 Back to Bibliographies Index / Back to Green Development Literature Search Green Development Literature SearchLiterature Summary and Benefits Appendix A:
Air Quality Bibliography
Grennfelt, P.; Hov, O.; Derwent, D. 1994. Second generation abatement strategies for NO sub(x), NH sub(3), SO sub(2) and VOCs. AMBIO 1994 vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 425-433. Summary: The UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) has decided on reduction of transboundary air pollution in three protocols; one on sulphur, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) respectively. These protocols are not sufficient to solve the air-pollution problem in Europe. Further reductions and agreements are necessary to achieve sustainable ecosystems. In further negotiations, which should be based on critical loads, it is important to consider that the regional air-pollution problem consists of a complicated matrix of compounds and effects. Thus, control of one problem will influence other problems, and control of one compound will affect the transport and effects of others. This is certainly the case for nitrogen oxides (NO sub(x)), which play an important role in acidification and eutrophication effects as well as in the formation of photochemical oxidants. This article discusses the scientific rationale for considering effects and their precursors together. Variations in effects and their causes are discussed and suggestions for a different approach to the future control of regional air pollution are given. Hayes, D. 1992, Apr 17. Future Milestones. USA TODAY, p: 10 col: 4. Summary: Denis Hayes discusses environmental progress as the US moves to the year 2000. He examines the impact of population growth, the greenhouse effect, and urban development on the environment. Konvitz, J. 1996. Mexico City: Metaphor for the world's urban future. Environment, Vol: 38 Iss: 2 Date: Mar p: 3-4. Summary: Konvitz comments on Mexico City, which is considered a megacity. It is uncertain whether political reform and social solidarity can provide the basis for an environmental agenda that is equal to the challenges Mexico City faces. Vollers, M. 1995. 'Everyone has got to breathe'. Audubon, Vol: 97, Iss: 2, Mar. p: 64-73. Summary: Pollution has long plagued the residents of Chester PA, a small, depressed and predominantly black industrial city on the Delaware River. After their children began to get sick, Chester residents began a grassroots effort that has improved their environment and resulted in the first local zoning law aimed at controlling polluting industries. Commercial Bibliography Fehr, S.C. 1996, April 1. UPDATE ON THE NEWS - A PLAN FOR KENTLANDS' TOWN CENTER. Washington Post, Final Edition. Sec: B METRO p: 3. Harney, K.R. 1996, June 1. THE NATION'S HOUSING - HOME BUYERS WANT MODERN TOWNS WITH LOTS OF OLD-FASHIONED CHARM. Washington Post, Final Edition. Summary: Kenneth R. Harney says the 1996 national home buyers' community preference vote has just been tallied and reveals that buyers may want a neo-traditional good-old-fashioned atmosphere at the center of their towns, but they prefer an updated version of the good old suburbs outside the town center. Cost/Benefit Bibliography Alicata, P.; De, Pietro R. 1994. Sicily: Inland water management at the southern margin of Europe: Call for an intersectoral dialogue. AMBIO 1994, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 455-457. Summary: The principal aim of our paper is to call attention to recent developments in the Mediterranean region. We also hope to encourage public financiers as well as private investors to facilitate access to their basic data on project costs and benefits. Otherwise, the limits set by this notorious lack of information and communication may result in a "no" attitude in the ecological movement. As an example we selected the Italian island of Sicily for our study. In Sicily, the public administration tends to avoid cooperation, or does not possess the most fundamental data, and the scarce information published by administrative bodies is often contradictory. A constructive debate between naturalists and investors would mean enormous advantages for the people concerned. Alper, Joe. 1993. Protecting the environment with the power of the market. Science, Vol: 260 Iss: 5116, Jun 25. p: 1884- 1885. Summary: The common ground that can be reached between sound economics and sound environmental practices is discussed. A market-based approach can show consumers the hidden costs entailed in their actions. Anonymous. 1992. The Price of Green. Economist, Vol: 323 Iss: 7758, May 9. p: 87. Summary: In the green frenzy that is preceding the upcoming Earth Summit, the phrase 'sustainable development' keeps popping up in unexpected places. Usually it is simply shorthand for anything environmental, but some see it as a better basis for making environmental decisions than balancing costs and benefits. Muir, T. 1993. Economic development capacity benefits of RAPS. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS. 1993 p. 72. Summary: The socioeconomic component of Stage II Remedial Action Plans can explore innovative solutions to the long-term structural changes being imposed on the economy of the Great Lakes basin. A major challenge is to invent and apply new patterns of development, and forms of growth that integrate and conserve the living resources essential to human survival and well-being. Another challenge is to overcome the inherent antithetical view of environment-economy that still dominates the conventional cost-benefit model of mainstream environmental economics. To meet these challenges, we are exploring the conceptual and empirical linkages between economic development capacity, and the restoration, enhancement and protection of watershed ecosystems, using RAP areas as case studies. A user-friendly framework is being developed that identifies and evaluates the beneficial possibilities created by an intelligent combination of public and private investment in the natural capital of watersheds as ecosystems, and the synergies and follow-on development capacity created. Results indicate that the "environment" in RAP areas is an integral factor of economic development. It is concluded, that integrated planning on a watershed ecosystem basis, can yield substantial synergies, which form the basis of a new economy. Stevens, William K. 1992, Sep 8. Science Times: Economists Strive to Find Environment's Bottom Line. The New York Times. Sec: C p: 1 col: 5. Summary: An analysis is made of the hotly debated issue in the 1992 presidential race of whether governmental efforts to protect the environment help or hinder economic growth. At the root of the argument is the growing acceptance of the idea that the world economy is merely a subsystem of the planet's ecology, on which it depends for materials, energy and general sustenance. Database Bibliography Cooper, S.R. 1995. A research plan for the Mid Atlantic Regional Marine Research Program. SECOND ANNUAL MARINE AND ESTUARINE SHALLOW WATER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE. PHILADELPHIA, PA (USA) U.S. EPA. p. 6. Summary: The Regional Marine Research Program (RMRP) was developed to set priorities for regional marine and coastal research in support of efforts to safeguard water quality and ecosystem health, and to carry out such research through grants and improved coordination. The program, approved and funded by Congress, established the following nine regions: 1) Gulf of Maine; 2) Greater New York Bight; 3) Mid-Atlantic; 4) South Atlantic and Caribbean; 5) Gulf of Mexico; 6) Southwest; 7) Pacific Northwest; 8) Alaska; and 9) Insular Pacific. The Mid-Atlantic region extends from Cape May, NJ to Cape Fear, NC, including the Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay and the Albemarle-Pamlico Sound system. The "Research Plan" for the Mid-Atlantic RMRP was submitted in February 1994 to NOAA and EPA, and approved by both Administrations. The Research Plan identifies priority research needs for the Mid-Atlantic region, including 1) land-use effects on living resources, 2) eutrophication, algal blooms and anoxia, 3) fishery yields, recruitment and trophodynamics, 4) biotic and material exchanges between estuaries and the ocean, and 5) coastal erosion and climatic effects. The Research Plan also includes a review of the environmental quality of coastal waters and expected trends in the Mid-Atlantic, a review of research being conducted with the region, and a discussion of regional management issues. A comprehensive research inventory database for the 1992-1996 time-period was developed. Design Bibliography Alexander, M.P. 1993. Use of a Current Deflector Wall for Eddy Generated Shoaling in Kohlfleet Harbor, Germany. The REMR Bulletin (Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS), Vol. 10, No. 2, p 1-4, June. Summary: A low training structure called a current deflector wall (CDW) has been developed to eliminate eddy currents which may result in channel shoaling. The use of the CDW can lower shoaling rates and extend dredging intervals. A CDW is a fixed vertical-walled training structure with a curved deflector wall that extends through the full depth of water. The structure modifies flow patterns, breaking down or preventing the formation of eddies. A prototype CDW was constructed at Kohlfleet Harbor, Port of Hamburg on the Elbe River, Germany and successfully eliminated formation of the large, stable eddy in the harbor entrance. Navigation through the harbor entrance was improved, even though the width of the harbor had been reduced slightly by the construction. The Kohlfleet CDW design and construction cost $1.65 million; the cost of dredging contaminated sediments at Kohlfleet would have been $7.8 million. A site investigation should be made to determine the application and feasibility of the CDW as a navigation maintenance alternative. The hydraulic processes studied should include: (1) the magnitude and direction of ambient currents; (2) annual shoaling volumes and distributions; (3) site bathymetry; and (4) supporting information, such as salinity, suspended load distribution, and sediment type. Andrews, A.S.; Fraser, G.W.; Leak, A.J. 1990. Drainage Manual for Clark County, Nevada. In Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands (PAL). American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. p. 90-95. Summary: The development of a flood control district and its associated capital improvement and regulatory programs does not by itself address drainage standards for a community. While the capital improvement and regulatory programs go a long way in solving existing flooding problems and minimizing future flooding problems, a common denominator is missing. This common denominator is drainage standards that are laid out in a drainage manual. Such a drainage manual covers all aspects of drainage planning including policy, design criteria, applicable laws, and guidelines for development of private and public stormwater management facilities. The preparation of a drainage manual in an arid region that is experiencing rapid growth warrants the inclusion of special features that attempt to address the concerns of all affected individuals. Anonymous. 1994. Resurrecting the rain barrel. Environment, Vol: 36 Iss: 2 Date: Mar 1994 p: 23. Summary: Water-poor regions of the US are relying more upon cisterns as a source of water storage. They are particularly popular in Hawaii. Anonymous. 1995. Making cities safer: Good fences ... Economist, Vol: 334 Iss: 7907 Date: Mar 25, 1995 p: 30-31. Summary: Architect and consultant Oscar Newman lent ideas to the Five Oaks area of Dayton OH on the use of physical planning for urban revitalization. Installing gates to cut through traffic and creating minineighborhoods, Dayton's crime rate dropped by a quarter and violent crime by a half. Argue, J.R. 1994. 17 Biennial Conference Of The International Association, On Water: A new streetscape for stormwater management in Mediterranean climate cities: The concept explored. WATER QUALITY INTERNATIONAL '94. PART 1: COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS AND URBAN STORM DRAINAGE. Ballay,-D.; Asano,-T.; Bhamidimarri,-R.; Chin,-K.K.; Dahlberg,-A.G.; Grabow,-W.O.K.; Ohgaki,-S.; Zotter,-K.; Milburn,-A.; Izod,-E.J.; Nagle,-P.T. (eds.) pp. 23-32. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL. vol. 30, no. 1. Summary: The water resources crisis facing countries of the Mediterranean Basin is reflected, in diminished form, in the semi-arid, "Mediterranean-climate" zone of Australia. Some creative solutions involving the collection, treatment, storage, retrieval and use of storm runoff to replace the component of mains-supplied water presently used for "second quality" purposes, are emerging in Adelaide, capital city of South Australia. The paper describes one initiative being taken to achieve source control of stormwater - quantity and quality - in mixed-density residential streets. The resulting streetscape is suitable for use in both "greenfields" and re-development projects. The paper explores the hydrological/hydraulic performance of the system and shows that it satisfies all theoretical requirements for safety in the full range of flooding up to and including the "once in 100-years" event. The new streetscape holds the following advantages over conventional streetscapes: reduced peak outflows, greatly improved effluent water quality, aids "greening" of the landscape, potential for aquifer recharge where appropriate, aquifer-retrieved groundwater can replace mains water used for irrigation, "nuisance" flows are fully contained (no surface appearance), major flows only occupy the swale, street residences are less flood prone and the streetscape fits more harmoniously into undulating terrain. Bauereis, E.I. 1992. Chesapeake Experience: NPS Chesapeake Challenge for Sustainable Development. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 26, No. 12, p 2723-2725. Summary: Without quantification of compliance concepts as applied to non- point sources (NPS) in areas such as the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland), it is impossible to design control strategies that are effective, implementable, attainable, measurable, and flexible. The quantities required for each watershed are the existing loadings and the loading standard (or carrying capacity) of that watershed. The Chesapeake Experience has been reasonably successful with measurable reductions in phosphate and some other contaminants but recent analyses have identified NPS pollution as the culprit in potential failure to attain nitrogen reductions. The NPS loading could also be implicated as a major source for some heavy metals, organics, and sediments to the Chesapeake Bay. These NPS loadings may become a major impediment to attaining designated uses of water bodies, and there is a need for focus on the loading quantification of NPS. There are three areas which will impact the Chesapeake NPS program positively in the future: the Toxics Research Program, the Clean Air Act of 1990, and the implementation of a cultural change embracing a philosophy of total quality management. The need for cost- effective controls and innovative methods to accomplish NPS goals is obvious. Land use issues are local jurisdiction issues as well as state and federal issues, which leads to confusion and even conflict over program objectives and overlapping authority. There is a need to provide understanding, greater choice, and more individual responsibility to attain better environmental stewardship. Bequette, F. 1994. Inventing the urban future. UNESCO Courier, Iss: 5 Date: May 1994 p: 25-27. Summary: The next millenium will see immense, sprawling megacities with huge populations and even huger environmental problems. Creative solutions to the problems of urban ecology must be sought and implemented soon. Berg, V.H.; Clement, P.F. 1993. Stormwater Park Controls Runoff. Public Works, Vol. 124, No. 1, p 46-49, January. Summary: Maryland's Fairland Regional Park is a 434-acre park in Prince George's and Montgomery Counties, just northeast of Washington, DC. In the early 1980s, federal EPA studies of Chesapeake Bay pollution implicated the major tributaries flowing into the bay as pollution carriers, including the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers to which Fairland Park drainage flows. By the mid-1980s, expansion of the park had outstripped the park's two existing small temporary (dry) detention basins. In 1987, a series of stormwater management techniques were employed, creating a demonstration stormwater management system that has attracted much attention. The control techniques fall into three major areas: (1) sediment and erosion control; (2) stormwater management facilities to control runoff; and (3) natural or soft erosion control and stormwater pollution control methods. Included in the park are simple earth berms, sediment traps, vegetated areas, a bio-retention basin which uses vegetative filters, a shallow manmade marsh or wetland (29 acres), extended wet detention basin, infiltration trenches, stone dry wells, and porous pavement. Borden, R.T. 1992. The Greening of Greens. Civil Engineering (ASCE), Vol. 62, No. 10, p 55-57, October. Summary: The construction of new golf courses may be delayed while environmental issues are satisfied. It takes careful planning and design to keep fertilizers and pesticides from wreaking havoc on an established ecosystem, or to prevent migrating sediment and bulldozed soil from filling wetlands. When the Lowes Island Golf Course was developed on an island in the Potomac River northwest of Washington, DC, engineering services were sought. The site required significant regrading to protect the course from low-level floods and yet allow conveyance of a 100-year storm event and a wetland mitigation program designed with attention to storm-water runoff quality. Golf-course architects provided the layout with conceptual grading, landscaping and construction specifications for the greens and tees; engineers knowing local conditions were able to judge the impact on the environment. An environmental services firm was called in to delineate any wetland areas, based on soil, plant and water characteristics. A marsh was created at the downstream end of the island as the mitigation site, together with a seasonal marsh and a lake. These marshes and ponds will also help control the quality of storm-water runoff. Mitigation areas were planned to filter out much of the chemicals used to maintain the course. A firm was hired to develop a program of pesticide and fertilizer application, to select chemicals that would have limited persistence, toxicity and mobility, to suggest biological and mechanical pest controls to reduce the need for chemicals and to develop chemical handling guidelines. Since the site had to be regraded to increase the level of flood protection, historical data and flood profiles were obtained, and the approximate probability of flooding for various elevations were derived. A berm was constructed around the outside of the island with a flap valve to let water out but not in, and to ensure that no sediment, chemicals, grass clippings, or lost golf balls pollute the river. A clay liner was placed around the lakes to limit percolation of water or waterborne contaminants into the groundwater. The lakes and marshes were interconnected to discharge downstream of the water intake. The course is environmentally sound, as well as beautiful and playable. Brown, D.J. 1990. Michigan Groundwater Survey: A Cooperative Venture of Local Governments. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 268-269. Summary: The Michigan groundwater survey focused on the design and implementation of a computerized groundwater and geologic information management system. Thousands of well logs stored as paper copy in local health departments were converted into accessible electronic data files. County-wide baseline groundwater quality studies focusing on wells carefully chosen to characterize the aquifers in each county were designed and executed. Having computer accessible information available has allowed state and local agencies to better discharge their traditional responsibilities and to undertake new management activities. These range from well and septic system permitting and inspection to land use planning, zoning and groundwater management and protection. Baseline water quality can now be compared to new analyses to assess the degree of degradation in cases of possible contamination and preliminary site assessments can be performed with relative ease. Proposed new land uses can be evaluated more readily for their potential impact on groundwater quality. Couvert, B.; Lefebvre, B.; Lefort, P.; Morin, E. 1991. Research on Torrent Control Check Dams and Detention Areas (Etude Generale sur les Seuils de Correction Torrentielle et les Plages de Depots). Houille Blanche HOBLAB, No. 6, p 449-456. English summary. Summary: The Societe Grenobloise d'Etudes et d'Applications Hydrauliqes was entrusted by the Mountain Soil Conservation (RTM-- Restauration des Terrains en Montagne) service in the Savoy Region (France) and the Erosion Control Division of the Centre National du Machinisme Agricole, du Genie Rural, des Eaux et des Forets in Grenoble with the task of carrying out research on two modes of torrent control: RTM-type check dams, and detention areas where torrents discharge into valleys. Three major studies are being conducted: (1) A study of scouring at the downstream side of check dams, in order to optimize the design of the dams and their foundations. (2) An analysis of discharge upstream of the dam in order to determine peak flow rates of the torrent from measurements of water heights. (3) An investigation of the torrents' sediment-transport potential in order to determine the appropriate dimensions for detention areas. Debo, T.N.; Small, G.N. 1989. Detention Storage: Its Design and Use. Public Works, Vol. 120, No. 1, p 71-72, January. Summary: Urban development in many areas has resulted in downstream drainage and flooding problems. To cope with these problems, many municipalities are using stormwater detention storage facilities to temporarily store runoff and release it at a controlled rate of discharge. Some important design considerations for detention-storage facilities are discussed and a new computer model developed to aid in the design of these facilities is presented. Several elements should be closely considered when designing detention storage facilities. First, the inflow hydrograph should be carefully evaluated for the design storm(s) that will be used. Second, the volume of storage available within the detention facility should be calculated to determine how much runoff can be stored and to what extent the inflow peak can be decreased. Third, the outflow (discharge) structure should be accurately sized to discharge at the desired rate of flow from the facility to downstream areas. To prevent erosion problems, energy dissipators should be used at the exit from all detention facilities where high velocities could create downstream problems. Unless it can be routinely and economically maintained, even the most beautiful and useful detention facility will soon deteriorate until where it is no longer effective. A computer model, developed as part of the Chapel Hill, North Carolina, stormwater management program is called the HYDROS detention design model. This model greatly simplifies the design of detention facilities without sacrificing accuracy or reliability. DiChristina, M. 1996. The village green. Popular Science, Vol: 248 Iss: 1 Date: Jan 1996 p: 60-64. Summary: Former environmental activist Liz Walker is working with Joan Bokaer to design a community that is more environmentally conscientious than typical suburban subdivisions. The design and development of EcoVillage is examined. Elkington, John; Shopley, Jonathan. 1988. The shrinking planet : U.S. information technology and sustainable development. World Resources Institute, c1988 WRI paper, #3 "June 1988." Ellis, J.B.; Revitt, D.M.; Shutes, R.B.E.; Langley, J.M. 1994. 4. International Symposium On Highway Pollution, Madrid, (Spain). The performance of vegetated biofilters for highway runoff control. HIGHWAY POLLUTION. Hamilton,-R.S.; Revitt,-D.M.; Harrison,-R.M.; Monzon-de-Caceres,-A. (eds.) pp. 543-550. SCI- TOTAL-ENVIRON. vol. 146-147. Summary: The design of highway drainage in the UK traditionally has provided for the rapid removal of surface runoff from the carriageway. The most commonly used methods are through direct and positive discharges to the nearest watercourse (perhaps routed through a detention pond) or into a soakaway system. Such systems pay little attention to the potential loads generated from rainfall-runoff events or their possible impacts upon receiving waters. This paper reviews the potential use of vegetative systems as appropriate control measures for highway discharge pollution and discusses design options. The uptake of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), lead and zinc by five species of emergent macrophyte is discussed for a constructed experimental wetland receiving runoff from a large transit base and car parking area in Washington State, USA. The data suggest that Typha latifolia and Sparganium are the most suitable species for TPH, Pb and Zn uptake, storage and metabolism. Ferguson, B.K.; Deak, T. 1994. Role of urban storm flow volume in local drainage problems. J. WATER RESOUR. PLANN. MANAGE. vol. 120, no. 4, pp. 523-530. Summary: At culvert entrances and other drainage obstructions the area upstream of the obstruction acts as a reservoir, holding arriving runoff while earlier arriving waters are still passing through. Urban development in a watershed increases storm-flow volume and peak rate, increasing the potential accumulation of water and hence rising of stage and overflowing. Storm hydrographs with different flow volumes and peak rates were routed through a computer model of a culvert entrance, with the upstream area functioning as a reservoir. Maximum stage rose with increasing flow volume for more than half of the modeled combinations of conditions. Thus in an urbanizing watershed, for a wide range of conditions, the tendency to overflow at an obstruction increases unless volume of flow is suppressed, whether or not peak rate is suppressed by detention. Storm-water infiltration, which controls both flow volume and peak rate, would be a more complete solution. Storm-water management policy that is aimed to prevent overflows at drainage obstructions should consider flow volume control in addition to peak rate control. Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Taking Advantage of Stormwater Control Basins in Urban Landscapes. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 2, p 100-103, March/April. Summary: Flood control, base flow control, and water quality concerns frequently mandate storage and treatment of urban runoff. Consequently, urban developers have a new line item in their construction program. In addition to roads, houses, and parking lots, there must be some sort of runoff storage basin. It is possible to mold stormwater basins into integrated components of the urban landscape in ways that provide aesthetic, recreational, maintenance, economic, and ecological values. When used positively, stormwater basins can contribute to the human and natural environment. They can be sculpted, planted, contoured, and built of the right kinds of material on a site- specific basis. Any approach to design of stormwater basins must be flexible and creative. The broad views, intuition, and artistic imagination of urban design must be considered simultaneously with mathematical derivation of hydraulic and structural performance. In setting landscape patterns, designers can take into account the type of expected user; the position of the basin relative to roads, viewers, and houses; the need for active recreation versus passive scenery; the amount of space and water available; existing desirable or objectionable features; and the design character and variety of the overall site. Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 324-328, September/October. Summary: In urban areas, streams represent potential wildlife corridors, wetland multipliers of ecosystem integrity, scenic resources, recreational facilities close to home, and greenway links among neighborhoods and parks. California's Urban Stream Restoration Program was begun in 1985 to reduce damages from streambank and watershed instability and floods while restoring streams' aesthetic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values. The Boulder Creek Corridor Project in Colorado was adopted in 1985 to provide off-street pedestrian and bicycle transportation, preserve and enhance fish habitat and riparian wetland, expand recreational use, and maintain and improve flood-carrying capacity. San Antonio's Riverwalk is an intensely urban pedestrian commercial corridor, constantly being expanded and refined through continuing urban development. Urbanization tends to disrupt stream equilibrium in many ways. Urban clearing and construction temporarily intensify sediment yield to streams. To enhance stream amenity and ecology, landscape design provides options in land use designation, earth-forming, vegetation and use of construction materials through corridor reservation, bank treatment, geomorphic restoration, or grade control. Flow management has been one of the principal motivations for designing urban stream corridors in the past. Downstream flood peaks can be suppressed by reducing throughflow velocity; flood evaluations laterally adjacent to the stream can be lowered by increasing throughflow velocity. Any proposal for stream alteration or management should be investigated for its potential flow and stability effects on upstream, downstream and laterally adjacent areas. Ferguson, B.K. 1987. Water Conservation Methods in Urban Landscape Irrigation: An Exploratory Overview. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 1, p 147-152, February. Summary: The increasing use of irrigation for urban landscapes is causing new demands for efficient watering systems. Conservation techniques for irrigated agricultural fields cannot be applied to urban landscapes without amendment. This paper attempts to review methods of urban landscape water conservation in the context of the diversity and complexity of urban landscapes and the demands upon them for quality of the urban environment. A development's initial site layout and planting design fundamentally determine how much irrigation water will be required; the complexity and creativity inherent in urban design open a number of specific possibilities for reducing water demand. Irrigation hardware is then designed to deliver the required volume of water to the specified landscape efficiently by implementing a number of physical and operational principles. Maintenance of the finished development involves monitoring results and making adjustments as the plantings grow and develop. The potential for conserving urban irrigation water is large. Effective conservation need not compromise other qualities of the urban environment such as aesthetics, screening , or shade. Urban design can address both the kinds of landscapes people need, and minimal consumption of irrigation water. Galloway, R.M.; Whitfield, A.A. 1995. Parkway/M602 link: Lift bridge over the Manchester ship canal Paper 1. Background to and management of project. PROC. INST. CIV. ENG. STRUCT. BUILD. vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 149-160. Summary: Following a brief look at the history of Trafford Park and the establishment of the Urban Development Corporation, the Paper considers the need, justification and objectives of the link, which is the Corporation's priority highway scheme. Various route options considered during the planning stages of the scheme are reviewed, as are the funding arrangements and other approvals necessary. The paper then outlines the management arrangements for the project and the Corporation's procurement strategy for its construction. Before concentrating on the most interesting aspect of the scheme-the construction of a new low- level opening bridge across the Manchester Ship Canal-the paper briefly highlights the significant engineering aspects of the roadworks north and south of the bridge. The paper then addresses the engineering aspects with respect to the new bridge. Consideration is given to the technical options constraints. The background to the method of procurement for the bridge contract is discussed together with the particular aspects of the tender brief and contract documentation. The method of assessing the tenders on the basis of whole life costs is also covered. The paper discusses the particular aspects of the successful tender and then addresses the design development stage, including refinement of the proposals, through to construction stage, including the role of the Engineer in this Design and Construction Contract. Harowitz, S. 1992. A Garden That Will Shrink Your Water Bill. Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine,Vol: 46 Iss: 5 Date: May 1992 p: 106. Summary: The latest idea in drought-resistant landscaping is Xeriscaping. The new form of gardening that will save money in water bills is discussed. Jaeggi, M.N.R. 1989. Channel Engineering and Erosion Control. Alternatives in Regulated River Management. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. 1989. p 163-183. Summary: For many years, there has been a conflict between maximizing flood protection and keeping rivers in a comparatively natural state. However, a number of attempts have been made to establish design rules that take into account both safety measures and environmental arguments. Rehabilitation has become a new activity involving returning a technically perfect but sterile river channel into something more natural. Recent projects described here that show how safety and environmental aspects of channel engineering can be combined in a complementary fashion; regulation of the Alpine Rhine in Switzerland is emphasized. Projects on the Emme River, Ova de Bernina, and at the mouth of the Reuss River also are considered. Traditional river training schemes followed Tulla 's rule (circa 1820) that ' no river needs more than one channel. ' Consequences of this type of training could include aggradation or erosion. In regulation of the Alpine Rhine, erosion was a problem. Alternative approaches utilize bank vegetation, drop structures, and nonconventional channel engineering (channel elongation (i.e., meandering courses) or channel widening). Regulating rivers is an ongoing task because of the inevitable repetition of flood events. Concepts that worked well for decades, because they were designed for the conditions immediately after the first regulation, may fail when long-term effects become predominant. Such long-term effects may be the cessation of sediment supply from the river bed, which must happen if equilibrium conditions are to be reached, or the advancement of a delta. Straightening and narrowing of rivers has proved an extremely effective method for flood-proofing channels. However, if bed armoring does not occur, drop structures must be built to prevent overdeepening. A realistic alternative to building an extreme number of drop structures is to provide a certain number of wide braided reaches. This alternative has clear ecological advantages. Johnson, P.A.; McCuen, R.H.; Hromadka, T.V. 1991. Debris Basin Policy and Design. Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 123, No. 1/2, p 83- 95, February. Summary: Debris flows cause considerable property damage and loss of life. The debris basin is a widely used control alternative, for which accurate design methods are not available. Thus, there is a need for a systematic design procedure, as well as a practical basis for establishing policy elements. A design procedure that accounts for seasonal volumes of debris has been developed. The choice of the design return period and burn interval, both of which are important policy elements, is a function of the hazard level associated with failure. The monitoring and maintenance of debris basins are also important policy elements. The frequency of monitoring a basin to ensure adequate storage is a function of the potential hazard presented by a debris flow to the area downstream of the basin, as well as the precipitation, the frequency of burning in the watershed, and the drainage area. A procedure for estimating the temporal accumulation of debris was developed so that public agencies will know when to monitor and dredge each debris basin in their jurisdiction. The adoption of rational design methods and policy elements relating to debris basins should minimize the risk of failure of the basins. Jones, J.E. 1990. Multipurpose Stormwater Detention Ponds. Public Works, Vol. 121, No. 13, p 52-53, December. Summary: Multipurpose detention pond concepts for both ' wet ' ponds (those that maintain water permanently) and ' dry ' ponds (those that retain stormwater briefly during and after floods) are summarized. Regardless of the specific functions that the designer attempts to fulfill, the pond must be: (1) safe, from the standpoint of public visitors or users of the facility; (2) hydrologically and hydraulically sound; (3) maintainable at low cost; (4) structurally sound if a severe flood occurs, possibly up to the probable maximum flood; and (5) pleasant to view; considered an asset rather than a nuisance. Specific purposes for stormwater detention ponds other than runoff containment include: (a) water quality enhancement; (b) enhanced property values and community focal points; (c) wildlife habitat enhancement; and (d) active recreational potential. Unfortunately, many ponds are built because a developer had to demonstrate that ' post- development discharges will not exceed pre-development discharges. ' Detention pond design needs to be for more than this. It is incumbent upon the drainage designer to evaluate multiple purpose objectives for wet and dry stormwater detention ponds. Lancaster, T. 1993. Erosion and Sediment Control on a Light Railway System. Public Works, Vol. 124, No. 7, p 60, June. Summary: A light rail system was recently constructed between East St. Louis, Illinois, and the St. Louis International Airport. Spatial limitations for right-of-way construction through downtown St. Louis proposed special challenges for both the design engineering firm and the general contractor. Over 14 miles of existing right-of-ways would be excavated into large depressions to allow the light rail cars to pass. The 2:1, 80-ft side slopes required in the design needed immediate slope stabilization with a double net straw fiber erosion blanket, as calculated by special computer software. Easy installation and durable yet lightweight construction of the straw fiber blanket enabled the exceptional 333-sq-yd per man hour application rate. The blankets eliminated any need for regrading eroded areas, reseeding and fertilizing, and removing sediment from the gravel track beds on the light rail project. The erosion blankets continued to function beneath the establishing stands of grass through the fall and winter months, promoting permanent stability and preventing sediment runoff into the rail beds. Lelen, K. 1996, June 22. ELEMENTS OF STYLE: BUILDERS FIND NEO- TRADITIONAL DESIGNS HAVE THEIR LIMITS. Washington Post, Final Edition. Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Despite the limited buyer appeal of neo-traditional towns that embody the latest ideas in suburban development, Washington DC- area builders are giving picket fences, front porches and other neighbor-friendly amenities fresh scrutiny for their more traditional projects elsewhere. Leuschner, C.; Scherer, B. 1989. Fundamentals of an Applied Ecosystem Research Project in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig Holstein. Helgolaender Meeresuntersuchungen, Vol. 43, No. 3/4, p 565-574. Summary: The aims, content and organizational structure of a proposed interdisciplinary ecosystem research project in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein (West Germany) are briefly presented. The project will include research on both fundamental as well as applied aspects of the Wadden Sea ecosystems and their interaction with local human activities. In contrast to most of the other completed or currently running ecosystem research projects on tidal coasts, a considerable part of the scientific work will also deal with aspects of ecosystem management and protection of the various marine and semiterrestrial habitats of the Wadden Sea. Considerable attention is paid to theoretical and methodological aspects of research on ecosystems and landscape units. In particular, the adoption of a hierarchical view of complex biological and environmental systems is recommended. Lewis, R.K. 1996, June 15. SHAPING THE CITY - NEW URBANIST' CHARTER RETURNS TO OLD-FASHIONED ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Roger K. Lewis comments on the Congress for New Urbanism's new charter, which was signed by several hundred architects and urban designers in 1996 at a meeting in Charleston SC. Lewis, R. K. 1995, March 4. SHAPING THE CITY - PLANNERS TAKE NOTE: THERE'S A FUTURE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION FOR CITIES. Washington Post, Final Edition,Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Roger K. Lewis discusses a presentation by Richard Moe, president of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, to the US Conference of Mayors, commenting on the premise that historic preservation can play a significant role as a framework for public policy and a tool for implementation. Lindsey, G.; Roberts, L.; Page, W. 1992. Maintenance of Stormwater BMPs in Four Maryland Counties: A Status Report. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 47, No. 5, p 417- 422, September/October. Summary: In Maryland, the 1982 Stormwater Management Act and supporting regulations mandate that all local jurisdictions establish regulatory stormwater programs that require developers to provide structural best management practices (BMPs) on essentially all new development sites, to control the two-year and 10-year, 24-hour storms. However, previous studies in Maryland and elsewhere have shown that maintenance of stormwater structures often is deferred or inadequate. Field inspections were made of more than 250 stormwater facilities in four counties in Maryland. The types of facilities inspected included dry basins, wet and extended detention basins, infiltration basins and trenches, dry wells, underground storage facilities, and vegetated swales. Four trained inspectors evaluated performance (inappropriate ponding of water, slow infiltration, incorrect flow patterns, clogging of facility, excessive sediment or debris, water bypassing facility, design shortcomings, structural failures, erosion at intake or outfall) and maintenance criteria (facility functioning as designed, quantity controlled as designed, quality benefits produced by ability, enforcement action needed, maintenance action needed) for each facility. While most (64%) of the facilities were found to be functioning as designed, many needed maintenance, especially to correct excessive sediment and debris problems. Inspectors believed that enforcement action was warranted at many sites. The condition of different types of facilities varied significantly. Several models were used to explain results, including a series of chi-square tests to determine the independence of facility status and objective and subjective variables. Overall, the investigations documented the need for improved inspection and maintenance by stormwater management regulatory authorities. Livingston, E. H. 1989. Use of Wetlands for Urban Stormwater Management. In Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea Michigan. 1989. p 253-262. Summary: Use of wetlands for urban stormwater management should not be considered a panacea. Little scientific information is available concerning the short-term or long-term effects on wetlands, their natural functions, or associated fauna from the addition of stormwater. Most water quality effects of stormwater result from ' first flush. ' In Florida, this corresponds to the first 2.5 cm of rainfall, which carries 90% of the pollution load from a storm event. Pretreatment removes heavy sediment loads and other pollutants such as hydrocarbons that can damage the wetland. Pretreatment also attenuates stormwater volumes and peak discharge rates to maintain the wetland hydroperiod and reduce scour and erosion. Wetland plants have specific tolerances to levels and types of pollutants. Polluted stormwater contains increased nutrients, which may change the plant community. Since new dominants reflect more efficient use of added nutrients or are more tolerant to pollutants, the plant changes should benefit pollutant removal. In 1982, Maryland legislation required development of stormwater management regulations to ensure that stormwater from new developments was treated to reduce the pollutant discharged to receiving water. The same year, the Florida Stormwater Rule was implemented, requiring all newly constructed stormwater discharges to use appropriate best management practices (BMPs) to treat the first flush of runoff. Vegetated systems, wet detention, or wetlands are commonly used BMPs. Wetlands have great potential to help solve stormwater management problems. However, more information is needed to ascertain possible effects on wetlands and their fauna from addition of untreated stormwater. Little is known about the potential for bioaccumulation of heavy metals or other toxics typical of stormwater. Monitoring of wetland stormwater systems also is essential to determine relations between design variables and pollutant removal efficiency. Lowery, M. 1994. Cleveland: A model for urban revitalization. Black Enterprise, Vol: 24 Iss: 10 Date: May 1994 p: 50-51. Summary: Cleveland has become a model for urban revitalization, and political battles have ensured that African-American businesses share in the prosperity. The city's growth is discussed. Mayor Michael R. White is profiled. Marchand, M.; Marteijn, E.C.L.; Bakonyi, P. 1995. International Conference On Integrated Water Resources, Management, Amsterdam (Nether). Policy analysis as a tool for habitat restoration: A case study of a Danube River floodplain, Hungary. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,-S.H.; Gulati,-R.D.; Van-Liere,-L.; Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) pp. 179- 186. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL. vol. 31, no. 8. Summary: This paper will elaborate a policy analysis approach especially designed for habitat restoration. It will be illustrated by a case study example of a floodplain area along the Danube river, Hungary. The case study used hydrodynamic and water quality models and expertise from a range of disciplines. This made it possible to unravel the complex relations between the environment and human interventions. Crucial was the participation of local experts in the design and screening of measures, as well as the feedback from local interest groups at several occasions during the project. This resulted in the formulation of rehabilitation ideas, most of which have hitherto not been discussed. The combination of creative thinking with practical possibilities and limitations has been worked out in a cyclic process from which three different alternatives emerged. These have been analyzed for their feasibility with regard to the goals to be achieved, their costs and their impacts on other interests. Maristany, A.E.; Bartel, R.L. 1989. Wetlands and Stormwater Management: A Case Study of Lake Munson. Part I: Long Term Treatment Efficiencies. Wetlands: Concerns and Successes. Proceedings of a Symposium held September 17-22 1989, Tampa, Florida. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1989. p 215-229. Summary: The use of wetlands or wet detention ponds for stormwater management represents a relatively new approach that has been successfully applied in recent years to address water quality problems in urban areas. Since most systems have been in operation for only a few years, questions have been raised concerning their long-term performance. It has been speculated that once these systems reach a state of dynamic equilibrium, nutrient removal may decline due to the reduced nutrient uptake of a mature ecosystem. A recent study was conducted by the Northwest Florida Management District of a 255 acre wetland/lake system which has received wastewater effluent and storm water discharges for over 30 years. Nutrient and pollutant removal rates were estimated for a wide range of parameters based on concurrent sampling of stormwater inflows, outflows and lake water quality. Long-term removal rates for Lake Munson, Florida, compared favorably with rates reported for relatively new facilities. An important conclusion from this study is that wet detention systems designed for minimum treatment storage capacity and which are not properly maintained, will experience significant water quality problems due to eutrophication. It would be advisable to increase storage capacity beyond the point of diminishing returns by either deepening the pond or expanding its surface area to prevent the pond from being overwhelmed by typical storm events as is the case with Lake Munson. The average storm event replaces the entire wet detention volume in the lake. A better design criteria would be to provide twice the volume if the average storm event in order to reduce the impact of any one storm on pond water quality. Drawdowns should also be implemented on a periodic basis as part of the over all maintenance program in order to stabilize bottom sediments and reduce the amount of orthophosphorous released from the sediments to the water column. Mayer, C.E. 1995, April 29. THE SHRINKING OF THE AMERICAN LAWN; FOR REASONS OF BUSINESS AND PLEASURE, A LOT OF THE GREEN IS GONE. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: A SECTION p: 1. Summary: The lawn, that unique status symbol of suburbia and homeownership is slowly but steadily shrinking. If it is not harried homeowners cutting back to minimize maintenance, it is the nation's homebuilders erecting larger houses on ever smaller lots, leaving little, if any room, for grass. Mazich, J.P.; Pysher, T.R.; Mather, M.N.; Kibler, D.F. 1990. Municipal Stormwater Management Ordinance Development and Implementation in Pennsylvania. IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1990 National Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 500-505. Summary: Successful implementation of a basin-wide stormwater management strategy can only be accomplished by paying careful attention to the content of a new basin-wide stormwater management ordinance, and by uniformly and rigorously enforcing the regulations contained in that ordinance. The elements/provisions that should be included in the ordinance are: applicability and compatibility with other municipal regulations; statement of purpose; definitions; general drainage plan requirements; performance standards; design criteria; acceptable calculation methodology; drainage plan contents; plan submission, review, and approval processes; inspection and as-built survey requirements; municipal fees; and maintenance requirements. The developers of an ordinance must be specific enough in defining allowable approaches to preparing drainage plans that there is no question over the intent of the regulations or the means used to implement them. The relationship between the requirements of the ordinance and those of outside approving agencies must be delineated. Three major problems can develop during implementation of a basin-wide stormwater management ordinance: non-uniformity of application, role of authority in issuing approvals, and non-uniformity of release rates. It is important that these problems be foreseen and addressed within the ordinance. While basin-wide stormwater management can bring new administrative headaches, it is critical to insuring sound water resources management. McArthur, B.H. 1989. Use of Isolated Wetlands in Florida for Stormwater Treatment. Wetlands: Concerns and Successes. Proceedings of a Symposium held September 17-22 1989, Tampa, Florida. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1989. p 185-193. Summary: The Florida Department of Regulation (FDER) under Chapter 84-79, Laws or Florida, the Warren S. Henderson Wetland Protection Act of 1984 and Chapters 40D-4 and 17-25 of the Florida Administration Code (FAC) provide for the use of isolated wetlands for the treatment of stormwater runoff. Wetlands in the past have been used for disposal of treated effluent but prior to October 1, 1984 wetlands have not been permitted through the state agencies to receive direct discharge of untreated stormwater runoff from developments. This concept allows for the incorporation of isolated wetlands into stormwater management plans and has provided incentive for the preservation of wetlands within a development. It is the intent of this concept to show that with proper design, a wetland can be used to treat stormwater runoff by natural means without damaging or significantly altering the existing ecosystems. Research ha shown that the addition of stormwater can help ensure the maintenance of existing hydroperiods and provide additional nutrients which could increase the productivity of the wetland. Stabilizing the ecosystem can improve wildlife habitat and provide an enhancement of the aesthetic value of the wetland and the development. This paper discusses stormwater treatment in isolated wetlands with emphasis on the continuing research in Florida, and includes: (1) the rules and regulations set forth by the State of Florida, (2) detention times and the benefits to water quality, (3) sampling procedures to insure water quality standards, and (4) the design of a pilot project to be used by the state to set and check compliance with standards. McCann, K.; Olson, L. 1994. 14 Annual International Symposium Of The North American, Lake M. Pollutant removal efficiencies of the Greenwood Urban Wetland stormwater treatment system. LAKE RESERV. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 97. Summary: The Greenwood Urban Wetland treats stormwater runoff from a 522 acre sub-basin in downtown Orlando. Thirteen acres of ponds with a 25 to 30 ft. wide littoral shelf, a sediment control basin, pond aeration and an irrigation system reusing stormwater were incorporated into the design for pollutant removal efficiencies. The City conducted a study on the Greenwood Urban Wetland to determine the pollutant removal efficiency of the sediment trap and overall treatment system in removing pollutants associated with stormwater runoff. Results of the study indicated that the sediment trap removed total phosphorus and orthophosphate at a removal efficiency of 11.4% and 7.4% respectively. The sediment trap removal total nitrogen and nitrate at removal efficiencies of 4% and 16% but exported ammonia and nitrite with removals of - 109% and -76%. Cadmium, copper and lead were removed in the sediment trap at removal efficiencies of 26%, 19% and 10% respectively. Zinc was exported with a removal efficiency of - 5%. The overall removal efficiency of the wetland system was reduced due to high groundwater inflows. Total phosphorus and orthophosphate had removal efficiencies of 70% and 81% respectively. Nitrogen was removed a efficiency with data indicating removal of total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite at removal efficiencies of 13%, 16%, 6% and 10% respectively. Cadmium, lead and zinc were removed in the wetland at removal efficiencies of 33%, 60% and 35%. Copper was exported at a rate of -4%. Moglen, G.E.; McCuen, R.H. 1990. Economic Framework for Flood and Sediment Control with Detention Basins. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 1, p 145-156, February. Summary: A framework for combining economic factors and the hydrology of detention basins is provided. The general development of economic production functions for water quality (sediment) and flood control is examined. Example production functions are generated to compare water quality (sediment control only) and flood control. For the given example, the design of a detention basin for downstream sediment control is economically unwarranted. When compared to onsite detention facilities, regional detention structures appear to be more practical from an economic standpoint for water quality control. Since sediment was the only water quality parameter assessed, it is entirely possible that the design of a detention basin for water quality control would be justified if the effects of all pollutants of concern could be quantified. The benefits that result from trapping pollutants, including sediment, are one of the most difficult elements of the water quality production function to assess. The estimation of benefits of instream flow is a relatively new area of investigation. Public goods, or non- marketed resources, are difficult to assess, in part, because of the many beneficiaries involved and because many of the benefits are value-based. The benefits are also a function of the flow level, with greater water quality benefits accruing during low flows, which compounds the problem of estimation. Mutunayagam, N. Brito; Bahrami, Ali. 1987. Cartography and site analysis with microcomputers : a programming guide for physical planning, urban design, and landscape architecture. Aug; New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold. Odgaard, A.J.; Wang, Y. 1990. Sediment Management with Submerged Vanes. IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1990 National Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 963-968. National Science Foundation Grant No. CTS-8611147; Highway Research Board of the Iowa Department of Transportation Grant Nos. HR-255, HR-274, and HR-307; United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, through the Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute Project No. G- 1017-03. Summary: Submerged vanes are small river training structures used for protection of streambanks against erosion and for amelioration of shoaling problems in navigation channels, at water intakes, in bridge crossings, and at diversions. The submerged vanes are installed on the streambed at an angle of attack of 15-25 degrees with the flow. Their initial height is 0.2-0.4 times local water depth at design stage, and their length is 3-4 times their height. By generating secondary circulation in the flow, the vanes alter the distribution of bed shear stresses across the river channel and cause a redistribution of flow velocity and depth. The theory relates this redistribution to the parameters of the vane system. To facilitate design, a number of graphs have been prepared showing calculated changes in flow depth at the bank as a function of the basic vane parameters (vane height, aspect ratio, angle of incidence, vane submergence, lateral and longitudinal vane spacings, and vane-to- bank distance) and flow and sediment parameters (pre-vane cross- sectional acreage flow depth, velocity, resistance, channel width-depth ratio and radius-width ratio, and sediment Froude number). The design procedure is as follows: (1) determine bankfull-flow variables; (2) calculate the resistance parameter, Froude number, depth-width ratio, and width-radius ratio; (3) define desired maximum change of depth to be achieved by the vane system; (4) select vane dimensions and angle of attack, and calculate vane submergence-depth ratio and aspect ratio; (5) enter appropriate graph and determine (read) the number of vanes per array required to obtain the desired value of the maximum change of depth; and (6) select other vane dimensions and enter the appropriate graphs to determine if the objective can be met with more favorable designs and layouts. Both laboratory and field experience show that these relationships, and hence the design procedure established, are valid. Pearthree, M.S.; Wise, J.S. 1988. Living with Floodplains: Land Development in Arizona. Floodplain Harmony. The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center Institute of Behavioral Science No. 6, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 1988. p 260-267. Summary: Flood hazards in southern Arizona, where the Phoenix and Tuscon metropolitan areas are located, occur in two distinct riverine settings: (1) overbank inundation and channel meandering along major watercourses; and (2) shallow sheet flooding of alluvial fan areas and of low-lying areas dominated by braided channel systems. High population growth has necessitated rapid development of flood plain management regulatory policies and drainage design criteria. Flood plain encroachment, channel stabilization, and maintenance of natural flood plain methods have been successfully employed in areas of overbank inundation and channel meandering along major watercourses. Flood plain encroachment, channel/parkway schemes, and maintenance of existing wildlife corridors and riparian habitats within flood plain regions have been successfully employed in alluvial fan areas and braided channel systems. The projects cited have been developed with the idea of managing floodwaters while enhancing existing environmental and water resources. The coordination and interaction required between the public, agencies, developers, and engineers throughout the planning and design phases of these projects were of major importance. Porter, M.E. 1995. The rise of the urban entrepreneur. Inc., Vol: 17 Iss: 7 Date: May 16, 1995 p: 104-119. Summary: The time for revitalizing the inner city is now. Porter examines the failures of existing urban policy and lays out a blueprint for the economic revitalization of US cities. Propson, T.P. 1980. Urbanization Effects and the Control of the Surface Runoff Process in Small Watersheds. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield VA 22161 as PB80-222813, Price codes: A05 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Water Resources Institute, South Dakota State University, Brookings, Completion Report, June 1980. OWRT-B-034- SDAK (1), 14-34-0001-3842. Summary: An approach to the solution of urban runoff problems that has gradually evolved and gained in popularity during the past few years is the ' greenway ' or ' greenbelt ' approach. To facilitate the determination of the flood-plain zone (the greenway) for small watersheds, a new urban runoff model, the Rapid City Runoff Model (RCRM) has been developed which, while lacking the broad flexibility of the more sophisticated models, is less wasteful in terms of computer storage, compilation time, and cost of data preparation. We believe that RCRM is an urban runoff simulation model which provides for a greater level of hydraulic accuracy than the less sophisticated models while remaining at a level of sophistication compatible with established practice, and with minimum data collection and preparation time. This model is based upon urban hydrology principals developed by the Soil Conservation Service and has been refined to include: (1) up to 63 subbasins within a major drainage basin; (2) a sophisticated technique for identification of each subbasin which establishes the drainage pattern of the main basin; (3) a more realistic and accurate method of modeling the hydrologic characteristics of natural drainage channels; and (4) the capability to predict the extent of lateral inundation produced by the design peak discharges. Pysher, T.R.; Kibler, D.F.; Mather, M.N.; Mazich, J.P. 1990. Basin Wide Stormwater Management in Pennsylvania: A Case Study of Hydrologic Performance Standards. IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1990 National Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 1197-1202. Summary: The Pennsylvania Stormwater Management Act, passed in 1978, mandated the implementation of basin-wide hydrologic performance standards to manage increases in stormwater runoff caused by development. These performance standards take the form of 'release rates' and are developed using hydrologic computer models. This basin-wide approach to stormwater management considers the impact of increased runoff on downstream areas; therefore, it is more comprehensive than conventional on-site stormwater management that maintains post-development peak discharges at pre-development levels. A case study of the Little Plum Run watershed in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, provides a practical application of release rates. A sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the effect of various hydrologic computer model input parameters on release rates for the Little Plum Run watershed. For hydrologic analysis, the watershed was divided into ten subareas and completed using the Penn State Runoff Model (PSRM), which developed design storm specific release rates for each subarea. The sensitivity of seven different PSRM input parameters (overland length, overland slope, Manning's roughness coefficient for pervious surfaces, runoff curve number, initial abstraction, ratio of in-bank to out-of-bank velocity, and channel travel time) on subarea release rates was tested through application of PSRM to the Little Plum watershed for existing land use conditions. It was found that channel travel time was the most sensitive parameter for determining subarea release rates (maximum bias of -0.17 and maximum standard error of 0.22). The results of this sensitivity analysis are not necessarily applicable to other watersheds or other hydrologic analysis techniques; however, the significance of channel travel time accuracy in estimating flow travel time throughout a watershed is important for establishing basin-wide hydrologic performance standards. Rippey, B. 1990. Implications for the Design of Artificial Lakes of a Study of the Craigavon Lakes. Water Research, Vol. 24, No. 9, p 1085-1089, September. Summary: Two linked artificial lakes in the new town of Craigavon in Northern Ireland are used for both stormwater management and recreation. The eutrophic lakes have not only fulfilled their engineering function of preventing flooding from urban runoff but the water quality has been high enough to allow recreation on and beside them. A study of water quality has shown that phosphorus loading-trophic state models apply to these artificial lakes. These models may be able to be used elsewhere to achieve optimum design and acceptable water quality. The phosphorus loading-trophic state models may be used to explore how water quality varies with lake depth and decide if the costs of excavation of deeper lakes are justified. When deciding which areas should drain to an artificial lake, estimates of the water quality can be made and the best solution chosen. The high cost of excavating lakes means that most of the lakes will be fairly shallow. The growth of macrophytes in the shallow lakes can be controlled by yearly mechanical cutting. Salant, K. 1996, June 15. HOUSEWATCH - UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGNS YIELD UNUSUAL PRICES, STANDARD FEATURES. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Katherine Salant discusses back-to-back town house projects in the Germantown area of Montgomery County MD, saying that the $130,000 price range and standard features have appealed to first-time home buyers. Scatena, P.N. 1990. Selection of Riparian Buffer Zones in Humid Tropical Steeplands. IN: Research Needs and Applications to Reduce Erosion and Sedimentation in Tropical Steeplands. IAHS Publication No. 192. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Washington, DC. 1990. p 328-337. Summary: The use of riparian protection zones in forestry operations is based on the premise that the structure of the riparian zone has a controlling influence on the environmental conditions of the aquatic habitat. In the design of riparian protection zones, maximized environmental benefits can be met by minimizing changes in light, temperature, sediment and channel morphology within the riparian zone; and reducing offside exports of sediment and nutrients by providing storage sites adjacent to the stream channel. The determination of effective buffer width and extent has typically been established by establishing and protecting the minimum area contributing the runoff, and by determining the sediment trapping efficiency of the vegetative strip. Both the watershed area and commercial basal areal area increases geometrically as smaller and smaller channels are protected. Due to the relatively high stream channel densities in tropical steeplands, protection of intermittent channels is economically prohibitive. Furthermore, since storm runoff is dominated by channelized flow from intermittent swales, and the steep channel margins cannot store large volumes of sediment, the sediment trapping efficiency of these buffers is greatly reduced. Delimiting buffers on the presence of herbaceous vegetation provides both a practical and ecologically sound solution to buffer selection. Since herbaceous layers are a diagnostic feature of these riparian zones, buffers based on their presence should reduce changes to ecological characteristics of the system. Schor, H.J.; Gray, D.H. 1995. Landform grading and slope evolution. J. GEOTECH. ENG. vol. 121, no. 10, pp. 729-735. Summary: Transportation corridors and residential developments in steep terrain both require that some grading be carried out to accommodate roadways and building sites. The manner in which this grading is planned and executed and the nature of the resulting topography or landforms that are created affect not only the visual or aesthetic impact of the development but also the long-term stability of the slopes and effectiveness of landscaping and revegetation efforts. Conventionally graded slopes can be characterized by essentially planar slope surfaces with constant gradients. Most slopes in nature, however, consist of complex landforms covered by vegetation that grows in patterns that are adjusted to hillside hydrogeology. Analysis of slope-evolution models reveals that a planar slope in many cases is not an equilibrium configuration. Landform-graded slopes on the other hand mimic stable natural slopes and are characterized by a variety of shapes, including convex and concave forms. Downslope drains either follow natural drop lines in the slope or are hidden from view in swale-and-berm combinations. Landscaping plants are placed in patterns that occur in nature as opposed to random or artificial configurations. The relatively small increase in the costs of engineering and design for landform grading are more than offset by improved visual and aesthetic impact, quicker regulatory approval, decreased hillside maintenance and sediment removal costs, and increased marketability and public acceptance. Smith, L.G.; Carlisle, T.J.; Meek, S.N. 1993. Implementing Sustainability: the Use Of Natural Channel Design and Artificial Wetlands for Stormwater Management. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 37, No. 4, p 241-257, April. Summary: Sustainability is a concept that has been widely embraced both politically and intellectually but has not been addressed in terms of practical application. In most resource sectors, the features of a sustainable future remain unclear and there are few examples that give practical expression to sustainability. This deficiency has been addressed on two counts: (1) the application of the concept to the management of water resources; and (2) how the concept can be utilized for the management and planning of urban stormwater. Natural channel design and artificial wetlands represent an innovative approach to stormwater management in that they provide benefits for the natural environment. Rather than thinking of created wetlands and natural channels as techniques for the single purpose of stormwater management, the designs are more accurately thought of as a concept. Integral features of this concept include its potential for maintaining or enhancing terrestrial and aquatic habitat and its use of an integrated approach to stormwater management. The practical application of these designs is limited in the North American context. Preliminary research indicates that some impediments include the negative attitudes of developers and planners, the complexity of storm drainage plan approval processes, local government skepticism, legal liability and overall inexperience with the designs. Sturm, T.W.; Kirby, R.E. 1991. Sediment Reduction in Urban Stormwater Runoff From Construction Sites. Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB92-178243. Price codes: A06 in paper copy, A02 in microfiche. Environmental Resources Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Report No. ERC 04-91, June 1991. USGS Contract No. 14-08-0001-G1556. USGS Project No. G1556-06. Summary: Current design criteria and best-management practices for controlling sediment in runoff from construction sites were evaluated in response to Georgia legislation which established an effluent limit on turbidity. The research approach has been two-pronged with an analysis of field data collected by Georgia EPD and of numerical data generated by a computer simulation model. The field data were collected at landfill sites which had a sediment basin. Regression relations between suspended solids in mg/L and turbidity in NTU were developed for each landfill site and were found to be dependent on the soil types at each site. The probability of meeting the turbidity discharge standard is dependent on rainfall characteristics, the hydrologic condition and size of the watershed contributing to the receiving stream, soil properties and soil conservation measures on the disturbed watershed, and the sediment basin design. Computer simulation results were obtained from the model SEDCAD+ for disturbed watersheds with sediment basins designed according to the Georgia Erosion and Sediment Control Manual. The results showed that sediment basins can be very effective in reducing suspended sediment in construction-site runoff. However, for a disturbed area with significant soil-conservation treatment, the peak sediment concentration in the sediment-basin outflow exceeded the undisturbed peak concentration for a meadow land use. For an undisturbed land use of 1/3 agriculture, 1/3 woods, and 1/3 pasture, disturbed sediment concentrations in the sediment-basin outflow were less than the undisturbed values. Sediment-basin trap efficiencies obtained from the numerical model varied from 45% for the clay loam soil to 80% for the sandy loam soil. The trap efficiencies decreased with increases in surface loading rate. The numerical results suggest that an improvement in the design criteria for sediment basins would be to re-define the surface loading rate and to specify lower allowable values for soils with high percentages of clay. The numerical results also quantitatively demonstrate the importance of applying soil conservation measures so as to prevent as much sediment as possible from ever reaching the sediment basin. Theisen, M.S. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort Collin. The expanding role of geosynthetics in erosion and sediment control. PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.; Nordstrom,-S.K.; Keammerer,- W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST. pp. 150-170. COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71. Summary: The use of geosynthetic erosion and sediment materials continues to expand at a rapid pace. From their early beginnings in the late 1950's, geosynthetic materials today are the backbone of the erosion and sediment control industry. Geosynthetic components are an integral part of erosion and sediment materials ranging from temporary products such as hydraulic mulch geofibers, plastic erosion control meshes and nettings, erosion control blankets and silt fences to high performance turf reinforcement mats, geocellular confinement systems, erosion control geotextiles, fabric formed revetments and concrete block systems. This paper provides a brief overview of these materials and concepts, and how they may be designed and incorporated into cost effective applications. Viladas, P. 1992. The Urbane Village. House & Garden, Vol: 164 Iss: 7 Date: Jul 1992 p: 38-39. Summary: A different kind of community taking shape in Windsor FL, a resort village designed in the urban tradition of the Caribbean, is profiled. The resulting village will have courtyard and garden houses resembling those of historic Charleston NC and Saint Augustine FL. Vivian, J. 1995. The secrets of low tech plumbing. Mother Earth News, Iss: 150 Date: Jun 1995 p: 34-38+. Summary: Low-cost, low-impact, low-energy rain catchments and cisterns, water rams and solar pumps, along with a dose of plain old- fashioned water conservation, will allow one to take control of the water supply and wet-waste disposal systems. The secrets of low-tech plumbing are discussed. Williams, D.T.; Austin, D.N. 1995. PC based design of channel protection using permanent geosynthetic reinforcement mattings. LAND WATER 1995 vol. 39, pp. 11-14. Summary: New erosion and sediment control legislation, coupled with enhanced public awareness toward environmental issues, has led to a rapid increase in the use of flexible geosynthetic lining systems as lining materials in inland waterways. These materials are being selected as alternatives to rigid linings because of several advantages they offer. Geosynthetic mattings: 1. Allow vegetative establishment, 2. Extend performance limits of natural vegetation, 3. Conform to uneven subgrades, 4. Are easy to install, 5. Impede water flow/capture sediment, 6. Promote infiltration/groundwater recharge, 7. Reduce sediment transport, and 8. Offer greater than 50% cost savings. This article describes the procedures used for the hydraulic analyses and selection of a permanent geosynthetic matting as channel lining materials featured in a new computer program. Yates, D.; Lormand, J. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar. Revegetation of highway impacts Provo Canyon, Utah US 189 Murdock Water Diversion to Upper Falls Park. PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.; Nordstrom,-S.K.; Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST. pp. 281-284. INF.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71. Summary: This exhibit describes the revegetation design for the areas affected by highway construction along US 189 through scenic Provo Canyon, east of the Cities of Provo and Orem, Utah. The landscape design goal was to establish native plant materials on highway cut and fill slopes. Grading techniques, such as slope molding and rock cut sculpting were used to provide a more natural appearance to the impacted terrain. Wetland permitting and mitigation design for 4.5 acres of wetland was also included. A separate recreation path was designed from two miles of an abandoned railroad right-of-way. The public involvement in this project played a critical role in bringing the design process to a successful conclusion. At the time Parson's De Leuw, Inc. became involved, the project was shut down under a court injunction. Parson's De Leuw established the Provo Canyon Design Advisory Committee (PCDAC), a group of concerned citizens to redevelop the project with a design that addressed the public's concerns. Yazdani, N.; Ycaza, I.D. 1995. Multi agency integrated code for coastal construction. J. COAST. RES. vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 899- 903. Summary: The population growth in the State of Florida has created an increase in development along the shoreline in recent years. Owners have to comply with building and zoning codes, manuals, local standards, and other guidelines to obtain coastal construction permit. These guidelines were prepared by either federal, regional, or state agencies. Also, local governments (counties and municipalities) promulgate their own provisions. With the proliferation of guidelines, several regulating agencies often hold jurisdiction on a coastal construction project. Thus, several guidelines are applicable and must be satisfied. In these situations, the designer must follow the most stringent of those standards, turning the design process into a difficult and time-consuming task. The integrated coastal code developed in this study is a guide of minimum standards of coastal construction developed by integrating the most stringent guidelines from several coastal agencies in Florida. The selected counties are from around the State with coasts on the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. General guidelines for major and minor shore protection structures and mobile homes are part of the code which is subdivided into sections such as wind design, wave forces design, flood protection and erosion control. A user-friendly menu-driven software was also developed containing the developed integrated coastal construction code. Economics Bibliography Alper, J. 1993. Protecting the environment with the power of the market. Science, Vol: 260 Iss: 5116 Date: Jun 25, 1993 p: 1884-1885. Summary: The common ground that can be reached between sound economics and sound environmental practices is discussed. A market-based approach can show consumers the hidden costs entailed in their actions. Anonymous. 1992. The Price of Green. Economist, Vol: 323 Iss: 7758 Date: May 9, 1992 p: 87. Summary: In the green frenzy that is preceding the upcoming Earth Summit, the phrase 'sustainable development' keeps popping up in unexpected places. Usually it is simply shorthand for anything environmental, but some see it as a better basis for making environmental decisions than balancing costs and benefits. Anonymous. 1995. Citadels of power. Economist, Vol: 336 Iss: 7925 Date: Jul 29, 1995 p: SS14-SS17. Summary: Discovering what policies affect cities' productivity and how to improve them is becoming more important. Policies that are concerned with transport, policing, zoning and the environment matter most to urban businesses. Forgey, B. 1995, June 10. CITYSCAPE - SPREADING THE WORD ON URBAN SPRAWL; EXHIBIT OFFERS ROUGH SKETCH OF WAYS TO PRESERVE LAND. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: B STYLE p: 1. Summary: Benjamin Forgey discusses the 'Sprawl' exhibition at the District of Columbia Arts Center in Washington DC's Adams-Morgan area, which examines the phenomenon of urban sprawl. Harney, K.R. 1996, June 1. THE NATION'S HOUSING - HOME BUYERS WANT MODERN TOWNS WITH LOTS OF OLD-FASHIONED CHARM. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Kenneth R. Harney says the 1996 national home buyers' community preference vote has just been tallied and reveals that buyers may want a neo-traditional good-old-fashioned atmosphere at the center of their towns, but they prefer an updated version of the good old suburbs outside the town center. Hosmer, P. 1995, July 13. RAIL PLAN ON THE WRONG TRACK, SAY DEVOTEES OF THE B&A TRAIL.Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: M WEEKLY - MARYLAND p: 1. Lee, G. 1995, January 8. THE GREEN SCENE; ECOTRAVEL IS ONE OF THE TRENDIEST BUZZWORDS OF THE '90S -- BUT WHAT EXACTLY DOES IT MEAN? Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: E TRAVEL p: 1. Summary: Gary Lee discusses the concept behind ecotravel, which means practicing good environmentalism whatever one's destination. [By the estimate of the nonprofit Ecotourism Society, a kind of travelers' clearinghouse, 8 million U.S. residents have taken an ecotour at some point. By the end of 1995, the society projects, that number will have climbed by as much as 25 percent.] Lelen, K. 1996, June 22. ELEMENTS OF STYLE: BUILDERS FIND NEO- TRADITIONAL DESIGNS HAVE THEIR LIMITS. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Despite the limited buyer appeal of neo-traditional towns that embody the latest ideas in suburban development, Washington DC- area builders are giving picket fences, front porches and other neighbor-friendly amenities fresh scrutiny for their more traditional projects elsewhere. Mayer, C.E. 1995, April 29. IN OLD NEIGHBORHOODS, LOTS OF CONTENTION; SOME BUILDERS' RUSH TO PACK BIG NEW HOMES INTO CLOSE- IN SUBDIVISIONS LEADS TO RESIDENTIAL UPROAR. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Mayer, C.E. 1995, April 29. THE SHRINKING OF THE AMERICAN LAWN; FOR REASONS OF BUSINESS AND PLEASURE, A LOT OF THE GREEN IS GONE. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: A SECTION p: 1. Summary: The lawn, that unique status symbol of suburbia and homeownership is slowly but steadily shrinking. If it is not harried homeowners cutting back to minimize maintenance, it is the nation's homebuilders erecting larger houses on ever smaller lots, leaving little, if any room, for grass. Pomeroy, W. M. 1995. The Fraser River Basin Towards sustainability. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,- S.H.; Gulati,-R.D.; Van-Liere,-L.; Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) 1995 pp. 33-39. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL. vol. 31, no. 8. Summary: The Fraser River Basin occupies approximately one quarter of the area of British Columbia ranging from undeveloped forests to heavily urbanized centres. Competing demands are continually being made on the system with respect to preservation of the natural environment and economic development. In response to increasing stresses, the six year Fraser River Action Plan was initiated in 1991 to reduce pollution, enhance environmental quality, and develop an integrated basin management program based on sustainability. Activities addressing the first two are under way in the areas of pollution abatement, environmental quality and research, enforcement and compliance, and habitat restoration and conservation. Partnerships are critical to implementing a successful integrated management program. The Fraser Basin Management Program balances current social and economic needs with environmental conservation to achieve sustainability. Smaller scale management programs exist within the basin to address the highly urbanized/industrialized Fraser estuary (Fraser River Estuary Management Program) and the Port of Vancouver/Burrard Inlet (Burrard Inlet Environmental Action Program). Environment Canada, in partnership with others, is cleaning up pollution and establishing effective sustainable management programs, before the conflicts between environment and economy reach a critical point. Results to date are encouraging. Salant, K. 1996, June 15. HOUSEWATCH - UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGNS YIELD UNUSUAL PRICES, STANDARD FEATURES. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Katherine Salant discusses back-to-back town house projects in the Germantown area of Montgomery County MD, saying that the $130,000 price range and standard features have appealed to first-time home buyers. Schwartz, J. 1995, September 18. SCIENCE: ECONOMICS - WORLD BANK RETOOLS ECONOMIC YARDSTICK TO FIND HIDDEN VALUE. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: A SECTION p: 3. Summary: The environment department of the World Bank has come up with a way to measure a nation's hidden worth in the form of a new publication, 'Monitoring Environmental Progress: A Report on Work in Progress,' a framework that attempts to integrate economic indicators with environmental considerations. Shaw, T. 1995, January 5. AN EARTH-FRIENDLY AGENDA IN THE WHITE HOUSE; UPDATING THE MANSION'S SYSTEMS SAVES MONEY -- AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: T HOME p: 5. Stevens, W. 1992, September 8. Science Times: Economists Strive to Find Environment's Bottom Line. The New York Times, Sec: C p: 1 col: 5. Summary: An analysis is made of the hotly debated issue in the 1992 presidential race of whether governmental efforts to protect the environment help or hinder economic growth. At the root of the argument is the growing acceptance of the idea that the world economy is merely a subsystem of the planet's ecology, on which it depends for materials, energy and general sustenance. Williams, C. 1992. Books - Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle. Edited by F. Herbert Bormann and Stephen R. Kellert. Science News, Vol: 141 Iss: 8 Date: Feb 22, 1992 p: 114. Summary: Favorable book review. Habitat Bibliography A better row to hoe: The economic, environmental, and social impact of sustainable agriculture. 1994. Northwest Area Foundation, St. Paul, MN (USA). 1994. 40 pp. Summary: Sustainable agriculture involves substituting renewable resources generated on the farm for nonrenewable, purchased resources. It also makes use of ecological practices such as crop rotation, landscape management, and livestock waste management. This report evaluates the impact of a shift toward sustainable agriculture on the economy, environment, and rural communities in the eight-state northwest region of the U.S. The research findings show that some of the measurable environmental benefits of sustainable agriculture are reduced toxins in soil and water, less erosion, enhanced wildlife habitat, and lower energy use. Allen, H.H.; Lazor, R.L. 1989. Reservoir Shoreline Erosion and Revegetation Workshops. Army Corps of Engineers Water Operations Technical Support Information Exchange Bulletin Volume E-89-1, October 1989. 5p. Summary: In 1987, the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station began organizing and conducting a series of annual workshops for Corps of Engineer (CE) personnel. The objectives were to illustrate amd explain impacts of shoreline erosion in CE reservoirs; identify probable causes of erosion; demonstrate means of measuring and analyzing bank erosion and recession; review traditional means of protecting shorelines; and describe alternative methods of controlling erosion using vegetation or a combination of vegetative and structural solutions. With proper planning, site preparation, appropriate plant establishment methods used at the right time, and postplanting monitoring and maintenance, reservoir shorelines can be vegetated to satisfy several objectives including shoreline erosion control. Revegetating reservoir shorelines can help prevent and control erosion, reduce turbidity and improve water quality, establish fisheries and wildlife habitat, and enhance reservoir esthetic values. Workshops on reservoir erosion control and revegetation will continue to provide innovative techniques to field personnel and draw upon others ' experiences in controlling reservoir shoreline erosion. Anonymous. 1994. Inviting Bambi into the backyard. Environment, Vol: 36 Iss: 8 Date: Oct 1994 p: 22. Summary: Wildlife can exist in cities, and it is actually the biological monitor of the health of cities. Wildlife conservationists are working on the creation of urban habitats for wildlife. Barnett, J.L.; Windell, J.T. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar 1992. .Stream restoration in Boulder, Colorado. PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.; Nordstrom,- S.K.; Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST.. 1992 p. 171. INF.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71. Summary: Urbanization, gravel mining, and channelization cause major impacts to stream corridors. Flooding characteristics, water quality, aquatic and terrestrial habitat values, and stream channel stability are adversely affected by these activities. Like other cities, the City of Boulder, Colorado contains many reaches of altered stream channels. Numerous stream reaches pass through the city's busiest commercial areas and most densely developed residential neighborhoods, while other reaches remain relatively pristine. The City of Boulder has recognized that these streams provide unique opportunities for creating a comprehensive greenway system for the community. They can be creatively developed to function as storm drainage and flood channels, efficient bicycle and pedestrian transportation systems, open space and wildlife corridors, and attractive recreation areas. Sensitivity designed improvements enhance the value of each stream corridor as wildlife habitat, as a place for in-town opportunities for both active and passive recreation, as major links in both existing and proposed trails and bikeways, and as improved flood carrying channels. This paper describes the rationale, approach, and progress by the City of Boulder in restoring its stream corridors. Barrow, C.J. 1994. Land degradation. Development and breakdown of terrestrial environments. NEW YORK, NY (USA). CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1994. Summary: Land degradation is fast becoming recognized as a key issue for world conservation as the end of the twentieth century approaches. The complex relationship between human development and the environment is explored, with a particular emphasis on the causes of land degradation processes. Having given a broad overview of what land degradation is and why it is occurring, the author goes on to illustrate the problem in the context of different habitat types such as forest, woodland, and drylands. The impact of human activities through global pollution, and industrial and urban development, as well as conservation efforts are discussed. Written as an introduction to the topic, the book provides a synthesis of our current understanding of the phenomenon of land degradation. Beard, D. P. 1994. Bureau of Reclamation revamps efforts to help fish. FISHERIES 1994 vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 6-7. Summary: In its 92-year history, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation has been instrumental to the development of water resources in the arid western United States. Now the bureau's mission is changing to better suit today's water needs. Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt and I are committed to transforming the Bureau of Reclamation from a civil works construction agency into a premier water resources manager. The bureau's increased emphasis on improved management and protection of natural resources is reflective of greater environmental knowledge, changing societal values and needs, and the natural evolution from a resource development focus. Our program will focus on operating existing projects with greater environmental sensitivity, implementing environmental restoration efforts, and undertaking activities with more concern for environmental values. While we still have much to do, the bureau has taken some important steps to implement its new mission. The following are examples of bureau activities that illustrate our commitment to endangered species recovery, fish habitat restoration, and sustainable management of healthy fisheries. Bolger, D. 1992. Ecological Linkages - Nature Conservation 2. The Role of Corridors. Edited by Denis A. Saunders and Richard J. Hobbs. Science, Vol: 256 Iss: 5060 Date: May 22, 1992 p: 1224-1225. Summary: Mixed book review. Bowen, R. 1995. 39 Annual New Mexico Water Conference, Summary: Albuqu. Federal initiatives on the Rio Grande. THE FUTURE OF ALBUQUERQUE AND MIDDLE RIO GRANDE BASIN. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 39TH ANNUAL NEW MEXICO WATER CONFERENCE. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY, BOX 30001, DEPT. 3167, LAS CRUCES, NM 88003 (USA) NEW MEXICO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1995 pp. 97-99. TECH.-REP.- NEW-MEX.-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 290. Summary: Ecosystem protection is at the core of EPA's reorientation goal of moving the agency toward a more holistic approach to environmental protection. Currently, a multitude of terms are being used to describe the new orientation. There is the watershed protection approach, whole basin planning, ecoregion protection, geographic focused approach, ecosystem management and place-based protection. Other federal agencies also have their own terms. What do they all have in common? In my opinion, their common theme is to bring us back to focusing on natural resources as a system and not separate components. In the past we have chosen to focus on certain components because of the agency's organizational structure or specific programmatic goals. The Office of Water's approach to ecosystem protection is being called the watershed approach. We will attempt to deliver the services we are responsible for, in a manner that recognizes and respects the complexity and interrelationships within ecosystems. A few key principles underlie EPA's watershed approach. Geographic focus is the first. Management activities need to be directed within specific areas, typically watersheds or basins or groundwater recharge zones. Next, actions need to be driven by environmental objectives and supported by strong science and data. Next is partnerships. Those parties most affected by the management decisions must be involved throughout and help shape key decisions. Management teams must include local, state, tribal, all appropriate federal agencies and public interest groups. The last key principles are coordinated priority setting and integrated solutions. Through coordinated efforts, appropriate parties can establish priorities and take integrated actions based on consideration of all environmental issues, including threats to public health, and surface and groundwater as well as the need to protect critical habitat and biological integrity. Chilibeck, B.; Chislett, G.; Norris, G. 1992. Land development guidelines for the protection of aquatic habitat. Department, Of Fisheries And Oceans, Ottawa, ON (Canada) Habitat Management, Div. 1992. 131 pp. Summary: Guidelines to protect Pacific salmon, trout, char and other freshwater species and their habitat from the damaging effects of land development activities. The guidelines cover leave strips, erosion and sediment control, stormwater management, instream work, fish passage and culverts, and implementation. An example is also included. Colby, B. G. 1990. Enhancing Instream Flow Benefits in an Era of Water Marketing. Water Resources Research, Vol. 26, No. 6, p 1113-1120, June. Summary: Growing populations in the western United States demand water not only for residential use and to support urban development but also for recreation, water quality enhancement, improvement of fish and wildlife habitat and to preserve the aesthetics of riparian areas. Instream flows contribute substantial economic benefits, and emerging pressure to reserve water instream comes at a time when markets are evolving to reallocate water among offstream uses such as agriculture, industry and municipal expansion. Current instream flow policies in the western states were examined to determined the economic values generated by stream flows. Instream values were argued to be high enough to compete in the market for water rights with offstream uses when important recreation sites and wildlife species are involved. Alterations to the western state 's policies are suggested to accommodate instream flow protection within the context of water marketing, with the objective of improving the efficiency of water allocation among instream and consumptive users. Ellinghouse, C.D. 1994. Boulder Creek instream flow program. INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTH PLATTE BASIN: STATUS AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1994 SOUTH PLATTE FORUM, OCTOBER 26-27, 1994, GREELEY, COLORADO. Klein,-K.C.; Williams,-D.J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. pp. 52-53. FORM.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.- INST. no. 77 Summary: The City of Boulder, in conjunction with the Colorado Water Conservation Board, has developed an innovative program for the maintenance of streamflow within Boulder Creek and North Boulder Creek. The instream flow program will preserve fish habitat and enhance the aesthetics of the stream corridor. The instream flow program is a part of the water management program adopted by the City Council based on the September 1988 Raw Water Master Plan. Under Colorado law, the Colorado Water Conservation Board (CWCB) is the only agency allowed to hold water rights decreed for instream flow purposes. The joint City/CWCB instream flow program was carefully designed to be in compliance with the state water administration system in order to assure that the water donated by the City would be used for instream flows and not diverted by other water users. In the past, the holders of senior water rights, including agricultural interests and the City of Boulder, have had the legal right to virtually dry up portions of the creek through diversions during low flow periods. To alter this condition, Boulder's Raw Water Master Plan established goals for the City of achieving minimum streamflows in main Boulder Creek and its tributaries. In July of 1990, an agreement was completed between Boulder and the CWCB and has been amended twice since that time. This agreement and the amendments provide for the deeding of ownership of a portion of Boulder's water rights to the CWCB. The agreement also provides for Boulder to release water that is stored by the City in the Silver Lake Watershed or in Barker Reservoir for fulfillment of the CWCB's junior instream flow right on Boulder Creek and the CWCB's new instream flow filings on North Boulder Creek and Boulder Creek. The City has deeded ownership of $12 million of water and water rights to the CWCB so far. Boulder had previously depended on this water to meet municipal needs. During severe droughts or emergencies, Boulder is allowed to call the water rights back and curtail storage releases for use within the utility system. This will protect reservoir levels in the Silver Lake watershed to preserve the native species of fish in the reservoirs. Boulder is also allowed to use the rights if they are not needed to satisfy the minimum streamflow requirements. At the downstream terminus of the instream flow reach, Boulder retains control of part of the water that had previously been consumed for municipal purposes. The next step toward finalizing the instream flow program was to obtain a decree from the Colorado Water Court allowing use of these water rights and storage releases for instream flow. Boulder and the CWCB were joint applicants to the Water Court for a change in use in December 1990. A decree approving the change in use to instream flow was signed on December 20, 1993. Through the joint CWCB/City of Boulder instream flow program, consisting of the City's dedication of water and water rights and the CWCB filings for new instream flow water rights, North Boulder and main Boulder Creeks now will rarely drop below the minimum levels needed for healthy fish habitat. The Creeks will continue to flow at much higher than the minimum levels during the natural high flow periods. Ezzell, C. 1992. Wilderness Corridors May not Benefit All. Science News, Vol: 142 Iss: 9 Date: Aug 29, 1992 p: 135. Summary: A new study questions the efficacy of the corridor concept in preserving wild populations. Daniel K. Rosenberg, who led the research group, says the study demonstrates the importance of the environment surrounding corridors, because many animals won't find their way into greenways. Ferguson, B. K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 324-328, September/October. Summary: In urban areas, streams represent potential wildlife corridors, wetland multipliers of ecosystem integrity, scenic resources, recreational facilities close to home, and greenway links among neighborhoods and parks. California's Urban Stream Restoration Program was begun in 1985 to reduce damages from streambank and watershed instability and floods while restoring streams' aesthetic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values. The Boulder Creek Corridor Project in Colorado was adopted in 1985 to provide off-street pedestrian and bicycle transportation, preserve and enhance fish habitat and riparian wetland, expand recreational use, and maintain and improve flood-carrying capacity. San Antonio's Riverwalk is an intensely urban pedestrian commercial corridor, constantly being expanded and refined through continuing urban development. Urbanization tends to disrupt stream equilibrium in many ways. Urban clearing and construction temporarily intensify sediment yield to streams. To enhance stream amenity and ecology, landscape design provides options in land use designation, earth-forming, vegetation and use of construction materials through corridor reservation, bank treatment, geomorphic restoration, or grade control. Flow management has been one of the principal motivations for designing urban stream corridors in the past. Downstream flood peaks can be suppressed by reducing throughflow velocity; flood evaluations laterally adjacent to the stream can be lowered by increasing throughflow velocity. Any proposal for stream alteration or management should be investigated for its potential flow and stability effects on upstream, downstream and laterally adjacent areas. Gordon, W.R., Jr. 1994. 5. Int Conf On Aquatic Habitat Enhancement, Long Beach. A role for comprehensive planning, Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies and program evaluation in aquatic habitat development. FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AQUATIC HABITAT ENHANCEMENT. pp. 995-1013. BULL.- MAR.-SCI. vol. 55, no. 2-3. Summary: Planning for artificial aquatic habitat development has typically occurred within the biological community. This paper traces the evolution of planning frameworks, and proposes the use of traditional urban and regional planning concepts in artificial aquatic habitat management. It is argued that aquatic habitat planning in the U.S., as interpreted by states and regional fisheries commissions, exists merely at the project level and has not suitably evolved to a holistic level as represented by either a comprehensive or systematic approach to planning. In response, a comprehensive systems framework is proposed which considers the role of onshore infrastructural support and offshore user and non-user considerations. The use of Geographical Information System (GIS) technology and its overall utility in planning and evaluation processes is discussed. The use of GIS can transcend present exclusion mapping procedures and make them temporally and contextually dynamic. This paper contends that a traditional focus on exclusion or negative constraints represents only an initial set of considerations, but must be followed with an inclusive analysis which identifies intended sanctuary or human uses within marine habitat priority zones. Finally, as an integral element of planning, evaluation activities within habitat management are traditionally based on biological dynamics and are executed on a site by site basis. The need exists to demonstrate intended habitat and fishery management benefits on a state or regional basis. A role for program evaluation techniques within the planning framework is emphasized to ensure that habitat program objectives are either being met, or adapted, to satisfy initial program goals. Hammer, R.G. 1989. Forest Headwaters Riparian Road Construction and Timber Harvest Guidelines to Control Sediment. Proceedings of the Symposium on Headwaters Hydrology. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda Maryland. p 127-131. Summary: Two major principles to control forest headwaters sediment are to minimize sediment from road construction and to maintain woody debris stream structures such as log steps which store sediment. Guidelines for road construction in riparian areas include slash filter windrows at the toe of road fill slopes. Studies indicate that slash filter windrows trap 75% or more of road sediment at low cost. Guidelines for timber harvest in riparian areas include provision for large woody debris recruitment to headwater streams. Forest headwater stream channels are dependent upon woody materials to form log steps which store sediment, dissipate stream energy, and provide fish habitat. Jones, J.E. 1990. Multipurpose Stormwater Detention Ponds. Public Works, Vol. 121, No. 13, p 52-53, December. Summary: Multipurpose detention pond concepts for both ' wet ' ponds (those that maintain water permanently) and ' dry ' ponds (those that retain stormwater briefly during and after floods) are summarized. Regardless of the specific functions that the designer attempts to fulfill, the pond must be: (1) safe, from the standpoint of public visitors or users of the facility; (2) hydrologically and hydraulically sound; (3) maintainable at low cost; (4) structurally sound if a severe flood occurs, possibly up to the probable maximum flood; and (5) pleasant to view; considered an asset rather than a nuisance. Specific purposes for stormwater detention ponds other than runoff containment include: (a) water quality enhancement; (b) enhanced property values and community focal points; (c) wildlife habitat enhancement; and (d) active recreational potential. Unfortunately, many ponds are built because a developer had to demonstrate that ' post- development discharges will not exceed pre-development discharges. ' Detention pond design needs to be for more than this. It is incumbent upon the drainage designer to evaluate m |
