is possible to mold stormwater basins into integrated components of the urban landscape in ways that provide aesthetic, recreational, maintenance, economic, and ecological values. When used positively, stormwater basins can contribute to the human and natural environment. They can be sculpted, planted, contoured, and built of the right kinds of material on a site- specific basis. Any approach to design of stormwater basins must be flexible and creative. The broad views, intuition, and artistic imagination of urban design must be considered simultaneously with mathematical derivation of hydraulic and structural performance. In setting landscape patterns, designers can take into account the type of expected user; the position of the basin relative to roads, viewers, and houses; the need for active recreation versus passive scenery; the amount of space and water available; existing desirable or objectionable features; and the design character and variety of the overall site.

Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 324-328, September/October 1991. Summary: In urban areas, streams represent potential wildlife corridors, wetland multipliers of ecosystem integrity, scenic resources, recreational facilities close to home, and greenway links among neighborhoods and parks. California's Urban Stream Restoration Program was begun in 1985 to reduce damages from streambank and watershed instability and floods while restoring streams' aesthetic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values. The Boulder Creek Corridor Project in Colorado was adopted in 1985 to provide off-street pedestrian and bicycle transportation, preserve and enhance fish habitat and riparian wetland, expand recreational use, and maintain and improve flood-carrying capacity. San Antonio's Riverwalk is an intensely urban pedestrian commercial corridor, constantly being expanded and refined through continuing urban development. Urbanization tends to disrupt stream equilibrium in many ways. Urban clearing and construction temporarily intensify sediment yield to streams. To enhance stream amenity and ecology, landscape design provides options in land use designation, earth-forming, vegetation and use of construction materials through corridor reservation, bank treatment, geomorphic restoration, or grade control. Flow management has been one of the principal motivations for designing urban stream corridors in the past. Downstream flood peaks can be suppressed by reducing throughflow velocity; flood evaluations laterally adjacent to the stream can be lowered by increasing throughflow velocity. Any proposal for stream alteration or management should be investigated for its potential flow and stability effects on upstream, downstream and laterally adjacent areas.

JAAKSON, R. 1974. A MOSAIC PATTERN OF BALANCED LAND WATER PLANNING FOR COTTAGE DEVELOPMENT AND LAKE PLANNING. PLAN CANADA (JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNERS), VOL 14, NO 1, P 40-45, OCTOBER 1974. Summary: LAKES ON THE PRE-CAMBRIAN SHIELD IN ONTARIO HAVE COME UNDER INCREASING PRESSURE FOR DEVELOPMENT FOR LAKE COTTAGES AND RECREATIONAL USES. PAST SOLUTIONS OF EITHER RIBBON DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE LAKE OR DEVELOPMENT IN DEPTH RECEDING FROM THE LAKE SIDE HAVE PROVED INEFFICIENT AND UNACCEPTABLE IN MAINTAINING A HIGH LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. A NEW CONCEPT FOR PLANNING OF LAKES AND DEVELOPMENT OF COTTAGE SUBDIVISIONS IS OUTLINED. BY REMOVING PRESSURES FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT AND SUBSEQUENT ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION, THE SUBDIVISIONS CLUSTER COTTAGES IN THE INTERVENING LAND BETWEEN LAKES, THEREBY RESERVING THE SHORELINES FOR PUBLIC OWNERSHIP AND USE. UNDER PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF THE LAKES IS FURTHER ENHANCED BY DETERMINING SPECIFIC USES FOR THE LAKES, REDUCING NUMBER OF ROAD ACCESSES (DISRUPTING THE ECOSYSTEM), LOCATING A CENTRAL EFFICIENT DISPOSAL SYSTEM, AND ENFORCEMENT OF OTHER GENERAL REGULATIONS. THE PLAN IS ALREADY OPERATIVE AT TEMAGAMI LAKE IN ONTARIO, AND THE SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES IT HAS OPENED TO LOWER INCOME GROUPS ARE EVIDENT. THIS PHASE MONITORED DEVELOPMENT ALLOWS FOR CONTINUED PLANNING SO AS TO FURTHER ENHANCE AND ANTICIPATE CHANGES.

Johnson, A.W. 1993. Delaware Estuary Program Goes Public. Water Environment & Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, p 25-27, April 1993. Summary: Citizens of the Delaware River and Bay areas are being encouraged to participate in a plan to preserve and protect the Delaware Estuary. The plan was produced by the Delaware Estuary Program, a joint effort of New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania, to develop solutions to environmental problems in the area. The Delaware estuary is a transitional area where the freshwater of the Delaware River and its tributaries mixes with salt water from the Atlantic Ocean. It stretches about 133 miles from the falls at Trenton, NJ., south to the mouth of Delaware bay between Cape May, NJ,. and Cape Henlopen, DE. The Program's report, titled 'Preliminary Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan', includes specific actions in six categories: habitat conservation, point source compliance, nonpoint source pollution, sustainable development, estuarine education, and public access. A large segment of the population places a high value on estuary access for recreation and livelihood, so the public access issue has been given a high priority. The preliminary plan calls for an inventory of public access points within the estuary so that management issues, such as rezoning and land acquisition, can be clearly identified.

Jolliffe, I.P. n.d. Recreation and Conservation along the Metropolitan Toronto Waterfront, Lake Ontario, Canada. Ocean & Shoreline Management, Vol. 11, Nos. 4 & 5, p 341-351. Summary: Toronto, the most rapidly growing city in North America, is an excellent example of dynamic changes in its waterfront, involving both urban renewal and revitalization. Two key authorities are the Toronto Harbour Commissioners and the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Both have made a basic assumption that recreation and conservation go hand-in-hand. One powerful constraint on early recreational development along the waterfront was the high level of pollution of both air and water that inevitably accompanied port growth and industrialization along the central waterfront and in close proximity to the downtown business district. Industrial relocation has helped, but the problem of water quality still remains, exacerbated by sluggish circulation. In spite of a range of physical and other constraints, much of the Metro Waterfront is now publicly accessible, in particular a series of lake fills that have involved both public and private participation; and a range of cultural, scientific, wildlife conservation and recreational opportunities are now available. Some key problems still needing to be resolved are: severely eroding shorelines sectors, water quality and associated beach contamination, sedimentation problems, and shore and island land use management decisions. Overall, there has been a fairly successful wedding between recreational and conservation interests.

Kenney, J.A. III. 1985. Problem of People: Critical Areas and Floating Zones in the Chesapeake. Virginia Journal of Natural Resources Law, Vol. 4, No. 2, p 209-218, 1985. Summary: Maryland 's Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Act authorizes local jurisdictions to develop and implement programs to control the use and development of sensitive shoreline areas, designated by the act as ' Critical Areas. ' The traditional approach to zoning involves a constant war for land use flexibility. The ' floating zone ' concept was developed to permit certain land uses in accordance with an overall development plan for a designated area of land, without requiring a legislative determination of ' change or mistake ' at the time of a comprehensive rezoning. A floating zone is a specialized use district created by ordinance that ' floats ' over an entire jurisdiction until it attaches to a specific property upon the petition of the property owner. A site plan, which typically includes restrictions on maximum building area, minimum green area, and, in some cases, requires off-site improvements, must be approved by the local governing body. Plan approval can be revoked if the plan 's provisions, including restrictions, are not complied with, or if there is no meaningful development within a reasonable period of time. In one case, a 200-acre development on the Patuxent River was approved under a floating zone. The project included a central marina, habitat preservation areas, community beach areas with restricted access areas, and central sewage; the density was increased from 1.0 units per acre to 2.83 units per acre as a result of rezoning. Numerous conditions were imposed, covering such areas as street design, parking, sediment and stormwater control, and limitations on pleasure boat mooring and use. The cost of development in this instance were borne by the private sector, and the costs of maintaining wildlife habitats were borne by the people with access to them. The floating zone and planned unit development concept can be an effect means to meet increasing development pressure in a creative, positive way.

Meeks, G. 1990. Growth Management: A Renewed Agenda for States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 6, p 600-604, November/December 1990. Summary: Natural resource managers have long been active in formulating and administering government policies for environmental conservation. Typically, states regulate activities through such authorities as forest practice, wetlands preservation, and groundwater management acts. Local governments traditionally have used their police powers, such as zoning, to regulate land use. A new approach being formulated by some states and regional authorities may involve a much more extensive and comprehensive means of managing resources. Growth management and comprehensive planning acts are being enacted that may change not only the nature of land use but also the decision-making processes that affect our social and economic geography. Nine states (Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington) have been identified as having statewide growth management or comprehensive planning programs. Another seven states (California, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia) have gubernatorial growth strategies commissions or have held conferences focusing on land use issues with the objective of developing growth management legislation. Goals include economic development, farm and forest (open space) land preservation, natural resource conservation, affordable housing, coordinated infrastructure and transportation development, air and water quality, historic and special areas preservation, natural hazards mitigation, recreation resource enhancement, and energy conservation. Autonomy of local land use authority has been the crucial issue in most debates over state growth management programs. The negotiation process becomes critical to success or failure of the programs. The tone of many officials involved in developing these new planning programs may sound like political frustration in trying to cope with conflicting demands. But to hear state officials refer to carrying capacity is a dramatic change from previous years, when the land use debate was on an ideological level that failed to recognize economic problems imposed by lack of planning.

Miller, M.L. 1993. The rise of coastal and marine tourism. OCEAN COAST. MANAGE. 1993 vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 181-199. Summary: Marine tourism has surfaced as a pressing topic in the field of ocean and coastal management. Neither necessarily good, nor bad, this tourism is inherently controversial. Today, demand for travel exhibits greater variation and magnitude than ever in history. In response, the tourism industry has become the largest business on earth. This, coupled with the respect people profess for marine environments and local peoples, creates feelings of ambivalence for the tourist. Sociologically, the activity of tourism may be studied as a symbolic interaction fostering social solidarity. Ecotourism, a recent phenomenon attuned to the ideal of sustainable development, is suggested to emerge through the social construction processes of restoration and enhancement. The papers in this theme volume add fuel to the proposition that the resolution of tourism problems in the coastal zone will require the scientific study of environmental and social conditions, policy analyses, planning, and public education.

Norrena, E.J. 1994. Stewardship of coastal waters and protected spaces. Canada's approach. MAR. POLICY 1994 vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 153-160. Summary: With a coastline of 244,000 km that fronts on three oceans and the Great Lakes, Canada has a rich diversity of coastal landforms and habitats. Canada fully appreciates the importance of its stewardship responsibilities for this magnificent natural resource and recognizes that the rich biological diversity of these coastal systems must be protected and conserved for now and the future. Canada is also very aware that, in addition to forming the basis of many subsistence and recreation-based economies for millions of Canadians, Canada's coastal resources represent an important part of the world's marine biodiversity. To protect the integrity of this resource, we must act decisively in a manner which effectively balances economic and ecological needs. The traditional approach to protecting coastal resources in Canada has primarily involved compliance and enforcement action taken by sectoral departments. However, Canada has recently adopted a broader, integrated resource management approach to coastal resource stewardship which is based on addressing issues at the ecosystem level; this strategy is pursued as a cooperative effort involving all levels of government, the private sector and the public. Canada's most recent experience has shown that cooperative approaches ensure that social, economic, environmental and resource management objectives are best met in ways which facilitate the sustainable management of coastal resources. Our experience is that such approaches are effective when delivered at the community level in partnership with government, the private sector and the public. This paper explains how Canada is putting this cooperative approach into action. Specifically, the paper describes Canada's Green Plan, explains how the plan positions Canada to respond to its UNCED obligations, details some of Canada's key programmes for protecting and conserving coastal resources, and explains how various domestic and international strategies for coastal area management are being integrated on a broad scale.

Spirn, A.W. 1992. Designing With the Land. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 47, No. 1, p 35-38, January/February 1992. Summary: If cities are built in accord with nature, many urban problems of air pollution, water pollution, flooding, increased energy demands and high construction and maintenance costs can be lessened. The Ecological Services Laboratory has developed a soil amendment composed of leaf mold and wood chips from parks and yards in the Washington D.C. district which are used to sustain the landscape of the city. In 1965, the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers determined that the most effective and least expensive way to prevent flooding in the lower basin of the Charles River of Boston was to acquire wetlands upstream. In 1974 Congress appropriated funds to buy the wetlands for flood control, and today these lands are also being used as a recreational area. In Boston and other older American cities, combined sewer overflow often causes pollution of nearby rivers. To combat this situation, Denver, Colorado has designed parks with lakes along the South Platte Greenway to act as detention reservoirs while providing recreational areas. Rooftops, plazas, and parking lots are used in Denver to detain stormwater while providing aesthetically pleasing waterways in urban areas. Wet roofs are also used in many Germany cities to reduce heat load on buildings. The temporary storage of urban stormwater in parks, plazas, or rooftops reduces the amount of sewage reaching sewage treatment plants after a storm and makes it possible to treat the sewage before releasing it into rivers or harbors. Since cities are already equipped with public transportation, sewers, water and gas and electricity service, it is suggested that they be renovated and used by those developers that would try to create new urban areas out of countryside.

Takahashi, M. 1991. Guidelines for Environmental Enhancement in Japan. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 24, No. 9, p 133- 142, 1991. Summary: New guidelines for water reuse for environmental enhancement have been established in Japan. There are two categories of guidelines, one for esthetic settings without public access, and the other for limited-contact use including shoreline usage, boating, and fishing. Swimming and bathing are not considered. So-called 'basic guidelines' are not site-specific, but are based on public health and visual appeal; this category includes guidelines for total coliforms, biological oxygen demand, turbidity, and color. On the other hand, 'type of use' guidelines differ according to the purpose, climate, and other characteristics of specific sites. Instead of expressing numerical hydraulic or biological criteria, the latter guidelines merely explain the state of the art of each constituent. Case studies were therefore evaluated to establish a tentative manual for reuse. For example, in the moats of Osaka castle, total phosphorus should be maintained at 0.1 mg/L to keep the chlorophyll a concentration at 100 micrograms/L, thus achieving a suspended solids concentration of <20 mg/L. Where nitrogen limits algal growth, nitrogen would have to be <1.5 mg/L to keep the chlorophyll a concentration at 100 micrograms/L. When reclaimed water is utilized in streams with waterfalls or fountains, accumulation of foam causes an unpleasant appearance, presumably due to such surface active substances as methylene blue active substance (MBAS). An MBAS concentration of <0.3 mg/L and <10 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand of permanganate is recommended to prevent foaming.

THE FEDERAL PAGE - ARMY BASE TO BECOME URBAN PARK. 1995, April 28. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: A SECTION p: 25. Summary: The Department of Defense will spend $64 million this year to help turn the Presidio into a showplace urban national park, Vice President Gore said yesterday. Gore, attending a meeting of the President's Council on Sustainable Development, said the Presidio Army Base is unique. 'We have an unparalleled opportunity to make it a beacon for environmental education and sustainable development, and to invest in the future of California, the future of the United States and the future of the world. We're not going to pass that by,' he said. The total includes $52 million for environmental cleanup, $8.6 million for building repairs and seismic upgrades, and $3.7 million for operating costs. Some of the base's environmental problems include an estimated 200 buried fuel storage tanks and three known PCB spill sites, as well as several landfills, their contents largely unknown. Gore said the money represents a fivefold increase over spending in previous years at the 1,800- acre property overlooking San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.

Yates, D.; Lormand, J. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar. Revegetation of highway impacts Provo Canyon, Utah US 189 Murdock Water Diversion to Upper Falls Park. PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.; Nordstrom,-S.K.; Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST.. 1992 pp. 281-284. INF.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71. Summary: This exhibit describes the revegetation design for the areas affected by highway construction along US 189 through scenic Provo Canyon, east of the Cities of Provo and Orem, Utah. The landscape design goal was to establish native plant materials on highway cut and fill slopes. Grading techniques, such as slope molding and rock cut sculpting were used to provide a more natural appearance to the impacted terrain. Wetland permitting and mitigation design for 4.5 acres of wetland was also included. A separate recreation path was designed from two miles of an abandoned railroad right-of-way. The public involvement in this project played a critical role in bringing the design process to a successful conclusion. At the time Parson's De Leuw, Inc. became involved, the project was shut down under a court injunction. Parson's De Leuw established the Provo Canyon Design Advisory Committee (PCDAC), a group of concerned citizens to redevelop the project with a design that addressed the public's concerns.

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Recycling Bibliography

Landner, L. 1993. ENS (Environment North Seas) '93, Stavanger (Norway), 24 27 Aug 199. How do we know when we have done enough to protect the environment? PROCEEDINGS OF ENS (ENVIRONMENT NORTH SEAS) '93 CONFERENCE HELD IN STAVANGER, 24-27 AUGUST 1993. Elliott,-M.; Ducrotoy,-J.-P. (eds.) 1994 pp. 593-598. MAR.- POLLUT.-BULL. 0025-326 vol. 29, no. 6-12. Summary: The changing concepts and challenges that the process industry has to face in relation to environmental protection are discussed. The original requirements on industry to reduce emissions of contaminants through the installation of filters and waste water treatment facilities or through process modifications and introduction of 'clean production' strategies were mainly based on economic and technical considerations rather than on an effort to avoid environmental impacts. The introduction of concepts such as 'assimilative capacity of the environment' and 'critical load' provided useful instruments for setting effect-related emission standards, resulting in acceptable environmental protection. However, the actual requirement for 'sustainability' has forced industry to focus not only on controlling emissions of contaminants and pollutants, but to take a global environmental approach, including the choice of raw materials and energy sources, recycling and re-utilization of wastes and to take responsibility for the fate of their products, during their whole lifecycle.

Ling, J.T. 1988. 3P Program: An Effective Approach to Industrial Pollution. Toxic Contamination in Large Lakes. Volume IV: Prevention of Toxic Contamination in Large Lakes. Managing a Large Ecosystem for Sustainable Development. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan. p 111-118. Summary: The best way to control toxic substances from industry is at the source. Since industrial pollution is a visible sign of inefficient use of resources, 3M developed a program to fight pollution by not creating it. Industry 's traditional approach has been the use of add-on control equipment that changes the form of pollution but does not eliminate it. The 3M Pollution Prevention Pays (3P) program eliminates or reduces pollutants, conserves resources, and encourages innovative technology through product reformulation, process changes, equipment redesign, and recycling or reuse of process waste. Started in 1975, the 3P program, involving 3M operations in the United States and 22 other countries and annually prevents more than 40 ,000 tons of pollutants and 1.6 billion gallons of wastewater. 3P savings to date total $300 million. 3M 's prevention approach has had national and international impact. The program has received awards from the U.S. EPA and other organizations. Some states have adopted pollution prevention as environmental policy. Several world organizations, including the United Nations Environmental Programme and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have endorsed and promoted the concept. Pollution prevention has become government policy in several countries, including France and Britain. A number of major industrial companies also started prevention programs. Industry, however, is only one source of pollution. Other sources also must be effectively addressed. Since many environmental concerns are international in scope, meaningful government incentives and expanded international cooperation are vital to the development and implementation of innovative solutions to environmental problems, including those of the large lakes.

Shaw, T. 1995, January 5. AN EARTH-FRIENDLY AGENDA IN THE WHITE HOUSE; UPDATING THE MANSION'S SYSTEMS SAVES MONEY -- AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: T HOME p: 5.

Smith, A. E.; Oshins, C. 1993. Composting wastes into resources: A rural/urban framework. J. RESOUR. MANAGE. TECHNOL. 1993 vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 62-68. Summary: The Rodale Institute, a non-profit research organization, has been focusing on how to convert rural and urban wastes into sustainable agricultural resources. Farm co-composting of urban yard wastes and rural animal wastes represents a low cost, proven technology which can significantly enhance best management practices for rural/urban waste management, reduce non-point source water pollution, enhance the quality of soils and crops, and create other social and economic benefits for rural and urban systems. The article highlights a regionally focused systems approach which is beginning to influence state and national policy towards more sustainable practices.

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Regulations Bibliography

Amory, W. 1993. Master Water Plan: A Useful Management Tool. Journal of the New England Water Works Association, Vol. 107, No.2, p 127-131, June 1993. Summary: Water-utility managers are faced with many challenges; growing consumer demands must be met from limited supply sources, watershed and aquifer contamination is a constant threat, upgrading of water quality is mandated by the Federal government, and conservation and efficient use of water resources have become water-industry requirements. The Master Water Plan is intended to serve as a guideline to assist water- utility managers in dealing with these challenges. The Plan should address water-supply requirements, source protection, conservation, water quality, system adequacy (including maintenance procedures), public relations, and required improvements (including assessment of cost). Evaluation of water- supply requirements should include consideration of average-day demand, maximum-day demand, peak-hour demand, and fire-flow requirements. Source protection can include a combination of utility land ownership and appropriate land-use zoning. Conservation not only reduces water use but also reduces the generation of wastewater, which in turn helps reduce the threat of polluting community water supplies. Evaluation of water quality is generally based on two considerations: (a) health aspects--the safety of the water for drinking purposes--and (b) aesthetics. The Master Plan should include an evaluation of water-system adequacy, identification of system deficiencies, and recommended improvements. To convince utility customers that their water bills are reasonable requires an effective public- relations program; the Plan should address requirements for dealing with the media, educational programs for elementary and high-school students, speaker bureaus, video presentations, and public tours of water-system facilities. A carefully prepared improvement program serves as a useful tool in assisting utility managers to achieve and maintain an up-to-date system. To update management on the most cost-effective procedures for meeting current water-service requirements, the Master Water Plan should be re-evaluated every 5-10 years.

Anonymous. 1995. Citadels of power. Jrnl Group: News; Business, Vol: 336 Iss: 7925 Date: Jul 29, 1995 p: SS14-SS17 Summary: Discovering what policies affect cities' productivity and how to improve them is becoming more important. Policies that are concerned with transport, policing, zoning and the environment matter most to urban businesses.

Arnold, J. A.; Nevils, F. M.; Smolen, M. D. 1991. North Carolina's Sediment Control Program. Public Works, Vol. 122, No. 13, p 48-50, December 1991. Summary: The background and operation of North Carolina's erosion and sediment control program, which have been in operation for over a decade, are reviewed. The North Carolina Sediment Control Program is based on legislation referred to as the Sedimentation Pollution Control Act of 1973. The legislation established a framework stating the intent of the law and a means by which it could be carried out. The act deals only with land-disturbing activities associated with construction or land development; forestry activities that follow best management practices and agriculture are specifically exempted from the act. The act is directed to those who are financially responsible for the land disturbing activities and/or landowners. Thus, the full weight of the law bears on those who benefit financially from the disturbance. The act established the North Carolina Sedimentation Control Commission to carry out the law. The Commission is composed of appointed representatives from academia, industry, state and local government, and various environmental groups. The Commission's duties include oversight of the act and its administration, and amending administrative rules. Day-to-day activities are carried out by a permanent state staff. Two additional duties of the Commission are (1) to help encourage local governments develop their own erosion and sedimentation control ordinances; and (2) to recommend practices and develop educational materials to improve compliance with the law. Specific requirements of the act such as plan submittal, performance requirements, inspections and administrative rules, are also reviewed. A weakness of the program is that the regulatory agency lacks sufficient means to force compliance with the act.

Balco, J. J. 1992. Site Planning for Aquifer Protection. Environmental Protection ENPRET, Vol. 3, No. 5, p 39-42, June 1992. Summary: Zoning ordinances designed to protect groundwater sources sometimes can hinder industrial development when unreasonable restrictions are imposed. However, totally prohibiting development is not necessarily beneficial to communities or the economy upon which their residents depend. Rather a resource protection program designed to manage as opposed to prohibit development has been demonstrated in recent experience to permit relatively safe industrial and commercial activities in protected areas. In the area of wellhead zones, the regulatory focus is on point sources such as underground storage tanks or industrial septic tanks. A well-established and successful approach to a wellhead protection program is being implemented by the State of Massachusetts and its local communities. With appropriate planning, financial commitment, and sensitivity to resource protection, industries have demonstrated that responsible development can continue in these areas while still protecting precious natural resources. The key is to determine early in the planning process whether a site is within a protection zone, and incorporate that reality into the site design.

Benes, M. E. 1989. Boards of Health Protection for Private Wells and Groundwater. Protecting Ground Water from the Bottom Up: Local Responses to Wellhead Protection. Proceedings of the Conference, October 2-3, 1989, Danvers, Massachusetts. Underground Injection Practices Council, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 1989. p 303-308. Summary: In Massachusetts, people depending upon private wells are unprotected against improper siting, poor installation, and contamination, except where local health boards have adopted regulations. Effective private well protection depends upon the local board of health adopting a well protection policy which is consistent with local needs and conditions. In addition to specific private well regulations, there are other actions which local boards can take as part of an overall groundwater protection program. These include hazardous waste pickups, underground storage tank regulations, subdivision review, regulation of pesticides and septic tank cleaners, local emergency response planning committees, solid waste disposal regulations, and others.

Berger, J. J. 1991. The federal mandate to restore: Laws and policies on environmental restoration. ENVIRON. PROF. 1991 vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 195-206. 1991; Summary: Specific laws and policies discussed include the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts; the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (Superfund and amendments); the Endangered Species Act; the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act; the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act; the Water Resources Development Act; and the President's "No Net Loss of Wetlands" policy and various executive orders. Statuatory and policy authorizations for the conduct of environmental restoration by the federal government are so widespread throughout the framework of the nation's federal natural resource and environmental law that a sound legal foundation exists for the conduct of major environmental restoration programs affecting virtually every basic type of natural resource in the nation.

Caswell, B. 1990. River Recharge. Water Well Journal WWJOA9, Vol. 44, No. 11, p 34-37, November 1990. 4 fig. Summary: Important municipal groundwater supply issues today include delineation of Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs) and differentiation between 'true' groundwater and groundwater that is influenced by surface water. A Vermont community found itself facing these two issues when it decided to replace its existing municipal well. State regulations required that the community undertake a geohydrologic investigation of its aquifer as an integral part of the proposed new well construction. Delineation of a Wellhead Protection Area using test boring and test pumping information clearly showed that this groundwater source induces significant recharge from the nearby Connecticut River. Using the same information, the brook that is also adjacent to the well site was shown not to be an important source of induced recharge. This brook watershed was not recommended to be included within the Wellhead Protection Area. Because of the high transmissivity of this glacial stream aquifer and its close hydraulic coupling with the Connecticut River, the two zones of the Wellhead Protection Area are small, and thereby, require relatively little land purchase or land-use zoning by the community. Maintenance of good quality river water , however, should be addressed at state and federal levels of government. Even if the upstream Connecticut River basin is included in the Wellhead Protection Area, there is little that one town can do to control development of the large watershed and possible cumulative degradation of river water quality over time. Under current conditions, this riverside aquifer can provide a large volume of high quality groundwater. These conditions should be preserved.

Cicin, Sain B. 1994. CF, CONFERENCE INFORMATION: Ocean Governance Study Group Conference, Berkeley, CA, (USA) 10 13 Jan 1993. Essay: A national ocean governance strategy for the United States is needed now. COAST. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 171-176. Summary: Although the United States has one of the most complex bodies of ocean law and policy in place, it has yet to develop a national ocean governance strategy to achieve sustainable development of the U.S. ocean. The commentary reviews the need for, goals, and critical elements of such a strategy, outlines the steps involved in creating the strategy, and reviews various options for beginning the work on the National Ocean Governance Strategy.

Deardorff, H. 1977. A Recall for Greenways. Parks and Recreation Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 39a-40a, February 1977. Summary: New opportunities for greenway development are appearing with regard to water oriented land. The stereotype of a greenway as a wide, uninterrupted expanse of forest and meadow does not fit the context of existing waterfronts around the country where a wide range of landscape and land-use characteristics can be found. The water, under 201 and 208 water cleanup programs, is scheduled to be clean by 1983 thus providing water-oriented greenway opportunities. To realize the opportunities, it should be understood that one of the most significant values of a greenway is environmental protection. Water-oriented greenways can provide nonstructural controls to prevent flooding and direct storm drainage. Industries and wastewater treatment facilities need not be considered ugly intrusions on the waterfront but should be more carefully sited and designed so that public will know they exist. In planning a greenway, it must be realized that water is a shared resource and while more prohibitive stances are appropriate in undeveloped areas, replacing vital industrial uses with open space is senseless. Communities must acquire greenway water frontage now and plan for the future.

Degong, C. 1989. China Inst For Marine Development Strategy Beijing. Coastal Zone Development, Utilization, Legislation, and Management in China. Coastal Management CZMJBF Vol. 17, No. 1, p 55-62, 1989. 1 fig, 1 tab. Summary: China is a coastal state with 18,000 kilometers of continental shoreline and 14,000 kilometers of island shoreline, with over 5 ,000 islands. It has one of the longest national shorelines in the world. The coastal zone in China spans three climate zones-- tropical, subtropical, and temperate--and the coast is classified as rocky, sandy and gravel, muddy and silty, coral reef, and mangrove. From an administrative standpoint, the coastal zone is situated in nine provinces, an autonomous region , and two municipalities. Although it occupies only about 15 percent of the country 's area, it holds about 44 percent of the population. The coastal economy is relatively more developed than in other areas. China has given priority to the development and management of the coastal zone with a three-stage project. The first stage is comprehensive investigation to formulate a long-term program for development and utilization in the coastal area. The second stage is investigation at selected locations for development measures to improve reclaimed salty soil, strengthen marine fishing measures, develop seawater culture, establish a forest protection system, prevent coastal erosion, regulate the transport routes, and establish natural resources and environmental protection areas. The third stage is to draft legislation and management measures for the coastal zone. Tentative national management regulations on the coastal zone in Jiangsu Province have already been adopted.

Fischer, A. M. 1995. CF, CONFERENCE INFORMATION: 2. Annual Marine And Estuarine Shallow Water Science And, Management Conference, Atlantic City, NJ (USA) 3. 7. Apr. Area wide jurisdictional planning: Toward comprehensive and coordinated management typologies. SECOND ANNUAL MARINE AND ESTUARINE SHALLOW WATER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE. PHILADELPHIA, PA (USA) U.S. EPA. 1995 p. 44. NT NOTES: Summary: Throughout the US, complex, sectorized jurisdictional frameworks constrain estuarine watershed planning. Planners and managers must contend with jurisdictional overlap, regulatory loopholes, lack of agency coordination and goal conflicts. Under such conditions, private rights conflict with public trust interests, restoration programs and urban development lack coordination, and environmental regulations can adversely affect regional interests. These constraints, an inherent problem of such a complex, interaction system, prevents area-wide policy coordination and joint decision-making. The Jurisdictional Restoration Planning (JRP) model of the Liberty Bay Project is such a system. To address simplification, the JRP model provides a medium of information sharing and clarified management roles. Centralized information about jurisdictions in one information system can more easily alert users to the problems associated with overlap, as well as identify goal conflicts and the other constraints. The JRP addresses jurisdictional integration through a dynamic thematic planning process of assigning values to jurisdictional sets of information or Jurisdictional Landscape Units. Once regional themes are established, than greater integration and coordination among the jurisdictions can be formulated into simpler and more comprehensive planning strategies.

Hopen, R. M. 1994. Wetlands mitigation banking: Giving entrepreneurs a chance to build better wetlands. ENVIRON. LAW 1994 vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 32-37. ISSN: 1070-0757. Summary: As policymakers struggle to find an acceptable wetland definition and to decide whether or not to compensate landowners for regulatory takings, a new crop of wetland entrepreneurs, known as wetland mitigation bankers, are building high quality wetlands. The future is unclear for wetland bankers until the regulatory agencies determine how to impose adequate safeguards to ensure ecological success of wetland banks without discouraging private sector investment.

Jaakson, R. 1974. A mosaic pattern of balanced land water plnning for cottage development and lake planning. PLAN CANADA (JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNERS), Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 40-45, October 1974. Summary: Lakes on the pre-cambrian shield in ontario have come under increasing pressure for development for lake cottages and recreational uses. Past solutions of either ribbon development around the lake or development in depth receding from the lake side have proved inefficient and unacceptable in maintaining a high level of environmental quality. A new concept for planning of lakes and development of cottage subdivisions is outlined. By removing pressures for private development and subsequent environmental deterioration, the subdivisions cluster cottages in the intervening land between lakes, thereby reserving the shorelines for public ownership and use. Under public management, the environmental quality of the lakes is further enhanced by determining specific uses for the lakes, reducing number of road accesses (disrupting the ecosystem), locating a central efficient disposal system, and enforcement of other general regulations. The plan is already operative at Temagami Lake in ontario, and the social opportunities it has opened to lower income groups are evident. This phase monitored development allows for continued planning so as to further enhance and anticipate changes.

King, L. A.; Harris, G. R. 1990. Local Land Use Planning for Rural Groundwater Protection in Vermont and Northern New York. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation JSWCA3, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 310-314, 1990. 29 ref. 1990. Summary: An exploratory survey was conducted of land use planning for rural ground-water protection in 41 towns in Vermont and northern New York. Most communities have experienced contamination and/or supply problems but lack the information necessary to take action to prevent problems in the future. Federal and state governments should improve communication with local governments in rural areas and provide more usable groundwater information. Planning officials perceive existing regulations to be ineffective for protecting groundwater. In view of local resistance to state intervention and new regulations, an incremental approach is recommended, incorporating groundwater protection provisions into existing zoning or site plan review ordinances.

Konvitz, Josef, W. 1996. Mexico City: Metaphor for the world's urban future. Jrnl Group: Socio/Environmental; Sci/Tech Vol: 38 Iss: 2 Date: Mar 1996 p:3-4 Summary: Konvitz comments on Mexico City, which is considered a megacity. It is uncertain whether political reform and social solidarity can provide the basis for an environmental agenda that is equal to the challenges Mexico City faces.

Mauro, Tony. 1992. Court Gives Some Property Rights. USA TODAY [USA] ISSN: 0734-7456 Jrnl Group: News Date: Jun 30, 1992 Sec: A p: 3 col: 6 Summary: The Supreme Court has ruled that property owners deserve to be paid when zoning and environmental regulations leave them without any use for their land.

Mazich, J. P.; Pysher, T. R.; Mather, M. N.; Kibler, D. F. 1990. Municipal Stormwater Management Ordinance Development and Implementation in Pennsylvania. IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1990 National Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 500-505, 3 ref. Summary: Successful implementation of a basin-wide stormwater management strategy can only be accomplished by paying careful attention to the content of a new basin-wide stormwater management ordinance, and by uniformly and rigorously enforcing the regulations contained in that ordinance. The elements/provisions that should be included in the ordinance are: applicability and compatibility with other municipal regulations; statement of purpose; definitions; general drainage plan requirements; performance standards; design criteria; acceptable calculation methodology; drainage plan contents; plan submission, review, and approval processes; inspection and as-built survey requirements; municipal fees; and maintenance requirements. The developers of an ordinance must be specific enough in defining allowable approaches to preparing drainage plans that there is no question over the intent of the regulations or the means used to implement them. The relationship between the requirements of the ordinance and those of outside approving agencies must be delineated. Three major problems can develop during implementation of a basin-wide stormwater management ordinance: non-uniformity of application, role of authority in issuing approvals, and non-uniformity of release rates. It is important that these problems be foreseen and addressed within the ordinance. While basin-wide stormwater management can bring new administrative headaches, it is critical to insuring sound water resources management.

Mertes, J. D. 1989. Trends in Government Control of Erosion and Sedimentation in Urban Development. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation JSWCA3 Vol. 44, No. 6, p 550-554, November/December 1989. Summary: Soil erosion from land clearing and development, as well as stream channel erosion, contributes an estimated 600 million tons of sediment to streams annually. The visual and ecological results of this pollution, along with the social and economic costs, have resulted in the enactment of many stringent regulations governing land-disturbing activities. Through a variety of statutory requirements, persons engaged in land clearing must, with few exceptions, secure a development permit and/or prepare and have approved an erosion and sediment control plan before work begins. A range of exemplary federal, state, and local statutory models and implementation manuals now exist for those seeking new approaches to erosion and sedimentation control affecting urban land development. The statutes emphasize site planning, installation of erosion control structures, and site restoration. Many provide for stop-work orders and criminal penalties, including fines, along with bond forfeiture for violating code provisions. However, it appears that enforcement of stringent local rules to some extent depends upon the linkage of those rules to a strong state water quality statute, as well as the extent to which the local governing body provides the staff and backing to enforce these rules.

Murphy, J. 1990. Coordinated Groundwater Protection in Hebron, Connecticut. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation JSWCA3, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 272-273, 1990. Summary: In the early 1980's, Hebron was undergoing rapid and unanticipated expansion of residential and commercial development. The Planning and Zoning Commission recognized the potential water supply and waste disposal impacts of this growth and initiated a review of the town's zoning and subdivision regulations, zoning districts and plan of development. In response, new zoning regulations and zoning districts were adopted including addition of an aquifer protection overlay zone to protect a future water supply site, performance standards for high risk land uses, rezoning sensitive areas to lower risk categories and adoption of minimum buildable land criteria for new residential lots in unsewered areas. The Water Pollution Authority developed a sewer service plan that incorporates the minimum buildable land criteria for areas that will not be sewered and directed sewer service to the community 's existing and potential commercial and industrial districts. A conservation plan is being prepared that will be incorporated by reference into the zoning commission's plan of development. A household hazardous waste collection day and a hazardous material storage ordinance is in the process of development.

Pearthree, M. S.; Wise, J. S. 1988. Living with Floodplains: Land Development in Arizona. Floodplain Harmony. The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center Institute of Behavioral Science No. 6, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 1988. p 260-267, 1 fig. Summary: Flood hazards in southern Arizona, where the Phoenix and Tuscon metropolitan areas are located, occur in two distinct riverine settings: (1) overbank inundation and channel meandering along major watercourses; and (2) shallow sheet flooding of alluvial fan areas and of low-lying areas dominated by braided channel systems. High population growth has necessitated rapid development of flood plain management regulatory policies and drainage design criteria. Flood plain encroachment, channel stabilization, and maintenance of natural flood plain methods have been successfully employed in areas of overbank inundation and channel meandering along major watercourses. Flood plain encroachment, channel/parkway schemes, and maintenance of existing wildlife corridors and riparian habitats within flood plain regions have been successfully employed in alluvial fan areas and braided channel systems. The projects cited have been developed with the idea of managing floodwaters while enhancing existing environmental and water resources. The coordination and interaction required between the public, agencies, developers, and engineers throughout the planning and design phases of these projects were of major importance.

Quinlan, B.; Simmons, C. 1993. Exploring land use alternatives. WATER ENVIRON. TECHNOL. 1993 vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 44-50. ISSN: 1044-9493. Summary: An urban catchment model was used by the Raleigh and Wake County (N.C.) Department of Public Utilities to calculate nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loadings for a critical watershed area. The model also evaluated how zoning alternatives and structural best management practices (BMPs) could affect the area as development increases. Annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus, nitrogen, lead, copper, and zinc were estimated for existing conditions, buildout at current zoning regulations, and three future development scenarios. Wet detention basins and grass swales, the structural BMPs selected, were evaluated in terms of effectiveness in improving water quality, ease of implementation, operation and maintenance requirement, and cost.

Roesner, L. A.; Hobel, M. A. 1992. Stopping Stormwater Pollution at Its Source. Public Works PUWOAH, Vol. 123, No. 13, p 55-56, December 1992. 6 ref. Summary: Under the new federal stormwater regulations released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in late 1990, stormwater management must also address the water quality impacts of stormwater runoff. During and immediately after a storm, stormwater runoff washes pollutants from the land and carries them to water bodies. Source control strategies are practices that prevent or minimize contact between pollutants and stormwater runoff. Elimination of 'inappropriate connections' to the storm drainage system directly excludes these pollutants from the system. Commercial and industrial businesses can control rainfall from contacting any potential pollutants used or stored at their facilities. By preventing common household pollutants from entering the stormwater runoff that leaves their property, residents can also help reduce stormwater pollution. Restricting soils and sediments from undeveloped land, parkland, and construction sites from entering the stormwater system makes erosion control an important part of runoff management. Appropriate zoning ordinances may be used to limit development immediately adjacent to sensitive receiving waters. Although street sweeping is widely practiced in densely populated areas, its effectiveness as a stormwater pollution control practice is still being debated. The source control requirement of the federal permitting program for stormwater systems should produce some hard data of their effectiveness, although it will be five to ten years before useful information is obtained.

Vollers, Maryanne. 1995. Everyone has got to breathe. Jrnl Group: Socio/Environmental Vol: 97 Iss: 2 Date: Mar 1995 p: 64- 73 Summary: Pollution has long plagued the residents of Chester PA, a small, depressed and predominantly black industrial city on the Delaware River. After their children began to get sick, Chester residents began a grassroots effort that has improved their environment and resulted in the first local zoning law aimed at controlling polluting industries.

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Return Bibliography

Carlisle, T.; Mulamoottil, G.; Mitchell, B. 1991. Attitudes Towards Artificial Wetlands in Ontario for Stormwater Control and Waterfowl Habitat. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 3, p 419-427, June 1991. Summary: Individuals from several interest groups in Ontario were surveyed to ascertain attitudes towards the use of artificial wetlands for stormwater management and to provide waterfowl habitat. In total, 166 questionnaires were distributed and 124 completed returns were received. The results of the survey show that the provision of wetlands as waterfowl habitats in the context of stormwater impoundments is severely limited and is not considered an important management option. The overwhelming rejection of this integrated approach seems to be due to a lack of understanding and its comparative newness. Some of the perceived problems and concerns could be addressed by improvements in the design of the artificial wetlands. The design and implementation of an artificial wetland prototype as part of an educational program in Ontario is recommended.

Kadlec, R. H.; Hey, D. L. 1994. IAWQ 3. Int Specialist Conf On Wetland Systems In Water, Pollution Con. Constructed wetlands for river water quality improvement. WETLAND SYSTEMS IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. Bavor,-H.J.; Mitchell,-D.S. (eds.) 1994 pp. 159-168. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL. vol. 29, no. 4. Summary: The Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project has reconstructed four wetlands in Wadsworth, Illinois, USA. The river drains an agricultural and urban watershed, and carries a non-point source contaminant load of sediment, nutrients and agricultural chemicals. Up to 40% of the average stream flow is pumped to the wetlands, and allowed to return from the wetlands to the river through control structures followed by vegetated channels. Native wetland plant species have been established, ranging from cattail, bulrushes, water lilies, and arrowhead to duckweed and algae. Pumping began in the summer of 1989, and has continued during the ensuing spring, summer and fall periods. The experimental design provides for different hydraulic loading rates, ranging from 5 to 60 cm/week. Intensive wetland research began in late summer 1989, and continues to present. Detailed hydrology is measured for each wetland. Sediment removal efficiencies ranged from 86-100% for the four cells during summer, and from 38-95% during winter. Phosphorus removal efficiencies ranged from 60-100% in summer and 27-100% in winter. The river contains both old, persistent and modern, degradable agricultural chemicals. The principal modern pollutant is atrazine, of which the wetlands remove approximately half. The project is successfully illustrating the potential of constructed wetlands for controlling non-point source pollution at an intermediate position in the watershed.

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Value/Valuation Bibliography

Floyd, C.F. 1982. Valuation and Acquisition of Floodplain Lands for Stream Valley Parks. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield VA 22161. Georgia Institute of Technology, Environmental Resources Center Report Number ERC 01-82, Atlanta, June 1982. 75 p, 4 Maps, 5 Plats, 30 Ref. OWRT B-127-GA(1), 14-34-0001-7100. 1982. Summary: As more and more communities have become aware of the economic and environmental benefits arising from the protection of floodplains, interest has risen in the concept of stream valley parks. Acquisition of land for these parks can take several forms, including purchase and gifts, fee simple acquisition or easements. No matter what the method of acquisition, an appraisal of the real estate interests being acquired will almost always be required. The appraisal of floodplain lands for recreational purposes raises many questions and problems for appraisers. Among these are (1) basic conflicts between public and private benefits in the appraisal concept of highest and best use; (2) a lack of comparable sales for floodplain land and difficulties in adjusting to adequately reflect the value of floodplain lands; (3) the necessity to consider the impact of floodplain, mandatory dedication of parkland, and other land use controls, and; (4) the absence of data concerning the impact on value of remaining lands from the acquisition of trail easements.

Forgey, B. 1995, June 10. CITYSCAPE - SPREADING THE WORD ON URBAN SPRAWL; EXHIBIT OFFERS ROUGH SKETCH OF WAYS TO PRESERVE LAND. Washington Post, Final Edition. Sec: B STYLE p: 1. Summary: Benjamin Forgey discusses the 'Sprawl' exhibition at the District of Columbia Arts Center in Washington DC'sAdams-Morgan area, which examines the phenomenon of urban sprawl.

Moglen, G.E.; McCuen, R. 1990. Economic Framework for Flood and Sediment Control with Detention Basins. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 1, p 145-156, February 1990. Summary: A framework for combining economic factors and the hydrology of detention basins is provided. The general development of economic production functions for water quality (sediment) and flood control is examined. Example production functions are generated to compare water quality (sediment control only) and flood control. For the given example, the design of a detention basin for downstream sediment control is economically unwarranted. When compared to onsite detention facilities, regional detention structures appear to be more practical from an economic standpoint for water quality control. Since sediment was the only water quality parameter assessed, it is entirely possible that the design of a detention basin for water quality control would be justified if the effects of all pollutants of concern could be quantified. The benefits that result from trapping pollutants, including sediment, are one of the most difficult elements of the water quality production function to assess. The estimation of benefits of instream flow is a relatively new area of investigation. Public goods, or non- marketed resources, are difficult to assess, in part, because of the many beneficiaries involved and because many of the benefits are value-based. The benefits are also a function of the flow level, with greater water quality benefits accruing during low flows, which compounds the problem of estimation.

Paterson, R. G.; Luger, M. I.; Burby, R. J.; Kaiser, E. J. Malcolm, H. R. 1993. Costs and Benefits of Urban Erosion and Sediment Control: The NorthCarolina Experience. Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, p 167-178, March/April 1993. Summary: The Environmental Protection Agency's new nonpoint source pollution control requirements will soon institutionalize urban erosion and sediment pollution control practices nationwide. The public and private sector costs and social benefits associated with North Carolina's program were examined to provide general policy guidance on questions relating to the likely burden the new best management practices will have on the development industry, the likely costs and benefits of such a program, and the feasibility of running a program on a cost recovery basis. The results of this study indicate that urban erosion and sediment control requirements were not particularly burdensome to the development industry, only adding approximately 4% to development costs. Public-sector program costs ranged between $2.4 and 4.8 million in fiscal year 1989. The contingent valuation survey suggests that urban households in North Carolina are willing to spend between $7.1 and 14.2 million per year to maintain current levels of sediment pollution control. The cost-benefit analysis determined in this study suggested that the overall ratio is likely to be positive, although a definitive figure is elusive. Lastly, it was discovered that several North Carolina localities have cost recovery fee systems that are at least partially self-financing.

Scodari, P.F. 1990. Wetlands Protection: The Role of Economics. ELI Monograph Series. Environmental Law Institute, Washington. 1990. 89p. Summary: Despite the mounting evidence of their high value, wetlands in the United States continue to be lost at the rate of 200,000 to 400,000 acres a year to agriculture, urban development, vacation homes, and water-resource development projects. Part water, part land, wetlands nurture a rich system of plant and animal life, recharge groundwater, and cushion rivers and lakes from flooding in heavy rainfall. At the same time, wetlands are fragile, often located where developers most want to build, and easily disturbed by construction projects. By law, government water- resource development projects can be funded only after publication of economic analyses (cost/benefit studies), but current economic-assessment approaches do not meaningfully account for the wetland values being destroyed by development. The role of economics in wetland-development decision-making is explained, and the barriers to adequate economic valuation of wetlands are highlighted. Balancing wetlands preservation with economic growth is introduced in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 provides a working definition of wetlands and outlines the major causes of wetland loss in the United States. Chapter 3 addresses the economic concepts underlying the valuation of nonmarket wetland goods, reviews the economic methodologies currently available for valuing wetlands, and outlines the existing barriers to broader application of those methodologies. Chapter 4 surveys federal laws and guidelines on the use of economics in wetland- development decision-making. Chapter 5 examines the federal system for calculating natural-resource damages. Chapter 6 recommends actions and research projects designed to encourage more thorough accounting of the environmental costs of federal water-resource development. If the advice presented here is heeded, both environmental economics and wetlands protection will be advanced.

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Water Quality Bibliography

Aldrich, J.; Walker, M. 1993. Promoting Consistent Stormwater Management. Water Environment & Technology, Vol. 5, No. 7, p 38- 39, August 1993. Summary: The California Stormwater Quality Task Force recently released a best management practices (BMP) handbook to help the regulated community select control measures to reduce stormwater pollutant discharges. The handbook provides general guidance for municipalities, industries, and construction sites to develop and implement BMPs in stormwater management programs. The handbook consists of three volumes, each directed towards a specific audience: municipal stormwater quality management as required under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) municipal permit program; stormwater quality management for facilities that currently are covered, that eventually will be covered, or that are similar to facilities covered by an NPDES general permit for construction activities; and erosion control and other stormwater quality management plans required under an NPDES general permit for construction activities. Each volume of the handbook includes chapters on: pertinent regulations regarding the NPDES permit; how to develop a stormwater management program; guidance on the selection of BMPs for the plan; details of source control BMPs; details of treatment control BMPs; and guidelines for measuring BMP performance. The handbook incorporates the following user- friendly concepts: volumes directed towards a particular audience, standard format, fact sheets, and a three-ring notebook format to allow for changes and expansion.

Argue, J.R. 1994. 17 Biennial Conference Of The International Association, On Water. A new streetscape for stormwater management in Mediterranean climate cities: The concept explored. WATER QUALITY INTERNATIONAL '94. PART 1: COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS AND URBAN STORM DRAINAGE. Ballay,-D.; Asano,-T.; Bhamidimarri,-R.; Chin,-K.K.; Dahlberg,-A.G.; Grabow,-W.O.K.; Ohgaki,-S.; Zotter,-K.; Milburn,-A.; Izod,-E.J.; Nagle,-P.T. (eds.) 1994 pp. 23-32. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL. vol. 30, no. 1. Summary: The water resources crisis facing countries of the Mediterranean Basin is reflected, in diminished form, in the semi-arid, "Mediterranean-climate" zone of Australia. Some creative solutions involving the collection, treatment, storage, retrieval and use of storm runoff to replace the component of mains-supplied water presently used for "second quality" purposes, are emerging in Adelaide, capital city of South Australia. The paper describes one initiative being taken to achieve source control of stormwater - quantity and quality - in mixed-density residential streets. The resulting streetscape is suitable for use in both "greenfields" and re-development projects. The paper explores the hydrological/hydraulic performance of the system and shows that it satisfies all theoretical requirements for safety in the full range of flooding up to and including the "once in 100-years" event. The new streetscape holds the following advantages over conventional streetscapes: reduced peak outflows, greatly improved effluent water quality, aids "greening" of the landscape, potential for aquifer recharge where appropriate, aquifer-retrieved groundwater can replace mains water used for irrigation, "nuisance" flows are fully contained (no surface appearance), major flows only occupy the swale, street residences are less flood prone and the streetscape fits more harmoniously into undulating terrain.

Barnett, J.L.; Windell, J.T. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar 1992. Stream restoration in Boulder, Colorado. PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.;Nordstrom,- S.K.; Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORTCOLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST.. 1992 p. 171. Summary: Urbanization, gravel mining, and channelization cause major impacts to stream corridors. Flooding characteristics, water quality, aquatic and terrestrial habitat values, and stream channel stability are adversely affected by these activities. Like other cities, the City of Boulder, Colorado contains many reaches of altered stream channels. Numerous stream reaches pass through the city's busiest commercial areas and most densely developed residential neighborhoods, while other reaches remain relatively pristine. The City of Boulder has recognized that these streams provide unique opportunities for creating a comprehensive greenway system for the community. They can be creatively developed to function as storm drainage and flood channels, efficient bicycle and pedestrian transportation systems, open space and wildlife corridors, and attractive recreation areas. Sensitivity designed improvements enhance the value of each stream corridor as wildlife habitat, as a place for in-town opportunities for both active and passive recreation, as major links in both existing and proposed trails and bikeways, and as improved flood carrying channels. This paper describes the rationale, approach, and progress by the City of Boulder in restoring its stream corridors.

Box, J.D.; Walker, G.J. 1994. Conservation of the Blythe, a high quality river in a major urban area in England. AQUAT. CONSERV. MAR. FRESHWAT. ECOSYST. 1994 vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 75-85. Summary: The Blyth River lies between the cities of Birmingham and Coventry. It has been notified recently as a statutory Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and is one of the few whole- river SSSIs in Britain. It possesses a combination of natural course and structure which is a rare feature of lowland rivers in England. There is a clear succession of plant communities from its source to its confluence with the River Tame. Botanically it is one of the richest rivers in England. A study in 1982 recorded 159 macroinvertebrate taxa from the river. A notable feature is the species richness of the molluscs, oligochaetes and caddis-flies. The Blyth is subject to a range of pressures including land drainage, recreation and development (buildings and infrastructure). The appropriate option for its conservation management is limitation of catchment development. In order that this nationally important resource is conserved for future generations, a strategic approach to catchment management is needed combined with urban and infrastructure developments which are environmentally sustainable. The preparation of a catchment management strategy needs to be given a priority. The success of such a strategy will be dependent on cooperation between English Nature, the National Rivers Authority, the local planning authorities and the many riparian owners and occupiers. English Nature is cooperating with the National Rivers Authority to produce a 'special ecosystem' classification so that statutory Water Quality Objectives can be set to protect river SSSIs like the Blyth. The goodwill of the riparian owners and occupiers is needed for the protection and enhancement of wildlife habitats along the river.

Dodds, A.A.; Fisher, P.J.; Paull, A.J.; Sears, J.R. 1993. Developing an Appropriate Wastewater Management Strategy for Sydney's Future Urban Development. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 27, No. 1, p 19-29, 1993. Summary: Over the next 20 years, Sydney Australia's population is expected to increase by about one million, with most of this growth proposed to be within the already environmentally stressed Hawkesbury-Nepean River catchment. The Water Board is providing infrastructure for the future urban development using a combination of conventional and innovative structural and non- structural solutions within an integrated river basin planning approach. For the Rouse Hill Development Area the Board has implemented a comprehensive, coordinated pollution control package which includes: integrated management of water supply, drainage and wastewater for the catchment; urban runoff management which aims to maintain present river quality and quantity through the use of detention basins, sediment traps and constructed wetlands, and advanced treatment of sewage with nutrient removal and disinfection using the best current technology; use of reclaimed effluent for non-potable domestic purposes; use of water efficient toilets and domestic appliances; promotion of the use of phosphate-free detergents; and, adoption of economically effective new technology as it is developed. The Board's servicing strategies for Rouse Hill, and similar strategies which can be applied to South Creek Valley, Macarthur South and other developments in the catchment, will be integrated into the broader Strategic Water Management Plan for the Hawkesbury-Nepean basin. The Board is developing a computer- based water quality and quantity model of the total Hawkesbury- Nepean River system as well as a computer-based geographic information system to store data on existing conditions such as basin and sub-basin boundaries, channel routes, floodplains, existing and projected land uses and environmentally sensitive areas.

Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Taking Advantage of Stormwater Control Basins in Urban Landscapes. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 2, p 100-103, March/April 1991. Summary: Flood control, base flow control, and water quality concerns frequently mandate storage and treatment of urban runoff. Consequently, urban developers have a new line item in their construction program. In addition to roads, houses, and parking lots, there must be some sort of runoff storage basin. It is possible to mold stormwater basins into integrated components of the urban landscape in ways that provide aesthetic, recreational, maintenance, economic, and ecological values. When used positively, stormwater basins can contribute to the human and natural environment. They can be sculpted, planted, contoured, and built of the right kinds of material on a site- specific basis. Any approach to design of stormwater basins must be flexible and creative. The broad views, intuition, and artistic imagination of urban design must be considered simultaneously with mathematical derivation of hydraulic and structural performance. In setting landscape patterns, designers can take into account the type of expected user; the position of the basin relative to roads, viewers, and houses; the need for active recreation versus passive scenery; the amount of space and water available; existing desirable or objectionable features; and the design character and variety of the overall site.

Houlahan, J.; Marcus, W.A.; Shirmohammadi, A. 1992. Estimating Maryland Critical Area Act's Impact on Future Nonpoint Pollution Along the Rhode River Estuary. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 3, p 553-567, May/June 1992. Summary: A significant and continuous decline in Chesapeake Bay water quality, fish and wildlife habitat, and commercial fisheries and waterfowl has occurred over the last 35 yrs. Nutrient over- enrichment, excessive sediment loadings, and toxic pollutants from increased urbanization and changing agricultural practices are responsible for many of the Bay's problems. The Maryland Critical Area Act was passed in 1984 in order to improve Chesapeake Bay water quality and natural resources while still accommodating population growth. Modeling methods were utilized to evaluate the effects of the Maryland Critical Area Act on generation of nonpoint source loads of P, N, and sediment to the Rhode River estuary. Results indicate that the Critical Area Act can reduce the present generation of nonpoint nutrient and sediment loadings 20-30% from the regulated area. These reductions can occur while preserving agricultural lands and allowing limited residential and urban development. The decrease in nutrient loadings is primarily dependent upon implementation and enforcement of agricultural best management practices (BMPs). The BMPs could reduce present agricultural nutrient loadings by 90% to a level comparable to loadings from residential areas. The estimated effectiveness of the Critical Area Act is even greater when compared to potential future nutrient loadings if development in the area remains unregulated. Unrestricted residential and urban development could increase nutrient loadings by 200% to 1000% as compared to controlled development under Critical Area Act guidelines. The Critical Area Act primarily prevents these future increases by severely limiting woodland cutting, with lesser results obtained by requiring urban BMPs.

House, M.A.; Ellis, J.B.; Herricks, E.E.; Hvitved, Jacobsen T. Seager, J.; Lijklema, L.; Aalderink, H.; Clifforde, I.T. 1993. INTERURBA '92, The IAWPRC Workshop On Interactions B. Urban drainage impacts on receiving water quality. INTERURBA -- INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SEWERS, TREATMENT PLANTS AND RECEIVING WATERS IN URBAN AREAS. Lijklema,-L.; Tyson,-J.M.; LeSouef,-A.; Harremoees,-P.; House,-M.A.; Marsalek,-J. (eds.) 1993 pp. 117- 158. Jolliffe, I. P. Royal Holloway And Bedford New Coll Egham (England) Dept Of Geography. Recreation and Conservation along the Metropolitan Toronto Waterfront, Lake Ontario, Canada. Ocean & Shoreline Management Vol. 11, Nos. 4 & 5, p 341-351. Summary: Toronto, the most rapidly growing city in North America, is an excellent example of dynamic changes in its waterfront, involving both urban renewal and revitalization. Two key authorities are the Toronto Harbour Commissioners and the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Both have made a basic assumption that recreation and conservation go hand-in-hand. One powerful constraint on early recreational development along the waterfront was the high level of pollution of both air and water that inevitably accompanied port growth and industrialization along the central waterfront and in close proximity to the downtown business district. Industrial relocation has helped, but the problem of water quality still remains, exacerbated by sluggish circulation. In spite of a range of physical and other constraints, much of the Metro Waterfront is now publicly accessible, in particular a series of lake fills that have involved both public and private participation; and a range of cultural, scientific, wildlife conservation and recreational opportunities are now available. Some key problems still needing to be resolved are: severely eroding shorelines sectors, water quality and associated beach contamination, sedimentation problems, and shore and island land use management decisions. Overall, there has been a fairly successful wedding between recreational and conservation interests.

Jones, J.E. 1990. Multipurpose Stormwater Detention Ponds. Public Works, Vol. 121, No. 13, p 52-53, December 1990. Summary: Multipurpose detention pond concepts for both ' wet ' ponds (those that maintain water permanently) and ' dry ' ponds (those that retain stormwater briefly during and after floods) are summarized. Regardless of the specific functions that the designer attempts to fulfill, the pond must be: (1) safe, from the standpoint of public visitors or users of the facility; (2) hydrologically and hydraulically sound; (3) maintainable at low cost; (4) structurally sound if a severe flood occurs, possibly up to the probable maximum flood; and (5) pleasant to view; considered an asset rather than a nuisance. Specific purposes for stormwater detention ponds other than runoff containment include: (a) water quality enhancement; (b) enhanced property values and community focal points; (c) wildlife habitat enhancement; and (d) active recreational potential. Unfortunately, many ponds are built because a developer had to demonstrate that ' post- development discharges will not exceed pre-development discharges. ' Detention pond design needs to be for more than this. It is incumbent upon the drainage designer to evaluate multiple purpose objectives for wet and dry stormwater detention ponds.

Kansas urban conservation handbook. 1990. Kansas Soil Conservation Service. 1990 May; Urban conservation.

Kuo, Chin Y. 1987. Effectiveness of BMPs for stormwater management in urbanized watersheds. Virginia, Water Resources Research Center. 1987; Blacksburg : Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987 Bulletin (Virginia Water Resources Research Center).

Liebmann, G.W. 1991. The Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Law: The Evolution of a Statute. Coastal Management, Vol. 19, No. 4, p 451-468, October/December 1991. Summary: By Chapter 794 of the Acts of 1984, the Maryland General Assembly enacted the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Act (Act), a far-reaching effort to control future land use development pressure in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The state decided to regulate local zoning and subdivision approval powers, in preference to other approaches that would have mandated elaborate planning exercises or directly involved the state government in approving particular development applications. In the initial stages of drafting the Act, a review was conducted of prior legislative activity in Maryland, including the 1974 Maryland Land Use Bill, the Patuxet River Plan, and the Coastal Zone Management Plan, which relate to state government regulation of land use. Also, legislation made in a number of other states, including the San Francisco Bay Commission Legislation, the California Coastal Zone Act, the Adirondack Park Agency, and North Carolina Legislation, were reviewed to evaluate state controls upon local land use planning for specialized purposes. The purposes of the Act are to: (1) minimize adverse impacts on water quality; (2) conserve fish, wildlife, and plant habitat; and (3) promote sensitive land use policies for development in the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area which accommodate growth in recognition of the fact that even if pollution is controlled, the number, movement and activities of persons in that area can create adverse impacts. The progress of the statute toward enactment includes a description of the definition of the corridor, plan amendments, grandfather rights, transitional provisions, and procedural provisions. The primary aim of the Act is to guard against piecemeal erosion of local plans in local government's quest for economic development by providing for: (1) review of proposals for piecemeal amendments; (2) intervention power with respect to project approvals; and (3) power of approval over state and local public projects within the Critical Area. Since enactment of the Act, counties and municipalities have been required to divide their critical areas into: intensely developed, limited development, and resource conservation areas, mainly to restrict density on resource conservation areas to one unit per 20 acres.

McKenzie, Donald J.; Irwin, G. A. 1988. Effects of two stormwater management methods on the quality of water in the upper Biscayne aquifer at two commercial areas in Dade County, Florida. Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District. South, Florida Water Management District; Geological, Survey U. S. ). 1988 Mar 22; Tallahassee, Fla : U.S. Geological Survey, 1988 Water-resources investigations report, 88-4069 Bibliography: p. 21-22.

Mohorjy, A.M. 1989. Multidisciplinary Planning and Managing of Water Reuse. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 2, p 433- 442. April 1989. 4 fig, 10 ref. Summary: Water reclamation and reuse are rapidly expanding areas of water supplies. A comprehensive planning methodology for developing and evaluating water reuse alternatives uses five phases: (1) goal setting, (2) identification of reuse opportunities, (3)development and evaluation of planning alternatives, (4) assessment of water reuse linkages, and (5) making decisions and recommendations. A tool called ' input-output modeling ' is used in the third phase to present numerical data and choices. The methodology seeks to integrate the hydrologic and socio-economic aspects of water resources planning in the area of study. Water reuse may satisfy some of the increasing demands for water, but water quality, economics, public attitudes, and legal and institutional constraints may impose limits on the extent to which it can be employed. An analysis of proposed and existing water reuse practices worldwide indicates that reused water, if it is prepared using appropriate technology, can be as safe as, or safer than, other conventional systems for providing the water needed for municipal, agricultural, industrial, and recreational uses. As in any other system, failure is possible, and safeguards to protect the public must be built in from the start. Since technically proven processes exist to prepare water of almost any quality desired, reuse has a rightful place in planning the optimal use of water. The cost of treatment may make it difficult for small communities or small cities to reuse water. However, large water supply by 50% or more by reusing wastewater.

Philadelphia/Camden Port environmental enhancement plan. 1983. United States Environmental Protection Agency Region III; Wapora, Inc. 1983 May; Philadelphia, Pa.

Preston, L.A. 1989. New Horizon for Water Quality in Japan. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 61, No. 5, p 578-583, May 1989. Summary: The intense land reclamation for industry and urban development, and the use of manufacturing processes without appropriate regulatory statutes, have caused rapid deterioration of forests, farmland, rivers, and coastal waters in Japan. Chemical discharges to coastal areas have created serious health problems, and changes in national land use have threatened the quality of water areas in both urban and rural areas, so that waste treatment and disposal have become critical issues. A consequence of Japan 's rapid economic expansion during the years 1965-1975 was the disappearance of over 90% of the forested areas surrounding the major urban areas. The depletion of farmland has been even more severe, with 20% of the 15% total available farmland lost to development. Another major area of concern is the loss of inner harbors and seashores to development. The government has actively pursued conservation programs and public education as to the cause and effects of environmental pollution, and efforts have been made to protect plant and animal species in danger of extinction. An intensive 5- year program to expend and improve Japan 's sewerage systems was initiated in 1986. This program has focused mainly on promoting environmental pollution control programs, total pollutant loading controls, and conservation of water quality in lakes and reservoirs. Specific plans have been developed in order to ensure the quality of Japan 's future water resources: (1) establish stricter limits on effluents discharged from industrial and small-scale plants; (2) improve and extend pollution prevention facilities; (3) promote more treatment of household effluents; (4) establish water purification measures; (5) institute urban development guidelines; (6) implement regulations for chemical contamination.

Quick, A.J.R. 1995. Issues facing water resource managers and scientists in a rapidly growing coastal city: Cape Town, South Africa. S. AFR. J. SCI. S. AFR. TYDSKR. WET. 1995 vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 175-183. Summary: Rapid urban growth in metropolitan Cape Town is subjecting the inland and coastal waters in the region to stress. Increasing extractive demands are being made on inland water systems to provide potable water. Larger volumes of liquid and solid waste, and increased stormwater runoff, are influencing negatively the nutrient and microbiological quality of inland and coastal water systems. Urban sprawl and informal housing are detracting from the aesthetics of river catchments, and are also detrimental to river and stormwater quality. These stresses have particularly serious implications for Cape Town because the future economic growth of the area is dependent on a high-quality environment. Constraints to the sustainable management of water resources are discussed under the broad themes of institutions, law and regulation, finance and economics, and lack of information, public awareness, holism, and realism. These can only be adequately addressed if there is a fundamental change in approach from scientists and water resource managers. Strategies to facilitate this change of approach should be embodied in a policy on development and the environment, and implemented using an environmental management system. An appreciation of the key environmental and developmental issues and the severe constraints to sustainable development in rapidly growing cities will enable scientists and water resource managers to incorporate their expertise into the planning and development process at a metropolitan and regional scale.

Quinlan, B.; Simmons, C. 1993. Exploring land use alternatives. WATER ENVIRON. TECHNOL. 1993 vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 44-50. Summary: An urban catchment model was used by the Raleigh and Wake County (N.C.) Department of Public Utilities to calculate nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loadings for a critical watershed area. The model also evaluated how zoning alternatives and structural best management practices (BMPs) could affect the area as development increases. Annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus, nitrogen, lead, copper, and zinc were estimated for existing conditions, buildout at current zoning regulations, and three future development scenarios. Wet detention basins and grass swales, the structural BMPs selected, were evaluated in terms of effectiveness in improving water quality, ease of implementation, operation and maintenance requirement, and cost.

Rogers, J.W. 1992. Sustainable Development Patterns: The Chesapeake Bay Region. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 26, No. 12, p 2711-2721, 1992. Summary: The attractive quality of the Chesapeake Bay region on the eastern seaboard of the U.S. as a place to live is both a boon and a curse, illustrating the relationship between a de sirable environment and a good economy; the regional economy depends to great degree on whether or not the Bay remains a natural amenity. Those who decide how land is developed need to understand the concept of 'nodes and corridors' for human development patterns as well as 'nodes and corridors' for sustainable biological diversity and natural processes. Human activity has dramatically changed the landscape and has subtly altered the balance of nature. Each land use creates a host of environmental quality issues. For each choice of location development types, density, construction methods, or ways of conducting day-to-day domestic and business practices, there seems to be unintended environmental consequences. Studies have shown how land use densities and landscape patterns are fundamental to achieving sustainable environmental quality, lifestyles, and economies. Sustainable economic vitality requires sustainable environmental quality. By maintaining landscape patterns of large woodlan ds and wetlands (nodes) and wooded stream valleys and drainage-ways (corridors), significant natural functions are protected. Biologists and managers have been aware since Darwin's work on the biology of islands that a relationship exists between habitat size and its composition. Today, forests, wetlands, and other sensitive ecosystems are often 'islands' in a sea of disturbed land. The patterns and sizes of these island ecosystems must be managed to prevent extinction of plants and animals and loss of functions such as those that prevent flooding and enhance water quality.

Sear, T.R. Howard. 1989. Water Resources Management in a Small Central Florida Community: Tavares, Florida. Water: Laws and Management. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland, 1989. p 12A-19--12A-26. Summary: The City of Tavares is a small Central Florida community of approximately 7,300 people, located in Lake County. The city is fortunate to be located adjacent to three major lakes and contain within its borders numerous small water bodies and wetland areas, contributing to its accelerated growth in recent years. The City began a program of stormwater management in the Fall of 1986 with the creation of a Stormwater Management Committee. The committee assisted the City in the creation of a Stormwater Utility that began operation in the Fall of 1987. The utility has since funded the hiring of two full-time maintenance workers, and the completion of a Master Stormwater Management Study. The City is now conducting a positive program of stormwater facility maintenance, wetland purchase, water quality monitoring, and facility construction, which will allow them to better preserve their water resources in the future. Water resources preservation at the local level can only succeed when a long- term commitment is made to maintenance, monitoring, stormwater management, and wetland preservation. To their credit, the City of Tavares has made this commitment to their future.

Simmons, B.L.; Trengove, S.L. 1989. Impact of Catchment Urbanisation on Lake Macquarie (Australia). Water Science and Technology, Vol. 21, No. 2, p 205-210, 1989. Summary: Increasing urbanization of coastal areas is leading to impacts on coastal lakes which decrease their amenity for recreation and tourism. Runoff and wastewater discharge cause siltation, impact seagrass beds and change the characteristics of open waters, affecting boating, swimming, fishing and the aesthetic quality of the locale. Management of urban development and wastewater disposal is required to minimize sedimentation and nutrient enrichment. This could include development restrictions, runoff controls and a strategy for wastewater treatment and discharge. The catchment of Lake Macquarie, a marine coastal lake, has been progressively urbanized since 1945. Urbanization, through increased stormwater runoff and point source discharges, has caused a major impact on the lake in terms of sedimentation and nutrient enrichment. Losses of lake area and navigable waters have occurred. Accompanying problems include change in the distribution of seagrass beds and nuisance growths of benthic algae. Since the 1950's, dry weather nutrient concentrations have increased and mean water clarity has decreased. Severe problems, as observed in other New South Wales coastal lakes, e.g. benthic algae in Lake Illawarra and Tuggerah Lakes, have not yet developed. Because of the lead time taken to implement policies and controls, trends should be identified and policies developed now so as to avoid nutrient buildup and development of sustained problems.

Somlyody, L. 1995. International Conference On Integrated Water Resources, Management, Amsterdam (N. Water quality management: Can we improve integration to face future problems? INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,-S.H.; Gulati,- R.D.; Van-Liere,-L.; Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) 1995 pp. 249- 259. Summary: Water (and its deteriorating quality) may be the most severe stress on the exponentially growing human population in the next century. Problems are becoming increasingly complex and diverse and require more and more specific knowledge, and efficient integration across various disciplines, sectors, countries, and societies. The major challenge addressed is whether we are prepared to realize the desired integration and to resolve the large amount of existing gaps and barriers. The paper analyzes major past and desired future trends in water quality management. A number of issues are selected such as the identification, occurrence, and perception of various problems (e.g. eutrophication, acidification, global warming), pollution control types, wastewater treatment, modeling and monitoring, planning and environmental impact assessment, legislation and institutions, the notion of sustainable development, and the role of science and engineering. The past two decades showed tremendous developments in water quality management. In spite of these, the focus of the present discussion lies mostly on pitfalls to disseminate lessons and questions which are crucial to likely future problems and desired improvements.

Tabor, M. 1992. South Platte Research Conference, Fort Collins, CO (USA) 27 28 Oct 1992. Issues of the urban river interface. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1992 SOUTH PLATTE RESEARCH CONFERENCE. Woodring,-R.C.;Roberts,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA)COLORADO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Summary: The Urban Design Forum (UDF) is a non-profit organization of planners, designers, and private citizens that are concerned with the issues of urban design in the Denver metropolitan area. Within UDF, a subcommittee has been formed, called the Urban Ecology Subcommittee, to explore the relationships between urban development and a healthy, functioning and sustainable local ecology. This inquiry is focused on the role of natural resources, their use, abuse, protection and enhancement within our 'built' environment. The premise of this organization is that human systems in general and cities in particular, must develop a harmonious relationship with the natural environment to remain healthy and viable over time. Given that one of the most important and limited natural resources in the Rocky Mountain region is water, it seems logical that we begin our inquiry of urban ecology with the role that surface water plays in our urban environment. Historically, the South Platte River has given form and orientation to our urban landscape. The Urban Design Forum seeks to be a catalyst for discussion of the future of urbanized sections of the South Platte River. We feel that all the diversified interests of our metropolitan areas as well as the downstream neighbors in agriculture and water supply must be part of this discourse as well.

Takahashi, M. 1991. Guidelines for Environmental Enhancement in Japan. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 24, No. 9, p 133- 142. Summary: New guidelines for water reuse for environmental enhancement have been established in Japan. There are two categories of guidelines, one for esthetic settings without public access, and the other for limited-contact use including shoreline usage, boating, and fishing. Swimming and bathing are not considered. So-called 'basic guidelines' are not site-specific, but are based on public health and visual appeal; this category includes guidelines for total coliforms, biological oxygen demand, turbidity, and color. On the other hand, 'type of use' guidelines differ according to the purpose, climate, and other characteristics of specific sites. Instead of expressing numerical hydraulic or biological criteria, the latter guidelines merely explain the state of the art of each constituent. Case studies were therefore evaluated to establish a tentative manual for reuse. For example, in the moats of Osaka castle, total phosphorus should be maintained at 0.1 mg/L to keep the chlorophyll a concentration at 100 micrograms/L, thus achieving a suspended solids concentration of <20 mg/L. Where nitrogen limits algal growth, nitrogen would have to be <1.5 mg/L to keep the chlorophyll a concentration at 100 micrograms/L. When reclaimed water is utilized in streams with waterfalls or fountains, accumulation of foam causes an unpleasant appearance, presumably due to such surface active substances as methylene blue active substance (MBAS). An MBAS concentration of <0.3 mg/L and <10 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand of permanganate is recommended to prevent foaming. The primary impetus for the control of urban drainage is to protect the quality and habitat of receiving waters. It is therefore the case that any specific urban runoff control programme (and associated stormwater management planning options and catchment plans) must be evaluated in terms of how they will reduce receiving water problems and restore or maintain a beneficial use or a targeted Water Quality Objective.

Thompson, T. R. E.; Bullock, P. n.d. 50Th Annual Meeting Of The Soil And Water Conservation, Society, Des Moine. The introduction of sustainable development into land resource policies in the United Kingdom. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 50th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SOCIETY 7515 NORTHEAST ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 (USA) SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SOCIETY.pp. 7-8. Summary: Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, the United Kingdom Government has published a national strategy for sustainable development and introduced the principle into policy guidance for environmental protection agencies and local planning authorities. This, and the imminent creation of a single Environment agency, are having a fundamental influence on the policies governing development planning and the control of pollution. Land use policies, set at County and District levels through the publication of statutory Development Plans but influenced by national policy guidance, are now beginning to address protection of the environmental and ecological functions of soil. For the first time, factors other than agricultural quality are to influence patterns of urban and industrial development. Policies will seek to protect vulnerable aquifers, identified on the properties of overlying strata and soils, from potentially polluting or disturbing forms of development and land use. Catchment management plans are being produced for all sensitive and important river basins in order to address existing quality and flow problems and to direct land use and management in ways that seek to achieve river quality standards. The European Directive on Nitrate from Agriculture, with which the UK must comply, will necessitate the identification of sensitive rivers and aquifers with high nitrate concentrations. Agricultural practices in these catchments will have to meet the requirements of lower nitrate leaching targets. This paper will describe the recent developments in the UK of relevance to soil and water conservation and draw conclusions as to the future of sustainable development policy and practice in this field.

Vujnovic, R. 1990. Urban Development in the Danubian Basin and its Effects on Water Quality Aspects and Trends. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 5, p 281-286. Summary: The fate and future of urbanization in the Danube Basin is linked to the processes of urban agglomerations in Europe and it can be expected that increased urban concentrations will develop along the Danube and its main tributaries, just as other regional urban systems develop in Europe. The natural potential of the Danube Basin is limited from the point of view of future agglomerations. The main limitations come from the availability of natural water resources, and further, from the limited spaces for specific uses. The deterioration of water quality by pollution may additionally restrict the limits of urbanization; improvement or deterioration of the situation would depend on the location and character of the sources of pollution. The idea that urban development in the Danube Basin must be jointly planned by all Danube countries (in the form of a water master plan or a physical plan of the basin) is becoming increasingly appreciated. The general objective of the plans would be to make the best use of the Danube and tributaries, for the benefit of the people living in the basin.

Walmsley, J.J. 1995. Market forces and the management of water for the environment. WATER S.A. 1995 vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 43-50. Summary: Development and the environment are no longer considered mutually exclusive, and economic and social considerations are included in the allocation and management of resources such as water and air. As water resources grow more scarce in South Africa, more efficient methods of water allocation for all sectors need to be investigated. An important sector that requires consideration is the natural environment. In 1970 the Department of Environment Affairs recognised the need for the allocation of water for the maintenance of water ecosystems. Of particular interest in this paper is the allocation of water to river ecosystems. At the moment much research is being done on the water requirements of river ecosystems in South Africa, although there is still insufficient information to ensure good management. Theoretically two mechanisms are available for the allocation of water resources: government control and a free- market system. In reality there is a gradation between the two that includes various levels of mixed economies. The present system relies heavily on government control, although in the long run it may be more beneficial for the environment if water markets are set up in South Africa. This would also promote the sustainable development of water resources. The problems that are faced in setting up water markets include the allocation of property rights and initial pricing of water so as to benefit the environment, as well as the requirements of the poor, especially those in rural areas. All these need to be taken into consideration, and further research needs to be carried out on various aspects of water markets and water requirements of river ecosystems. This paper discusses aspects of water management for environmental conservation with particular reference to allocation strategies using market forces and pricing mechanisms. Special emphasis is given to river ecosystems, due to their value as water sources and the critical relationship between catchment processes, land use and these systems.

Wanielista, Martin P.; Yousef, Yousef A. 1993. Stormwater management. Includes bibliographical references and index.

Whalen, Paul J.; Cullum, Michael G. 1988. An assessment of urban land use/stormwater runoff quality relationships and treatment efficiencies of selected stormwater management systems. South, Florida Water Management District Resource Planning Dept. 1988 Nov; Department

Green Development Literature Search: Summary and Benefits Associated with Alternative Development Approaches. Presented to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds; Rod Frederick, Work Assignment Manager; in conjunction with Oceans and Coastal Protection Division; Margherita Pryor, Jessica Cogan; September 30, 1996; Prepared by--Tetra Tech, Inc., 10306 Eaton Place, Suite 340, Fairfax, VA 22030; Under EPA Contract #68-C3-0303; Work Assignment #3-112