Text-based links for non-javascript users below
Back to Bibliographies
Index / Back to Green Development
Literature Search
Green Development Literature Search
Literature Summary and Benefits
Associated with Alternative Development Approaches
Appendix A:
Annotated Green Development Literature
Bibliographies
Air Quality Commercial Cost/Benefit Database
Design
Economics Habitat Market Models
Natural Resources
Open Space Planning Recreation Recycling Regulation
Return Value/Valuation Water Quality
Air Quality
Bibliography
Filho, P. P. 1992. Guanabara Bay Recovers. Water Environment &
Technology WAETEJ, Vol. 4, No. 12, p 50-54, December. Summary:
Disorderly urban development has led to the degradation of Guanabara
Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Since 1961, the Rio de Janeiro state government
has studied the bay and has taken steps to restore it. Several areas are
being addressed in the program: domestic, industrial, and urban wastes;
oil discharges; water and air quality; permitted discharges; dredging, drainage,
and deforestation; and fish health. A current evaluation of the bay indicates
progress has been made in its recovery process. An essential part of the
environmental control strategy used has been the frequent, accurate, and
full disclosure of environmental quality data to the public. Coordinated
work by other agencies has led to major results, including the return of
white sand to a stretch of Copacabana Beach. This was accomplished by pumping
the dirty sand into the wave breaker zone of the beach and decontaminating,
cleaning, and returning the sand to the beaches.
Grennfelt, P.; Hov, O.; Derwent, D. 1994. Second generation abatement
strategies for NO sub(x), NH sub(3), SO sub(2) and VOCs. AMBIO 1994
vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 425-433. Summary: The UN ECE Convention
on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) has decided on reduction
of transboundary air pollution in three protocols; one on sulphur, nitrogen
oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) respectively. These protocols
are not sufficient to solve the air-pollution problem in Europe. Further
reductions and agreements are necessary to achieve sustainable ecosystems.
In further negotiations, which should be based on critical loads, it is
important to consider that the regional air-pollution problem consists of
a complicated matrix of compounds and effects. Thus, control of one problem
will influence other problems, and control of one compound will affect the
transport and effects of others. This is certainly the case for nitrogen
oxides (NO sub(x)), which play an important role in acidification and eutrophication
effects as well as in the formation of photochemical oxidants. This article
discusses the scientific rationale for considering effects and their precursors
together. Variations in effects and their causes are discussed and suggestions
for a different approach to the future control of regional air pollution
are given.
Hayes, D. 1992, Apr 17. Future Milestones. USA TODAY, p: 10
col: 4. Summary: Denis Hayes discusses environmental progress as
the US moves to the year 2000. He examines the impact of population growth,
the greenhouse effect, and urban development on the environment.
Konvitz, J. 1996. Mexico City: Metaphor for the world's urban future.
Environment, Vol: 38 Iss: 2 Date: Mar p: 3-4. Summary:
Konvitz comments on Mexico City, which is considered a megacity. It
is uncertain whether political reform and social solidarity can provide
the basis for an environmental agenda that is equal to the challenges Mexico
City faces.
Vollers, M. 1995. 'Everyone has got to breathe'. Audubon,
Vol: 97, Iss: 2, Mar. p: 64-73. Summary: Pollution has long plagued
the residents of Chester PA, a small, depressed and predominantly black
industrial city on the Delaware River. After their children began to get
sick, Chester residents began a grassroots effort that has improved their
environment and resulted in the first local zoning law aimed at controlling
polluting industries.
Back To Top
Commercial
Bibliography
Fehr, S.C. 1996, April 1. UPDATE ON THE NEWS - A PLAN FOR KENTLANDS'
TOWN CENTER. Washington Post, Final Edition. Sec: B METRO p:
3.
Harney, K.R. 1996, June 1. THE NATION'S HOUSING
- HOME BUYERS WANT MODERN TOWNS WITH LOTS OF OLD-FASHIONED CHARM. Washington
Post, Final Edition. Summary: Kenneth R. Harney says the
1996 national home buyers' community preference vote has just been tallied
and reveals that buyers may want a neo-traditional good-old-fashioned atmosphere
at the center of their towns, but they prefer an updated version of the
good old suburbs outside the town center.
Back To Top
Cost/Benefit
Bibliography
Alicata, P.; De, Pietro R. 1994. Sicily: Inland
water management at the southern margin of Europe: Call for an intersectoral
dialogue. AMBIO 1994, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 455-457. Summary:
The principal aim of our paper is to call attention to recent developments
in the Mediterranean region. We also hope to encourage public financiers
as well as private investors to facilitate access to their basic data on
project costs and benefits. Otherwise, the limits set by this notorious
lack of information and communication may result in a "no" attitude
in the ecological movement. As an example we selected the Italian island
of Sicily for our study. In Sicily, the public administration tends to avoid
cooperation, or does not possess the most fundamental data, and the scarce
information published by administrative bodies is often contradictory. A
constructive debate between naturalists and investors would mean enormous
advantages for the people concerned.
Alper, Joe. 1993. Protecting the environment
with the power of the market. Science, Vol: 260 Iss: 5116, Jun
25. p: 1884- 1885. Summary: The common ground that can be reached
between sound economics and sound environmental practices is discussed.
A market-based approach can show consumers the hidden costs entailed in
their actions.
Anonymous. 1992. The Price of Green. Economist,
Vol: 323 Iss: 7758, May 9. p: 87. Summary: In the green frenzy that
is preceding the upcoming Earth Summit, the phrase 'sustainable development'
keeps popping up in unexpected places. Usually it is simply shorthand for
anything environmental, but some see it as a better basis for making environmental
decisions than balancing costs and benefits.
Muir, T. 1993. Economic development capacity
benefits of RAPS. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR
GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS. 1993 p.
72. Summary: The socioeconomic component of Stage II Remedial Action
Plans can explore innovative solutions to the long-term structural changes
being imposed on the economy of the Great Lakes basin. A major challenge
is to invent and apply new patterns of development, and forms of growth
that integrate and conserve the living resources essential to human survival
and well-being. Another challenge is to overcome the inherent antithetical
view of environment-economy that still dominates the conventional cost-benefit
model of mainstream environmental economics. To meet these challenges, we
are exploring the conceptual and empirical linkages between economic development
capacity, and the restoration, enhancement and protection of watershed ecosystems,
using RAP areas as case studies. A user-friendly framework is being developed
that identifies and evaluates the beneficial possibilities created by an
intelligent combination of public and private investment in the natural
capital of watersheds as ecosystems, and the synergies and follow-on development
capacity created. Results indicate that the "environment" in RAP
areas is an integral factor of economic development. It is concluded, that
integrated planning on a watershed ecosystem basis, can yield substantial
synergies, which form the basis of a new economy.
Stevens, William K. 1992, Sep 8. Science Times:
Economists Strive to Find Environment's Bottom Line. The New York
Times. Sec: C p: 1 col: 5. Summary: An analysis is made of the
hotly debated issue in the 1992 presidential race of whether governmental
efforts to protect the environment help or hinder economic growth. At the
root of the argument is the growing acceptance of the idea that the world
economy is merely a subsystem of the planet's ecology, on which it depends
for materials, energy and general sustenance.
Back To Top
Database
Bibliography
Cooper, S.R. 1995. A research plan for the Mid
Atlantic Regional Marine Research Program. SECOND ANNUAL MARINE AND
ESTUARINE SHALLOW WATER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE. PHILADELPHIA,
PA (USA) U.S. EPA. p. 6. Summary: The Regional Marine Research Program
(RMRP) was developed to set priorities for regional marine and coastal research
in support of efforts to safeguard water quality and ecosystem health, and
to carry out such research through grants and improved coordination. The
program, approved and funded by Congress, established the following nine
regions: 1) Gulf of Maine; 2) Greater New York Bight; 3) Mid-Atlantic; 4)
South Atlantic and Caribbean; 5) Gulf of Mexico; 6) Southwest; 7) Pacific
Northwest; 8) Alaska; and 9) Insular Pacific. The Mid-Atlantic region extends
from Cape May, NJ to Cape Fear, NC, including the Delaware Bay, Chesapeake
Bay and the Albemarle-Pamlico Sound system. The "Research Plan"
for the Mid-Atlantic RMRP was submitted in February 1994 to NOAA and EPA,
and approved by both Administrations. The Research Plan identifies priority
research needs for the Mid-Atlantic region, including 1) land-use effects
on living resources, 2) eutrophication, algal blooms and anoxia, 3) fishery
yields, recruitment and trophodynamics, 4) biotic and material exchanges
between estuaries and the ocean, and 5) coastal erosion and climatic effects.
The Research Plan also includes a review of the environmental quality of
coastal waters and expected trends in the Mid-Atlantic, a review of research
being conducted with the region, and a discussion of regional management
issues. A comprehensive research inventory database for the 1992-1996 time-period
was developed.
Back To Top
Design
Bibliography
Alexander, M.P. 1993. Use of a Current Deflector Wall for Eddy Generated
Shoaling in Kohlfleet Harbor, Germany. The REMR Bulletin (Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS), Vol. 10, No. 2, p 1-4, June. Summary:
A low training structure called a current deflector wall (CDW) has been
developed to eliminate eddy currents which may result in channel shoaling.
The use of the CDW can lower shoaling rates and extend dredging intervals.
A CDW is a fixed vertical-walled training structure with a curved deflector
wall that extends through the full depth of water. The structure modifies
flow patterns, breaking down or preventing the formation of eddies. A prototype
CDW was constructed at Kohlfleet Harbor, Port of Hamburg on the Elbe River,
Germany and successfully eliminated formation of the large, stable eddy
in the harbor entrance. Navigation through the harbor entrance was improved,
even though the width of the harbor had been reduced slightly by the construction.
The Kohlfleet CDW design and construction cost $1.65 million; the cost of
dredging contaminated sediments at Kohlfleet would have been $7.8 million.
A site investigation should be made to determine the application and feasibility
of the CDW as a navigation maintenance alternative. The hydraulic processes
studied should include: (1) the magnitude and direction of ambient currents;
(2) annual shoaling volumes and distributions; (3) site bathymetry; and
(4) supporting information, such as salinity, suspended load distribution,
and sediment type.
Andrews, A.S.; Fraser, G.W.; Leak, A.J. 1990. Drainage Manual for Clark
County, Nevada. In Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands (PAL).
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. p. 90-95. Summary: The
development of a flood control district and its associated capital improvement
and regulatory programs does not by itself address drainage standards for
a community. While the capital improvement and regulatory programs go a
long way in solving existing flooding problems and minimizing future flooding
problems, a common denominator is missing. This common denominator is drainage
standards that are laid out in a drainage manual. Such a drainage manual
covers all aspects of drainage planning including policy, design criteria,
applicable laws, and guidelines for development of private and public stormwater
management facilities. The preparation of a drainage manual in an arid region
that is experiencing rapid growth warrants the inclusion of special features
that attempt to address the concerns of all affected individuals.
Anonymous. 1994. Resurrecting the rain barrel.
Environment, Vol: 36 Iss: 2 Date: Mar 1994 p: 23. Summary: Water-poor
regions of the US are relying more upon cisterns as a source of water storage.
They are particularly popular in Hawaii.
Anonymous. 1995. Making cities safer: Good fences ... Economist,
Vol: 334 Iss: 7907 Date: Mar 25, 1995 p: 30-31. Summary: Architect
and consultant Oscar Newman lent ideas to the Five Oaks area of Dayton OH
on the use of physical planning for urban revitalization. Installing gates
to cut through traffic and creating minineighborhoods, Dayton's crime rate
dropped by a quarter and violent crime by a half.
Argue, J.R. 1994. 17 Biennial Conference Of The International Association,
On Water: A new streetscape for stormwater management in Mediterranean climate
cities: The concept explored. WATER QUALITY INTERNATIONAL '94. PART
1: COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS AND URBAN STORM DRAINAGE. Ballay,-D.; Asano,-T.;
Bhamidimarri,-R.; Chin,-K.K.; Dahlberg,-A.G.; Grabow,-W.O.K.; Ohgaki,-S.;
Zotter,-K.; Milburn,-A.; Izod,-E.J.; Nagle,-P.T. (eds.) pp. 23-32. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL.
vol. 30, no. 1. Summary: The water resources crisis facing countries
of the Mediterranean Basin is reflected, in diminished form, in the semi-arid,
"Mediterranean-climate" zone of Australia. Some creative solutions
involving the collection, treatment, storage, retrieval and use of storm
runoff to replace the component of mains-supplied water presently used for
"second quality" purposes, are emerging in Adelaide, capital city
of South Australia. The paper describes one initiative being taken to achieve
source control of stormwater - quantity and quality - in mixed-density residential
streets. The resulting streetscape is suitable for use in both "greenfields"
and re-development projects. The paper explores the hydrological/hydraulic
performance of the system and shows that it satisfies all theoretical requirements
for safety in the full range of flooding up to and including the "once
in 100-years" event. The new streetscape holds the following advantages
over conventional streetscapes: reduced peak outflows, greatly improved
effluent water quality, aids "greening" of the landscape, potential
for aquifer recharge where appropriate, aquifer-retrieved groundwater can
replace mains water used for irrigation, "nuisance" flows are
fully contained (no surface appearance), major flows only occupy the swale,
street residences are less flood prone and the streetscape fits more harmoniously
into undulating terrain.
Bauereis, E.I. 1992. Chesapeake Experience:
NPS Chesapeake Challenge for Sustainable Development. Water Science
and Technology, Vol. 26, No. 12, p 2723-2725. Summary: Without
quantification of compliance concepts as applied to non- point sources (NPS)
in areas such as the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland), it is impossible to design
control strategies that are effective, implementable, attainable, measurable,
and flexible. The quantities required for each watershed are the existing
loadings and the loading standard (or carrying capacity) of that watershed.
The Chesapeake Experience has been reasonably successful with measurable
reductions in phosphate and some other contaminants but recent analyses
have identified NPS pollution as the culprit in potential failure to attain
nitrogen reductions. The NPS loading could also be implicated as a major
source for some heavy metals, organics, and sediments to the Chesapeake
Bay. These NPS loadings may become a major impediment to attaining designated
uses of water bodies, and there is a need for focus on the loading quantification
of NPS. There are three areas which will impact the Chesapeake NPS program
positively in the future: the Toxics Research Program, the Clean Air Act
of 1990, and the implementation of a cultural change embracing a philosophy
of total quality management. The need for cost- effective controls and innovative
methods to accomplish NPS goals is obvious. Land use issues are local jurisdiction
issues as well as state and federal issues, which leads to confusion and
even conflict over program objectives and overlapping authority. There is
a need to provide understanding, greater choice, and more individual responsibility
to attain better environmental stewardship.
Bequette, F. 1994. Inventing the urban future.
UNESCO Courier, Iss: 5 Date: May 1994 p: 25-27. Summary: The
next millenium will see immense, sprawling megacities with huge populations
and even huger environmental problems. Creative solutions to the problems
of urban ecology must be sought and implemented soon.
Berg, V.H.; Clement, P.F. 1993. Stormwater Park
Controls Runoff. Public Works, Vol. 124, No. 1, p 46-49, January.
Summary: Maryland's Fairland Regional Park is a 434-acre park in
Prince George's and Montgomery Counties, just northeast of Washington, DC.
In the early 1980s, federal EPA studies of Chesapeake Bay pollution implicated
the major tributaries flowing into the bay as pollution carriers, including
the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers to which Fairland Park drainage flows.
By the mid-1980s, expansion of the park had outstripped the park's two existing
small temporary (dry) detention basins. In 1987, a series of stormwater
management techniques were employed, creating a demonstration stormwater
management system that has attracted much attention. The control techniques
fall into three major areas: (1) sediment and erosion control; (2) stormwater
management facilities to control runoff; and (3) natural or soft erosion
control and stormwater pollution control methods. Included in the park are
simple earth berms, sediment traps, vegetated areas, a bio-retention basin
which uses vegetative filters, a shallow manmade marsh or wetland (29 acres),
extended wet detention basin, infiltration trenches, stone dry wells, and
porous pavement.
Borden, R.T. 1992. The Greening of Greens. Civil Engineering
(ASCE), Vol. 62, No. 10, p 55-57, October. Summary: The construction
of new golf courses may be delayed while environmental issues are satisfied.
It takes careful planning and design to keep fertilizers and pesticides
from wreaking havoc on an established ecosystem, or to prevent migrating
sediment and bulldozed soil from filling wetlands. When the Lowes Island
Golf Course was developed on an island in the Potomac River northwest of
Washington, DC, engineering services were sought. The site required significant
regrading to protect the course from low-level floods and yet allow conveyance
of a 100-year storm event and a wetland mitigation program designed with
attention to storm-water runoff quality. Golf-course architects provided
the layout with conceptual grading, landscaping and construction specifications
for the greens and tees; engineers knowing local conditions were able to
judge the impact on the environment. An environmental services firm was
called in to delineate any wetland areas, based on soil, plant and water
characteristics. A marsh was created at the downstream end of the island
as the mitigation site, together with a seasonal marsh and a lake. These
marshes and ponds will also help control the quality of storm-water runoff.
Mitigation areas were planned to filter out much of the chemicals used to
maintain the course. A firm was hired to develop a program of pesticide
and fertilizer application, to select chemicals that would have limited
persistence, toxicity and mobility, to suggest biological and mechanical
pest controls to reduce the need for chemicals and to develop chemical handling
guidelines. Since the site had to be regraded to increase the level of flood
protection, historical data and flood profiles were obtained, and the approximate
probability of flooding for various elevations were derived. A berm was
constructed around the outside of the island with a flap valve to let water
out but not in, and to ensure that no sediment, chemicals, grass clippings,
or lost golf balls pollute the river. A clay liner was placed around the
lakes to limit percolation of water or waterborne contaminants into the
groundwater. The lakes and marshes were interconnected to discharge downstream
of the water intake. The course is environmentally sound, as well as beautiful
and playable.
Brown, D.J. 1990. Michigan Groundwater Survey:
A Cooperative Venture of Local Governments. Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 268-269. Summary: The Michigan
groundwater survey focused on the design and implementation of a computerized
groundwater and geologic information management system. Thousands of well
logs stored as paper copy in local health departments were converted into
accessible electronic data files. County-wide baseline groundwater quality
studies focusing on wells carefully chosen to characterize the aquifers
in each county were designed and executed. Having computer accessible information
available has allowed state and local agencies to better discharge their
traditional responsibilities and to undertake new management activities.
These range from well and septic system permitting and inspection to land
use planning, zoning and groundwater management and protection. Baseline
water quality can now be compared to new analyses to assess the degree of
degradation in cases of possible contamination and preliminary site assessments
can be performed with relative ease. Proposed new land uses can be evaluated
more readily for their potential impact on groundwater quality.
Couvert, B.; Lefebvre, B.; Lefort, P.; Morin, E. 1991. Research on Torrent
Control Check Dams and Detention Areas (Etude Generale sur les Seuils
de Correction Torrentielle et les Plages de Depots). Houille Blanche
HOBLAB, No. 6, p 449-456. English summary. Summary: The Societe
Grenobloise d'Etudes et d'Applications Hydrauliqes was entrusted by the
Mountain Soil Conservation (RTM-- Restauration des Terrains en Montagne)
service in the Savoy Region (France) and the Erosion Control Division of
the Centre National du Machinisme Agricole, du Genie Rural, des Eaux et
des Forets in Grenoble with the task of carrying out research on two modes
of torrent control: RTM-type check dams, and detention areas where torrents
discharge into valleys. Three major studies are being conducted: (1) A study
of scouring at the downstream side of check dams, in order to optimize the
design of the dams and their foundations. (2) An analysis of discharge upstream
of the dam in order to determine peak flow rates of the torrent from measurements
of water heights. (3) An investigation of the torrents' sediment-transport
potential in order to determine the appropriate dimensions for detention
areas.
Debo, T.N.; Small, G.N. 1989. Detention Storage:
Its Design and Use. Public Works, Vol. 120, No. 1, p 71-72, January.
Summary: Urban development in many areas has resulted in downstream
drainage and flooding problems. To cope with these problems, many municipalities
are using stormwater detention storage facilities to temporarily store runoff
and release it at a controlled rate of discharge. Some important design
considerations for detention-storage facilities are discussed and a new
computer model developed to aid in the design of these facilities is presented.
Several elements should be closely considered when designing detention storage
facilities. First, the inflow hydrograph should be carefully evaluated for
the design storm(s) that will be used. Second, the volume of storage available
within the detention facility should be calculated to determine how much
runoff can be stored and to what extent the inflow peak can be decreased.
Third, the outflow (discharge) structure should be accurately sized to discharge
at the desired rate of flow from the facility to downstream areas. To prevent
erosion problems, energy dissipators should be used at the exit from all
detention facilities where high velocities could create downstream problems.
Unless it can be routinely and economically maintained, even the most beautiful
and useful detention facility will soon deteriorate until where it is no
longer effective. A computer model, developed as part of the Chapel Hill,
North Carolina, stormwater management program is called the HYDROS detention
design model. This model greatly simplifies the design of detention facilities
without sacrificing accuracy or reliability.
DiChristina, M. 1996. The village green.
Popular Science, Vol: 248 Iss: 1 Date: Jan 1996 p: 60-64. Summary:
Former environmental activist Liz Walker is working with Joan Bokaer
to design a community that is more environmentally conscientious than typical
suburban subdivisions. The design and development of EcoVillage is examined.
Elkington, John; Shopley, Jonathan. 1988. The shrinking planet : U.S.
information technology and sustainable development. World Resources
Institute, c1988 WRI paper, #3 "June 1988."
Ellis, J.B.; Revitt, D.M.; Shutes, R.B.E.; Langley, J.M. 1994. 4. International
Symposium On Highway Pollution, Madrid, (Spain). The performance of vegetated
biofilters for highway runoff control. HIGHWAY POLLUTION. Hamilton,-R.S.;
Revitt,-D.M.; Harrison,-R.M.; Monzon-de-Caceres,-A. (eds.) pp. 543-550.
SCI- TOTAL-ENVIRON. vol. 146-147. Summary: The design of highway
drainage in the UK traditionally has provided for the rapid removal of surface
runoff from the carriageway. The most commonly used methods are through
direct and positive discharges to the nearest watercourse (perhaps routed
through a detention pond) or into a soakaway system. Such systems pay little
attention to the potential loads generated from rainfall-runoff events or
their possible impacts upon receiving waters. This paper reviews the potential
use of vegetative systems as appropriate control measures for highway discharge
pollution and discusses design options. The uptake of total petroleum hydrocarbons
(TPH), lead and zinc by five species of emergent macrophyte is discussed
for a constructed experimental wetland receiving runoff from a large transit
base and car parking area in Washington State, USA. The data suggest that
Typha latifolia and Sparganium are the most suitable species for TPH, Pb
and Zn uptake, storage and metabolism.
Ferguson, B.K.; Deak, T. 1994. Role of urban storm flow volume in local
drainage problems. J. WATER RESOUR. PLANN. MANAGE. vol. 120, no. 4,
pp. 523-530. Summary: At culvert entrances and other drainage obstructions
the area upstream of the obstruction acts as a reservoir, holding arriving
runoff while earlier arriving waters are still passing through. Urban development
in a watershed increases storm-flow volume and peak rate, increasing the
potential accumulation of water and hence rising of stage and overflowing.
Storm hydrographs with different flow volumes and peak rates were routed
through a computer model of a culvert entrance, with the upstream area functioning
as a reservoir. Maximum stage rose with increasing flow volume for more
than half of the modeled combinations of conditions. Thus in an urbanizing
watershed, for a wide range of conditions, the tendency to overflow at an
obstruction increases unless volume of flow is suppressed, whether or not
peak rate is suppressed by detention. Storm-water infiltration, which controls
both flow volume and peak rate, would be a more complete solution. Storm-water
management policy that is aimed to prevent overflows at drainage obstructions
should consider flow volume control in addition to peak rate control.
Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Taking Advantage of Stormwater Control Basins in
Urban Landscapes. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol.
46, No. 2, p 100-103, March/April. Summary: Flood control, base flow
control, and water quality concerns frequently mandate storage and treatment
of urban runoff. Consequently, urban developers have a new line item in
their construction program. In addition to roads, houses, and parking lots,
there must be some sort of runoff storage basin. It is possible to mold
stormwater basins into integrated components of the urban landscape in ways
that provide aesthetic, recreational, maintenance, economic, and ecological
values. When used positively, stormwater basins can contribute to the human
and natural environment. They can be sculpted, planted, contoured, and built
of the right kinds of material on a site- specific basis. Any approach to
design of stormwater basins must be flexible and creative. The broad views,
intuition, and artistic imagination of urban design must be considered simultaneously
with mathematical derivation of hydraulic and structural performance. In
setting landscape patterns, designers can take into account the type of
expected user; the position of the basin relative to roads, viewers, and
houses; the need for active recreation versus passive scenery; the amount
of space and water available; existing desirable or objectionable features;
and the design character and variety of the overall site.
Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation. Journal of Soil
and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 324-328, September/October.
Summary: In urban areas, streams represent potential wildlife corridors,
wetland multipliers of ecosystem integrity, scenic resources, recreational
facilities close to home, and greenway links among neighborhoods and parks.
California's Urban Stream Restoration Program was begun in 1985 to reduce
damages from streambank and watershed instability and floods while restoring
streams' aesthetic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values. The Boulder
Creek Corridor Project in Colorado was adopted in 1985 to provide off-street
pedestrian and bicycle transportation, preserve and enhance fish habitat
and riparian wetland, expand recreational use, and maintain and improve
flood-carrying capacity. San Antonio's Riverwalk is an intensely urban pedestrian
commercial corridor, constantly being expanded and refined through continuing
urban development. Urbanization tends to disrupt stream equilibrium in many
ways. Urban clearing and construction temporarily intensify sediment yield
to streams. To enhance stream amenity and ecology, landscape design provides
options in land use designation, earth-forming, vegetation and use of construction
materials through corridor reservation, bank treatment, geomorphic restoration,
or grade control. Flow management has been one of the principal motivations
for designing urban stream corridors in the past. Downstream flood peaks
can be suppressed by reducing throughflow velocity; flood evaluations laterally
adjacent to the stream can be lowered by increasing throughflow velocity.
Any proposal for stream alteration or management should be investigated
for its potential flow and stability effects on upstream, downstream and
laterally adjacent areas.
Ferguson, B.K. 1987. Water Conservation Methods in Urban Landscape Irrigation:
An Exploratory Overview. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 23, No.
1, p 147-152, February. Summary: The increasing use of irrigation
for urban landscapes is causing new demands for efficient watering systems.
Conservation techniques for irrigated agricultural fields cannot be applied
to urban landscapes without amendment. This paper attempts to review methods
of urban landscape water conservation in the context of the diversity and
complexity of urban landscapes and the demands upon them for quality of
the urban environment. A development's initial site layout and planting
design fundamentally determine how much irrigation water will be required;
the complexity and creativity inherent in urban design open a number of
specific possibilities for reducing water demand. Irrigation hardware is
then designed to deliver the required volume of water to the specified landscape
efficiently by implementing a number of physical and operational principles.
Maintenance of the finished development involves monitoring results and
making adjustments as the plantings grow and develop. The potential for
conserving urban irrigation water is large. Effective conservation need
not compromise other qualities of the urban environment such as aesthetics,
screening , or shade. Urban design can address both the kinds of landscapes
people need, and minimal consumption of irrigation water.
Galloway, R.M.; Whitfield, A.A. 1995. Parkway/M602 link: Lift bridge
over the Manchester ship canal Paper 1. Background to and management
of project. PROC. INST. CIV. ENG. STRUCT. BUILD. vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 149-160.
Summary: Following a brief look at the history of Trafford Park and
the establishment of the Urban Development Corporation, the Paper considers
the need, justification and objectives of the link, which is the Corporation's
priority highway scheme. Various route options considered during the planning
stages of the scheme are reviewed, as are the funding arrangements and other
approvals necessary. The paper then outlines the management arrangements
for the project and the Corporation's procurement strategy for its construction.
Before concentrating on the most interesting aspect of the scheme-the construction
of a new low- level opening bridge across the Manchester Ship Canal-the
paper briefly highlights the significant engineering aspects of the roadworks
north and south of the bridge. The paper then addresses the engineering
aspects with respect to the new bridge. Consideration is given to the technical
options constraints. The background to the method of procurement for the
bridge contract is discussed together with the particular aspects of the
tender brief and contract documentation. The method of assessing the tenders
on the basis of whole life costs is also covered. The paper discusses the
particular aspects of the successful tender and then addresses the design
development stage, including refinement of the proposals, through to construction
stage, including the role of the Engineer in this Design and Construction
Contract.
Harowitz, S. 1992. A Garden That Will Shrink Your Water Bill.
Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine,Vol: 46 Iss: 5 Date: May 1992
p: 106. Summary: The latest idea in drought-resistant landscaping
is Xeriscaping. The new form of gardening that will save money in water
bills is discussed.
Jaeggi, M.N.R. 1989. Channel Engineering
and Erosion Control. Alternatives in Regulated River Management.
CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. 1989. p 163-183. Summary: For
many years, there has been a conflict between maximizing flood protection
and keeping rivers in a comparatively natural state. However, a number of
attempts have been made to establish design rules that take into account
both safety measures and environmental arguments. Rehabilitation has become
a new activity involving returning a technically perfect but sterile river
channel into something more natural. Recent projects described here that
show how safety and environmental aspects of channel engineering can be
combined in a complementary fashion; regulation of the Alpine Rhine in Switzerland
is emphasized. Projects on the Emme River, Ova de Bernina, and at the mouth
of the Reuss River also are considered. Traditional river training schemes
followed Tulla 's rule (circa 1820) that ' no river needs more than one
channel. ' Consequences of this type of training could include aggradation
or erosion. In regulation of the Alpine Rhine, erosion was a problem. Alternative
approaches utilize bank vegetation, drop structures, and nonconventional
channel engineering (channel elongation (i.e., meandering courses) or channel
widening). Regulating rivers is an ongoing task because of the inevitable
repetition of flood events. Concepts that worked well for decades, because
they were designed for the conditions immediately after the first regulation,
may fail when long-term effects become predominant. Such long-term effects
may be the cessation of sediment supply from the river bed, which must happen
if equilibrium conditions are to be reached, or the advancement of a delta.
Straightening and narrowing of rivers has proved an extremely effective
method for flood-proofing channels. However, if bed armoring does not occur,
drop structures must be built to prevent overdeepening. A realistic alternative
to building an extreme number of drop structures is to provide a certain
number of wide braided reaches. This alternative has clear ecological advantages.
Johnson, P.A.; McCuen, R.H.; Hromadka, T.V.
1991. Debris Basin Policy and Design. Journal of Hydrology,
Vol. 123, No. 1/2, p 83- 95, February. Summary: Debris flows cause
considerable property damage and loss of life. The debris basin is a widely
used control alternative, for which accurate design methods are not available.
Thus, there is a need for a systematic design procedure, as well as a practical
basis for establishing policy elements. A design procedure that accounts
for seasonal volumes of debris has been developed. The choice of the design
return period and burn interval, both of which are important policy elements,
is a function of the hazard level associated with failure. The monitoring
and maintenance of debris basins are also important policy elements. The
frequency of monitoring a basin to ensure adequate storage is a function
of the potential hazard presented by a debris flow to the area downstream
of the basin, as well as the precipitation, the frequency of burning in
the watershed, and the drainage area. A procedure for estimating the temporal
accumulation of debris was developed so that public agencies will know when
to monitor and dredge each debris basin in their jurisdiction. The adoption
of rational design methods and policy elements relating to debris basins
should minimize the risk of failure of the basins.
Jones, J.E. 1990. Multipurpose Stormwater Detention Ponds. Public
Works, Vol. 121, No. 13, p 52-53, December. Summary: Multipurpose
detention pond concepts for both ' wet ' ponds (those that maintain water
permanently) and ' dry ' ponds (those that retain stormwater briefly during
and after floods) are summarized. Regardless of the specific functions that
the designer attempts to fulfill, the pond must be: (1) safe, from the standpoint
of public visitors or users of the facility; (2) hydrologically and hydraulically
sound; (3) maintainable at low cost; (4) structurally sound if a severe
flood occurs, possibly up to the probable maximum flood; and (5) pleasant
to view; considered an asset rather than a nuisance. Specific purposes for
stormwater detention ponds other than runoff containment include: (a) water
quality enhancement; (b) enhanced property values and community focal points;
(c) wildlife habitat enhancement; and (d) active recreational potential.
Unfortunately, many ponds are built because a developer had to demonstrate
that ' post- development discharges will not exceed pre-development discharges.
' Detention pond design needs to be for more than this. It is incumbent
upon the drainage designer to evaluate multiple purpose objectives for wet
and dry stormwater detention ponds.
Lancaster, T. 1993. Erosion and Sediment Control on a Light Railway System.
Public Works, Vol. 124, No. 7, p 60, June. Summary: A light
rail system was recently constructed between East St. Louis, Illinois, and
the St. Louis International Airport. Spatial limitations for right-of-way
construction through downtown St. Louis proposed special challenges for
both the design engineering firm and the general contractor. Over 14 miles
of existing right-of-ways would be excavated into large depressions to allow
the light rail cars to pass. The 2:1, 80-ft side slopes required in the
design needed immediate slope stabilization with a double net straw fiber
erosion blanket, as calculated by special computer software. Easy installation
and durable yet lightweight construction of the straw fiber blanket enabled
the exceptional 333-sq-yd per man hour application rate. The blankets eliminated
any need for regrading eroded areas, reseeding and fertilizing, and removing
sediment from the gravel track beds on the light rail project. The erosion
blankets continued to function beneath the establishing stands of grass
through the fall and winter months, promoting permanent stability and preventing
sediment runoff into the rail beds.
Lelen, K. 1996, June 22. ELEMENTS OF STYLE: BUILDERS FIND NEO- TRADITIONAL
DESIGNS HAVE THEIR LIMITS. Washington Post, Final Edition. Sec:
E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Despite the limited buyer appeal of
neo-traditional towns that embody the latest ideas in suburban development,
Washington DC- area builders are giving picket fences, front porches and
other neighbor-friendly amenities fresh scrutiny for their more traditional
projects elsewhere.
Leuschner, C.; Scherer, B. 1989. Fundamentals of an Applied Ecosystem
Research Project in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig Holstein. Helgolaender
Meeresuntersuchungen, Vol. 43, No. 3/4, p 565-574. Summary: The
aims, content and organizational structure of a proposed interdisciplinary
ecosystem research project in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein (West
Germany) are briefly presented. The project will include research on both
fundamental as well as applied aspects of the Wadden Sea ecosystems and
their interaction with local human activities. In contrast to most of the
other completed or currently running ecosystem research projects on tidal
coasts, a considerable part of the scientific work will also deal with aspects
of ecosystem management and protection of the various marine and semiterrestrial
habitats of the Wadden Sea. Considerable attention is paid to theoretical
and methodological aspects of research on ecosystems and landscape units.
In particular, the adoption of a hierarchical view of complex biological
and environmental systems is recommended.
Lewis, R.K. 1996, June 15. SHAPING THE CITY - NEW URBANIST' CHARTER RETURNS
TO OLD-FASHIONED ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS. Washington Post, Final
Edition, Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Roger K. Lewis comments
on the Congress for New Urbanism's new charter, which was signed by several
hundred architects and urban designers in 1996 at a meeting in Charleston
SC.
Lewis, R. K. 1995, March 4. SHAPING THE CITY - PLANNERS TAKE NOTE: THERE'S
A FUTURE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION FOR CITIES. Washington Post,
Final Edition,Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Roger K. Lewis discusses
a presentation by Richard Moe, president of the National Trust for Historic
Preservation, to the US Conference of Mayors, commenting on the premise
that historic preservation can play a significant role as a framework for
public policy and a tool for implementation.
Lindsey, G.; Roberts, L.; Page, W. 1992. Maintenance of Stormwater BMPs
in Four Maryland Counties: A Status Report. Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation, Vol. 47, No. 5, p 417- 422, September/October. Summary:
In Maryland, the 1982 Stormwater Management Act and supporting regulations
mandate that all local jurisdictions establish regulatory stormwater programs
that require developers to provide structural best management practices
(BMPs) on essentially all new development sites, to control the two-year
and 10-year, 24-hour storms. However, previous studies in Maryland and elsewhere
have shown that maintenance of stormwater structures often is deferred or
inadequate. Field inspections were made of more than 250 stormwater facilities
in four counties in Maryland. The types of facilities inspected included
dry basins, wet and extended detention basins, infiltration basins and trenches,
dry wells, underground storage facilities, and vegetated swales. Four trained
inspectors evaluated performance (inappropriate ponding of water, slow infiltration,
incorrect flow patterns, clogging of facility, excessive sediment or debris,
water bypassing facility, design shortcomings, structural failures, erosion
at intake or outfall) and maintenance criteria (facility functioning as
designed, quantity controlled as designed, quality benefits produced by
ability, enforcement action needed, maintenance action needed) for each
facility. While most (64%) of the facilities were found to be functioning
as designed, many needed maintenance, especially to correct excessive sediment
and debris problems. Inspectors believed that enforcement action was warranted
at many sites. The condition of different types of facilities varied significantly.
Several models were used to explain results, including a series of chi-square
tests to determine the independence of facility status and objective and
subjective variables. Overall, the investigations documented the need for
improved inspection and maintenance by stormwater management regulatory
authorities.
Livingston, E. H. 1989. Use of Wetlands for Urban Stormwater Management.
In Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial
and Agricultural. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea Michigan. 1989. p 253-262.
Summary: Use of wetlands for urban stormwater management should not
be considered a panacea. Little scientific information is available concerning
the short-term or long-term effects on wetlands, their natural functions,
or associated fauna from the addition of stormwater. Most water quality
effects of stormwater result from ' first flush. ' In Florida, this corresponds
to the first 2.5 cm of rainfall, which carries 90% of the pollution load
from a storm event. Pretreatment removes heavy sediment loads and other
pollutants such as hydrocarbons that can damage the wetland. Pretreatment
also attenuates stormwater volumes and peak discharge rates to maintain
the wetland hydroperiod and reduce scour and erosion. Wetland plants have
specific tolerances to levels and types of pollutants. Polluted stormwater
contains increased nutrients, which may change the plant community. Since
new dominants reflect more efficient use of added nutrients or are more
tolerant to pollutants, the plant changes should benefit pollutant removal.
In 1982, Maryland legislation required development of stormwater management
regulations to ensure that stormwater from new developments was treated
to reduce the pollutant discharged to receiving water. The same year, the
Florida Stormwater Rule was implemented, requiring all newly constructed
stormwater discharges to use appropriate best management practices (BMPs)
to treat the first flush of runoff. Vegetated systems, wet detention, or
wetlands are commonly used BMPs. Wetlands have great potential to help solve
stormwater management problems. However, more information is needed to ascertain
possible effects on wetlands and their fauna from addition of untreated
stormwater. Little is known about the potential for bioaccumulation of heavy
metals or other toxics typical of stormwater. Monitoring of wetland stormwater
systems also is essential to determine relations between design variables
and pollutant removal efficiency.
Lowery, M. 1994. Cleveland: A model for urban revitalization.
Black Enterprise, Vol: 24 Iss: 10 Date: May 1994 p: 50-51. Summary:
Cleveland has become a model for urban revitalization, and political
battles have ensured that African-American businesses share in the prosperity.
The city's growth is discussed. Mayor Michael R. White is profiled.
Marchand, M.; Marteijn, E.C.L.; Bakonyi, P. 1995. International Conference
On Integrated Water Resources, Management, Amsterdam (Nether). Policy
analysis as a tool for habitat restoration: A case study of a Danube River
floodplain, Hungary. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,-S.H.;
Gulati,-R.D.; Van-Liere,-L.; Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) pp. 179- 186. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL.
vol. 31, no. 8. Summary: This paper will elaborate a policy analysis
approach especially designed for habitat restoration. It will be illustrated
by a case study example of a floodplain area along the Danube river, Hungary.
The case study used hydrodynamic and water quality models and expertise
from a range of disciplines. This made it possible to unravel the complex
relations between the environment and human interventions. Crucial was the
participation of local experts in the design and screening of measures,
as well as the feedback from local interest groups at several occasions
during the project. This resulted in the formulation of rehabilitation ideas,
most of which have hitherto not been discussed. The combination of creative
thinking with practical possibilities and limitations has been worked out
in a cyclic process from which three different alternatives emerged. These
have been analyzed for their feasibility with regard to the goals to be
achieved, their costs and their impacts on other interests.
Maristany, A.E.; Bartel, R.L. 1989. Wetlands and Stormwater Management:
A Case Study of Lake Munson. Part I: Long Term Treatment Efficiencies. Wetlands:
Concerns and Successes. Proceedings of a Symposium held September
17-22 1989, Tampa, Florida. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda,
Maryland. 1989. p 215-229. Summary: The use of wetlands or wet detention
ponds for stormwater management represents a relatively new approach that
has been successfully applied in recent years to address water quality problems
in urban areas. Since most systems have been in operation for only a few
years, questions have been raised concerning their long-term performance.
It has been speculated that once these systems reach a state of dynamic
equilibrium, nutrient removal may decline due to the reduced nutrient uptake
of a mature ecosystem. A recent study was conducted by the Northwest Florida
Management District of a 255 acre wetland/lake system which has received
wastewater effluent and storm water discharges for over 30 years. Nutrient
and pollutant removal rates were estimated for a wide range of parameters
based on concurrent sampling of stormwater inflows, outflows and lake water
quality. Long-term removal rates for Lake Munson, Florida, compared favorably
with rates reported for relatively new facilities. An important conclusion
from this study is that wet detention systems designed for minimum treatment
storage capacity and which are not properly maintained, will experience
significant water quality problems due to eutrophication. It would be advisable
to increase storage capacity beyond the point of diminishing returns by
either deepening the pond or expanding its surface area to prevent the pond
from being overwhelmed by typical storm events as is the case with Lake
Munson. The average storm event replaces the entire wet detention volume
in the lake. A better design criteria would be to provide twice the volume
if the average storm event in order to reduce the impact of any one storm
on pond water quality. Drawdowns should also be implemented on a periodic
basis as part of the over all maintenance program in order to stabilize
bottom sediments and reduce the amount of orthophosphorous released from
the sediments to the water column.
Mayer, C.E. 1995, April 29. THE SHRINKING OF THE AMERICAN LAWN; FOR REASONS
OF BUSINESS AND PLEASURE, A LOT OF THE GREEN IS GONE. Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: A SECTION p: 1. Summary: The lawn,
that unique status symbol of suburbia and homeownership is slowly but steadily
shrinking. If it is not harried homeowners cutting back to minimize maintenance,
it is the nation's homebuilders erecting larger houses on ever smaller lots,
leaving little, if any room, for grass.
Mazich, J.P.; Pysher, T.R.; Mather, M.N.; Kibler,
D.F. 1990. Municipal Stormwater Management Ordinance Development and
Implementation in Pennsylvania. IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings
of the 1990 National Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers,
New York. 1990. p 500-505. Summary: Successful implementation of
a basin-wide stormwater management strategy can only be accomplished by
paying careful attention to the content of a new basin-wide stormwater management
ordinance, and by uniformly and rigorously enforcing the regulations contained
in that ordinance. The elements/provisions that should be included in the
ordinance are: applicability and compatibility with other municipal regulations;
statement of purpose; definitions; general drainage plan requirements; performance
standards; design criteria; acceptable calculation methodology; drainage
plan contents; plan submission, review, and approval processes; inspection
and as-built survey requirements; municipal fees; and maintenance requirements.
The developers of an ordinance must be specific enough in defining allowable
approaches to preparing drainage plans that there is no question over the
intent of the regulations or the means used to implement them. The relationship
between the requirements of the ordinance and those of outside approving
agencies must be delineated. Three major problems can develop during implementation
of a basin-wide stormwater management ordinance: non-uniformity of application,
role of authority in issuing approvals, and non-uniformity of release rates.
It is important that these problems be foreseen and addressed within the
ordinance. While basin-wide stormwater management can bring new administrative
headaches, it is critical to insuring sound water resources management.
McArthur, B.H. 1989. Use of Isolated Wetlands in Florida for Stormwater
Treatment. Wetlands: Concerns and Successes. Proceedings of a Symposium
held September 17-22 1989, Tampa, Florida. American Water Resources
Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1989. p 185-193. Summary: The Florida
Department of Regulation (FDER) under Chapter 84-79, Laws or Florida, the
Warren S. Henderson Wetland Protection Act of 1984 and Chapters 40D-4 and
17-25 of the Florida Administration Code (FAC) provide for the use of isolated
wetlands for the treatment of stormwater runoff. Wetlands in the past have
been used for disposal of treated effluent but prior to October 1, 1984
wetlands have not been permitted through the state agencies to receive direct
discharge of untreated stormwater runoff from developments. This concept
allows for the incorporation of isolated wetlands into stormwater management
plans and has provided incentive for the preservation of wetlands within
a development. It is the intent of this concept to show that with proper
design, a wetland can be used to treat stormwater runoff by natural means
without damaging or significantly altering the existing ecosystems. Research
ha shown that the addition of stormwater can help ensure the maintenance
of existing hydroperiods and provide additional nutrients which could increase
the productivity of the wetland. Stabilizing the ecosystem can improve wildlife
habitat and provide an enhancement of the aesthetic value of the wetland
and the development. This paper discusses stormwater treatment in isolated
wetlands with emphasis on the continuing research in Florida, and includes:
(1) the rules and regulations set forth by the State of Florida, (2) detention
times and the benefits to water quality, (3) sampling procedures to insure
water quality standards, and (4) the design of a pilot project to be used
by the state to set and check compliance with standards.
McCann, K.; Olson, L. 1994. 14 Annual International
Symposium Of The North American, Lake M. Pollutant removal efficiencies
of the Greenwood Urban Wetland stormwater treatment system. LAKE RESERV.
MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 97. Summary: The Greenwood Urban Wetland
treats stormwater runoff from a 522 acre sub-basin in downtown Orlando.
Thirteen acres of ponds with a 25 to 30 ft. wide littoral shelf, a sediment
control basin, pond aeration and an irrigation system reusing stormwater
were incorporated into the design for pollutant removal efficiencies. The
City conducted a study on the Greenwood Urban Wetland to determine the pollutant
removal efficiency of the sediment trap and overall treatment system in
removing pollutants associated with stormwater runoff. Results of the study
indicated that the sediment trap removed total phosphorus and orthophosphate
at a removal efficiency of 11.4% and 7.4% respectively. The sediment trap
removal total nitrogen and nitrate at removal efficiencies of 4% and 16%
but exported ammonia and nitrite with removals of - 109% and -76%. Cadmium,
copper and lead were removed in the sediment trap at removal efficiencies
of 26%, 19% and 10% respectively. Zinc was exported with a removal efficiency
of - 5%. The overall removal efficiency of the wetland system was reduced
due to high groundwater inflows. Total phosphorus and orthophosphate had
removal efficiencies of 70% and 81% respectively. Nitrogen was removed a
efficiency with data indicating removal of total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate
and nitrite at removal efficiencies of 13%, 16%, 6% and 10% respectively.
Cadmium, lead and zinc were removed in the wetland at removal efficiencies
of 33%, 60% and 35%. Copper was exported at a rate of -4%.
Moglen, G.E.; McCuen, R.H. 1990. Economic Framework for Flood and Sediment
Control with Detention Basins. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol.
26, No. 1, p 145-156, February. Summary: A framework for combining
economic factors and the hydrology of detention basins is provided. The
general development of economic production functions for water quality (sediment)
and flood control is examined. Example production functions are generated
to compare water quality (sediment control only) and flood control. For
the given example, the design of a detention basin for downstream sediment
control is economically unwarranted. When compared to onsite detention facilities,
regional detention structures appear to be more practical from an economic
standpoint for water quality control. Since sediment was the only water
quality parameter assessed, it is entirely possible that the design of a
detention basin for water quality control would be justified if the effects
of all pollutants of concern could be quantified. The benefits that result
from trapping pollutants, including sediment, are one of the most difficult
elements of the water quality production function to assess. The estimation
of benefits of instream flow is a relatively new area of investigation.
Public goods, or non- marketed resources, are difficult to assess, in part,
because of the many beneficiaries involved and because many of the benefits
are value-based. The benefits are also a function of the flow level, with
greater water quality benefits accruing during low flows, which compounds
the problem of estimation.
Mutunayagam, N. Brito; Bahrami, Ali. 1987. Cartography
and site analysis with microcomputers : a programming guide for physical
planning, urban design, and landscape architecture. Aug; New York,
Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Odgaard, A.J.; Wang, Y. 1990. Sediment Management with Submerged Vanes.
IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1990 National Conference.
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 963-968. National
Science Foundation Grant No. CTS-8611147; Highway Research Board of the
Iowa Department of Transportation Grant Nos. HR-255, HR-274, and HR-307;
United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, through the
Iowa State Water Resources Research Institute Project No. G- 1017-03. Summary:
Submerged vanes are small river training structures used for protection
of streambanks against erosion and for amelioration of shoaling problems
in navigation channels, at water intakes, in bridge crossings, and at diversions.
The submerged vanes are installed on the streambed at an angle of attack
of 15-25 degrees with the flow. Their initial height is 0.2-0.4 times local
water depth at design stage, and their length is 3-4 times their height.
By generating secondary circulation in the flow, the vanes alter the distribution
of bed shear stresses across the river channel and cause a redistribution
of flow velocity and depth. The theory relates this redistribution to the
parameters of the vane system. To facilitate design, a number of graphs
have been prepared showing calculated changes in flow depth at the bank
as a function of the basic vane parameters (vane height, aspect ratio, angle
of incidence, vane submergence, lateral and longitudinal vane spacings,
and vane-to- bank distance) and flow and sediment parameters (pre-vane cross-
sectional acreage flow depth, velocity, resistance, channel width-depth
ratio and radius-width ratio, and sediment Froude number). The design procedure
is as follows: (1) determine bankfull-flow variables; (2) calculate the
resistance parameter, Froude number, depth-width ratio, and width-radius
ratio; (3) define desired maximum change of depth to be achieved by the
vane system; (4) select vane dimensions and angle of attack, and calculate
vane submergence-depth ratio and aspect ratio; (5) enter appropriate graph
and determine (read) the number of vanes per array required to obtain the
desired value of the maximum change of depth; and (6) select other vane
dimensions and enter the appropriate graphs to determine if the objective
can be met with more favorable designs and layouts. Both laboratory and
field experience show that these relationships, and hence the design procedure
established, are valid.
Pearthree, M.S.; Wise, J.S. 1988. Living with
Floodplains: Land Development in Arizona. Floodplain Harmony.
The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center Institute
of Behavioral Science No. 6, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 1988.
p 260-267. Summary: Flood hazards in southern Arizona, where the
Phoenix and Tuscon metropolitan areas are located, occur in two distinct
riverine settings: (1) overbank inundation and channel meandering along
major watercourses; and (2) shallow sheet flooding of alluvial fan areas
and of low-lying areas dominated by braided channel systems. High population
growth has necessitated rapid development of flood plain management regulatory
policies and drainage design criteria. Flood plain encroachment, channel
stabilization, and maintenance of natural flood plain methods have been
successfully employed in areas of overbank inundation and channel meandering
along major watercourses. Flood plain encroachment, channel/parkway schemes,
and maintenance of existing wildlife corridors and riparian habitats within
flood plain regions have been successfully employed in alluvial fan areas
and braided channel systems. The projects cited have been developed with
the idea of managing floodwaters while enhancing existing environmental
and water resources. The coordination and interaction required between the
public, agencies, developers, and engineers throughout the planning and
design phases of these projects were of major importance.
Porter, M.E. 1995. The rise of the urban
entrepreneur. Inc., Vol: 17 Iss: 7 Date: May 16, 1995
p: 104-119. Summary: The time for revitalizing the inner city is
now. Porter examines the failures of existing urban policy and lays out
a blueprint for the economic revitalization of US cities.
Propson, T.P. 1980. Urbanization Effects and the Control of the Surface
Runoff Process in Small Watersheds. Available from the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield VA 22161 as PB80-222813, Price
codes: A05 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Water Resources Institute,
South Dakota State University, Brookings, Completion Report, June 1980.
OWRT-B-034- SDAK (1), 14-34-0001-3842. Summary: An approach to the
solution of urban runoff problems that has gradually evolved and gained
in popularity during the past few years is the ' greenway ' or ' greenbelt
' approach. To facilitate the determination of the flood-plain zone (the
greenway) for small watersheds, a new urban runoff model, the Rapid City
Runoff Model (RCRM) has been developed which, while lacking the broad flexibility
of the more sophisticated models, is less wasteful in terms of computer
storage, compilation time, and cost of data preparation. We believe that
RCRM is an urban runoff simulation model which provides for a greater level
of hydraulic accuracy than the less sophisticated models while remaining
at a level of sophistication compatible with established practice, and with
minimum data collection and preparation time. This model is based upon urban
hydrology principals developed by the Soil Conservation Service and has
been refined to include: (1) up to 63 subbasins within a major drainage
basin; (2) a sophisticated technique for identification of each subbasin
which establishes the drainage pattern of the main basin; (3) a more realistic
and accurate method of modeling the hydrologic characteristics of natural
drainage channels; and (4) the capability to predict the extent of lateral
inundation produced by the design peak discharges.
Pysher, T.R.; Kibler, D.F.; Mather, M.N.; Mazich, J.P. 1990. Basin Wide
Stormwater Management in Pennsylvania: A Case Study of Hydrologic Performance
Standards. IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1990 National
Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 1197-1202.
Summary: The Pennsylvania Stormwater Management Act, passed in 1978,
mandated the implementation of basin-wide hydrologic performance standards
to manage increases in stormwater runoff caused by development. These performance
standards take the form of 'release rates' and are developed using hydrologic
computer models. This basin-wide approach to stormwater management considers
the impact of increased runoff on downstream areas; therefore, it is more
comprehensive than conventional on-site stormwater management that maintains
post-development peak discharges at pre-development levels. A case study
of the Little Plum Run watershed in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, provides
a practical application of release rates. A sensitivity analysis was performed
to examine the effect of various hydrologic computer model input parameters
on release rates for the Little Plum Run watershed. For hydrologic analysis,
the watershed was divided into ten subareas and completed using the Penn
State Runoff Model (PSRM), which developed design storm specific release
rates for each subarea. The sensitivity of seven different PSRM input parameters
(overland length, overland slope, Manning's roughness coefficient for pervious
surfaces, runoff curve number, initial abstraction, ratio of in-bank to
out-of-bank velocity, and channel travel time) on subarea release rates
was tested through application of PSRM to the Little Plum watershed for
existing land use conditions. It was found that channel travel time was
the most sensitive parameter for determining subarea release rates (maximum
bias of -0.17 and maximum standard error of 0.22). The results of this sensitivity
analysis are not necessarily applicable to other watersheds or other hydrologic
analysis techniques; however, the significance of channel travel time accuracy
in estimating flow travel time throughout a watershed is important for establishing
basin-wide hydrologic performance standards.
Rippey, B. 1990. Implications for the Design of Artificial Lakes of a
Study of the Craigavon Lakes. Water Research, Vol. 24, No. 9,
p 1085-1089, September. Summary: Two linked artificial lakes in the
new town of Craigavon in Northern Ireland are used for both stormwater management
and recreation. The eutrophic lakes have not only fulfilled their engineering
function of preventing flooding from urban runoff but the water quality
has been high enough to allow recreation on and beside them. A study of
water quality has shown that phosphorus loading-trophic state models apply
to these artificial lakes. These models may be able to be used elsewhere
to achieve optimum design and acceptable water quality. The phosphorus loading-trophic
state models may be used to explore how water quality varies with lake depth
and decide if the costs of excavation of deeper lakes are justified. When
deciding which areas should drain to an artificial lake, estimates of the
water quality can be made and the best solution chosen. The high cost of
excavating lakes means that most of the lakes will be fairly shallow. The
growth of macrophytes in the shallow lakes can be controlled by yearly mechanical
cutting.
Salant, K. 1996, June 15. HOUSEWATCH - UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGNS YIELD UNUSUAL
PRICES, STANDARD FEATURES. Washington Post, Final Edition,
Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Katherine Salant discusses back-to-back
town house projects in the Germantown area of Montgomery County MD, saying
that the $130,000 price range and standard features have appealed to first-time
home buyers.
Scatena, P.N. 1990. Selection of Riparian Buffer
Zones in Humid Tropical Steeplands. IN: Research Needs and Applications
to Reduce Erosion and Sedimentation in Tropical Steeplands. IAHS Publication
No. 192. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Washington,
DC. 1990. p 328-337. Summary: The use of riparian protection zones
in forestry operations is based on the premise that the structure of the
riparian zone has a controlling influence on the environmental conditions
of the aquatic habitat. In the design of riparian protection zones, maximized
environmental benefits can be met by minimizing changes in light, temperature,
sediment and channel morphology within the riparian zone; and reducing offside
exports of sediment and nutrients by providing storage sites adjacent to
the stream channel. The determination of effective buffer width and extent
has typically been established by establishing and protecting the minimum
area contributing the runoff, and by determining the sediment trapping efficiency
of the vegetative strip. Both the watershed area and commercial basal areal
area increases geometrically as smaller and smaller channels are protected.
Due to the relatively high stream channel densities in tropical steeplands,
protection of intermittent channels is economically prohibitive. Furthermore,
since storm runoff is dominated by channelized flow from intermittent swales,
and the steep channel margins cannot store large volumes of sediment, the
sediment trapping efficiency of these buffers is greatly reduced. Delimiting
buffers on the presence of herbaceous vegetation provides both a practical
and ecologically sound solution to buffer selection. Since herbaceous layers
are a diagnostic feature of these riparian zones, buffers based on their
presence should reduce changes to ecological characteristics of the system.
Schor, H.J.; Gray, D.H. 1995. Landform grading and slope evolution.
J. GEOTECH. ENG. vol. 121, no. 10, pp. 729-735. Summary: Transportation
corridors and residential developments in steep terrain both require that
some grading be carried out to accommodate roadways and building sites.
The manner in which this grading is planned and executed and the nature
of the resulting topography or landforms that are created affect not only
the visual or aesthetic impact of the development but also the long-term
stability of the slopes and effectiveness of landscaping and revegetation
efforts. Conventionally graded slopes can be characterized by essentially
planar slope surfaces with constant gradients. Most slopes in nature, however,
consist of complex landforms covered by vegetation that grows in patterns
that are adjusted to hillside hydrogeology. Analysis of slope-evolution
models reveals that a planar slope in many cases is not an equilibrium configuration.
Landform-graded slopes on the other hand mimic stable natural slopes and
are characterized by a variety of shapes, including convex and concave forms.
Downslope drains either follow natural drop lines in the slope or are hidden
from view in swale-and-berm combinations. Landscaping plants are placed
in patterns that occur in nature as opposed to random or artificial configurations.
The relatively small increase in the costs of engineering and design for
landform grading are more than offset by improved visual and aesthetic impact,
quicker regulatory approval, decreased hillside maintenance and sediment
removal costs, and increased marketability and public acceptance.
Smith, L.G.; Carlisle, T.J.; Meek, S.N. 1993. Implementing Sustainability:
the Use Of Natural Channel Design and Artificial Wetlands for Stormwater
Management. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 37, No.
4, p 241-257, April. Summary: Sustainability is a concept that has
been widely embraced both politically and intellectually but has not been
addressed in terms of practical application. In most resource sectors, the
features of a sustainable future remain unclear and there are few examples
that give practical expression to sustainability. This deficiency has been
addressed on two counts: (1) the application of the concept to the management
of water resources; and (2) how the concept can be utilized for the management
and planning of urban stormwater. Natural channel design and artificial
wetlands represent an innovative approach to stormwater management in that
they provide benefits for the natural environment. Rather than thinking
of created wetlands and natural channels as techniques for the single purpose
of stormwater management, the designs are more accurately thought of as
a concept. Integral features of this concept include its potential for maintaining
or enhancing terrestrial and aquatic habitat and its use of an integrated
approach to stormwater management. The practical application of these designs
is limited in the North American context. Preliminary research indicates
that some impediments include the negative attitudes of developers and planners,
the complexity of storm drainage plan approval processes, local government
skepticism, legal liability and overall inexperience with the designs.
Sturm, T.W.; Kirby, R.E. 1991. Sediment Reduction in Urban Stormwater
Runoff From Construction Sites. Available from National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB92-178243. Price codes:
A06 in paper copy, A02 in microfiche. Environmental Resources Center, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Report No. ERC 04-91, June 1991. USGS
Contract No. 14-08-0001-G1556. USGS Project No. G1556-06. Summary: Current
design criteria and best-management practices for controlling sediment in
runoff from construction sites were evaluated in response to Georgia legislation
which established an effluent limit on turbidity. The research approach
has been two-pronged with an analysis of field data collected by Georgia
EPD and of numerical data generated by a computer simulation model. The
field data were collected at landfill sites which had a sediment basin.
Regression relations between suspended solids in mg/L and turbidity in NTU
were developed for each landfill site and were found to be dependent on
the soil types at each site. The probability of meeting the turbidity discharge
standard is dependent on rainfall characteristics, the hydrologic condition
and size of the watershed contributing to the receiving stream, soil properties
and soil conservation measures on the disturbed watershed, and the sediment
basin design. Computer simulation results were obtained from the model SEDCAD+
for disturbed watersheds with sediment basins designed according to the
Georgia Erosion and Sediment Control Manual. The results showed that sediment
basins can be very effective in reducing suspended sediment in construction-site
runoff. However, for a disturbed area with significant soil-conservation
treatment, the peak sediment concentration in the sediment-basin outflow
exceeded the undisturbed peak concentration for a meadow land use. For an
undisturbed land use of 1/3 agriculture, 1/3 woods, and 1/3 pasture, disturbed
sediment concentrations in the sediment-basin outflow were less than the
undisturbed values. Sediment-basin trap efficiencies obtained from the numerical
model varied from 45% for the clay loam soil to 80% for the sandy loam soil.
The trap efficiencies decreased with increases in surface loading rate.
The numerical results suggest that an improvement in the design criteria
for sediment basins would be to re-define the surface loading rate and to
specify lower allowable values for soils with high percentages of clay.
The numerical results also quantitatively demonstrate the importance of
applying soil conservation measures so as to prevent as much sediment as
possible from ever reaching the sediment basin.
Theisen, M.S. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort Collin.
The expanding role of geosynthetics in erosion and sediment control.
PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.;
Nordstrom,-S.K.; Keammerer,- W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV.,
FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST. pp. 150-170.
COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71. Summary: The use of geosynthetic
erosion and sediment materials continues to expand at a rapid pace. From
their early beginnings in the late 1950's, geosynthetic materials today
are the backbone of the erosion and sediment control industry. Geosynthetic
components are an integral part of erosion and sediment materials ranging
from temporary products such as hydraulic mulch geofibers, plastic erosion
control meshes and nettings, erosion control blankets and silt fences to
high performance turf reinforcement mats, geocellular confinement systems,
erosion control geotextiles, fabric formed revetments and concrete block
systems. This paper provides a brief overview of these materials and concepts,
and how they may be designed and incorporated into cost effective applications.
Viladas, P. 1992. The Urbane Village. House & Garden,
Vol: 164 Iss: 7 Date: Jul 1992 p: 38-39. Summary: A different kind
of community taking shape in Windsor FL, a resort village designed in the
urban tradition of the Caribbean, is profiled. The resulting village will
have courtyard and garden houses resembling those of historic Charleston
NC and Saint Augustine FL.
Vivian, J. 1995. The secrets of low tech plumbing. Mother
Earth News, Iss: 150 Date: Jun 1995 p: 34-38+. Summary: Low-cost,
low-impact, low-energy rain catchments and cisterns, water rams and solar
pumps, along with a dose of plain old- fashioned water conservation, will
allow one to take control of the water supply and wet-waste disposal systems.
The secrets of low-tech plumbing are discussed.
Williams, D.T.; Austin, D.N. 1995. PC based design of channel protection
using permanent geosynthetic reinforcement mattings. LAND WATER 1995
vol. 39, pp. 11-14. Summary: New erosion and sediment control legislation,
coupled with enhanced public awareness toward environmental issues, has
led to a rapid increase in the use of flexible geosynthetic lining systems
as lining materials in inland waterways. These materials are being selected
as alternatives to rigid linings because of several advantages they offer.
Geosynthetic mattings: 1. Allow vegetative establishment, 2. Extend performance
limits of natural vegetation, 3. Conform to uneven subgrades, 4. Are easy
to install, 5. Impede water flow/capture sediment, 6. Promote infiltration/groundwater
recharge, 7. Reduce sediment transport, and 8. Offer greater than 50% cost
savings. This article describes the procedures used for the hydraulic analyses
and selection of a permanent geosynthetic matting as channel lining materials
featured in a new computer program.
Yates, D.; Lormand, J. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort
Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar. Revegetation of highway impacts Provo Canyon,
Utah US 189 Murdock Water Diversion to Upper Falls Park. PROCEEDINGS:
HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.; Nordstrom,-S.K.;
Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORT COLLINS, CO
80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST. pp. 281-284. INF.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST.
vol. 71. Summary: This exhibit describes the revegetation design
for the areas affected by highway construction along US 189 through scenic
Provo Canyon, east of the Cities of Provo and Orem, Utah. The landscape
design goal was to establish native plant materials on highway cut and fill
slopes. Grading techniques, such as slope molding and rock cut sculpting
were used to provide a more natural appearance to the impacted terrain.
Wetland permitting and mitigation design for 4.5 acres of wetland was also
included. A separate recreation path was designed from two miles of an abandoned
railroad right-of-way. The public involvement in this project played a critical
role in bringing the design process to a successful conclusion. At the time
Parson's De Leuw, Inc. became involved, the project was shut down under
a court injunction. Parson's De Leuw established the Provo Canyon Design
Advisory Committee (PCDAC), a group of concerned citizens to redevelop the
project with a design that addressed the public's concerns.
Yazdani, N.; Ycaza, I.D. 1995. Multi agency integrated code for coastal
construction. J. COAST. RES. vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 899- 903. Summary:
The population growth in the State of Florida has created an increase
in development along the shoreline in recent years. Owners have to comply
with building and zoning codes, manuals, local standards, and other guidelines
to obtain coastal construction permit. These guidelines were prepared by
either federal, regional, or state agencies. Also, local governments (counties
and municipalities) promulgate their own provisions. With the proliferation
of guidelines, several regulating agencies often hold jurisdiction on a
coastal construction project. Thus, several guidelines are applicable and
must be satisfied. In these situations, the designer must follow the most
stringent of those standards, turning the design process into a difficult
and time-consuming task. The integrated coastal code developed in this study
is a guide of minimum standards of coastal construction developed by integrating
the most stringent guidelines from several coastal agencies in Florida.
The selected counties are from around the State with coasts on the Gulf
of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. General guidelines for major and minor
shore protection structures and mobile homes are part of the code which
is subdivided into sections such as wind design, wave forces design, flood
protection and erosion control. A user-friendly menu-driven software was
also developed containing the developed integrated coastal construction
code.
Back To Top
Economics Bibliography
Alper, J. 1993. Protecting the environment
with the power of the market. Science, Vol: 260 Iss: 5116 Date:
Jun 25, 1993 p: 1884-1885. Summary: The common ground that can be
reached between sound economics and sound environmental practices is discussed.
A market-based approach can show consumers the hidden costs entailed in
their actions.
Anonymous. 1992. The Price of Green. Economist, Vol: 323 Iss:
7758 Date: May 9, 1992 p: 87. Summary: In the green frenzy that is
preceding the upcoming Earth Summit, the phrase 'sustainable development'
keeps popping up in unexpected places. Usually it is simply shorthand for
anything environmental, but some see it as a better basis for making environmental
decisions than balancing costs and benefits.
Anonymous. 1995. Citadels of power. Economist, Vol: 336 Iss:
7925 Date: Jul 29, 1995 p: SS14-SS17. Summary: Discovering what policies
affect cities' productivity and how to improve them is becoming more important.
Policies that are concerned with transport, policing, zoning and the environment
matter most to urban businesses.
Forgey, B. 1995, June 10. CITYSCAPE - SPREADING THE WORD ON URBAN SPRAWL;
EXHIBIT OFFERS ROUGH SKETCH OF WAYS TO PRESERVE LAND. Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: B STYLE p: 1. Summary: Benjamin Forgey
discusses the 'Sprawl' exhibition at the District of Columbia Arts Center
in Washington DC's Adams-Morgan area, which examines the phenomenon of urban
sprawl.
Harney, K.R. 1996, June 1. THE NATION'S HOUSING - HOME BUYERS WANT MODERN
TOWNS WITH LOTS OF OLD-FASHIONED CHARM. Washington Post, Final
Edition, Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Kenneth R. Harney says
the 1996 national home buyers' community preference vote has just been tallied
and reveals that buyers may want a neo-traditional good-old-fashioned atmosphere
at the center of their towns, but they prefer an updated version of the
good old suburbs outside the town center.
Hosmer, P. 1995, July 13. RAIL PLAN ON THE WRONG TRACK, SAY DEVOTEES
OF THE B&A TRAIL.Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: M WEEKLY
- MARYLAND p: 1.
Lee, G. 1995, January 8. THE GREEN SCENE; ECOTRAVEL IS ONE OF THE TRENDIEST
BUZZWORDS OF THE '90S -- BUT WHAT EXACTLY DOES IT MEAN? Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: E TRAVEL p: 1. Summary: Gary Lee discusses
the concept behind ecotravel, which means practicing good environmentalism
whatever one's destination. [By the estimate of the nonprofit Ecotourism
Society, a kind of travelers' clearinghouse, 8 million U.S. residents have
taken an ecotour at some point. By the end of 1995, the society projects,
that number will have climbed by as much as 25 percent.]
Lelen, K. 1996, June 22. ELEMENTS OF STYLE: BUILDERS FIND NEO- TRADITIONAL
DESIGNS HAVE THEIR LIMITS. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec:
E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Despite the limited buyer appeal of
neo-traditional towns that embody the latest ideas in suburban development,
Washington DC- area builders are giving picket fences, front porches and
other neighbor-friendly amenities fresh scrutiny for their more traditional
projects elsewhere.
Mayer, C.E. 1995, April 29. IN OLD NEIGHBORHOODS, LOTS OF CONTENTION;
SOME BUILDERS' RUSH TO PACK BIG NEW HOMES INTO CLOSE- IN SUBDIVISIONS LEADS
TO RESIDENTIAL UPROAR. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: E
REAL ESTATE p: 1.
Mayer, C.E. 1995, April 29. THE SHRINKING OF THE AMERICAN LAWN; FOR REASONS
OF BUSINESS AND PLEASURE, A LOT OF THE GREEN IS GONE. Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: A SECTION p: 1. Summary: The lawn,
that unique status symbol of suburbia and homeownership is slowly but steadily
shrinking. If it is not harried homeowners cutting back to minimize maintenance,
it is the nation's homebuilders erecting larger houses on ever smaller lots,
leaving little, if any room, for grass.
Pomeroy, W. M. 1995. The Fraser River Basin Towards sustainability.
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,- S.H.; Gulati,-R.D.; Van-Liere,-L.;
Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) 1995 pp. 33-39. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL. vol. 31,
no. 8. Summary: The Fraser River Basin occupies approximately one
quarter of the area of British Columbia ranging from undeveloped forests
to heavily urbanized centres. Competing demands are continually being made
on the system with respect to preservation of the natural environment and
economic development. In response to increasing stresses, the six year Fraser
River Action Plan was initiated in 1991 to reduce pollution, enhance environmental
quality, and develop an integrated basin management program based on sustainability.
Activities addressing the first two are under way in the areas of pollution
abatement, environmental quality and research, enforcement and compliance,
and habitat restoration and conservation. Partnerships are critical to implementing
a successful integrated management program. The Fraser Basin Management
Program balances current social and economic needs with environmental conservation
to achieve sustainability. Smaller scale management programs exist within
the basin to address the highly urbanized/industrialized Fraser estuary
(Fraser River Estuary Management Program) and the Port of Vancouver/Burrard
Inlet (Burrard Inlet Environmental Action Program). Environment Canada,
in partnership with others, is cleaning up pollution and establishing effective
sustainable management programs, before the conflicts between environment
and economy reach a critical point. Results to date are encouraging.
Salant, K. 1996, June 15. HOUSEWATCH - UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGNS YIELD UNUSUAL
PRICES, STANDARD FEATURES. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec:
E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Katherine Salant discusses back-to-back
town house projects in the Germantown area of Montgomery County MD, saying
that the $130,000 price range and standard features have appealed to first-time
home buyers.
Schwartz, J. 1995, September 18. SCIENCE: ECONOMICS - WORLD BANK RETOOLS
ECONOMIC YARDSTICK TO FIND HIDDEN VALUE. Washington Post, Final
Edition, Sec: A SECTION p: 3. Summary: The environment department
of the World Bank has come up with a way to measure a nation's hidden worth
in the form of a new publication, 'Monitoring Environmental Progress: A
Report on Work in Progress,' a framework that attempts to integrate economic
indicators with environmental considerations.
Shaw, T. 1995, January 5. AN EARTH-FRIENDLY AGENDA IN THE WHITE HOUSE;
UPDATING THE MANSION'S SYSTEMS SAVES MONEY -- AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: T HOME p: 5.
Stevens, W. 1992, September 8. Science Times: Economists Strive to Find
Environment's Bottom Line. The New York Times, Sec: C p: 1 col:
5. Summary: An analysis is made of the hotly debated issue in the
1992 presidential race of whether governmental efforts to protect the environment
help or hinder economic growth. At the root of the argument is the growing
acceptance of the idea that the world economy is merely a subsystem of the
planet's ecology, on which it depends for materials, energy and general
sustenance.
Williams, C. 1992. Books - Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle.
Edited by F. Herbert Bormann and Stephen R. Kellert. Science News,
Vol: 141 Iss: 8 Date: Feb 22, 1992 p: 114. Summary: Favorable book
review.
Back To Top
Habitat Bibliography
A better row to hoe: The economic, environmental, and social impact of
sustainable agriculture. 1994. Northwest Area Foundation, St. Paul, MN (USA). 1994.
40 pp. Summary: Sustainable agriculture involves substituting renewable
resources generated on the farm for nonrenewable, purchased resources. It
also makes use of ecological practices such as crop rotation, landscape
management, and livestock waste management. This report evaluates the impact
of a shift toward sustainable agriculture on the economy, environment, and
rural communities in the eight-state northwest region of the U.S. The research
findings show that some of the measurable environmental benefits of sustainable
agriculture are reduced toxins in soil and water, less erosion, enhanced
wildlife habitat, and lower energy use.
Allen, H.H.; Lazor, R.L. 1989. Reservoir Shoreline Erosion and Revegetation
Workshops. Army Corps of Engineers Water Operations Technical Support
Information Exchange Bulletin Volume E-89-1, October 1989. 5p. Summary:
In 1987, the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station began organizing
and conducting a series of annual workshops for Corps of Engineer (CE) personnel.
The objectives were to illustrate amd explain impacts of shoreline erosion
in CE reservoirs; identify probable causes of erosion; demonstrate means
of measuring and analyzing bank erosion and recession; review traditional
means of protecting shorelines; and describe alternative methods of controlling
erosion using vegetation or a combination of vegetative and structural solutions.
With proper planning, site preparation, appropriate plant establishment
methods used at the right time, and postplanting monitoring and maintenance,
reservoir shorelines can be vegetated to satisfy several objectives including
shoreline erosion control. Revegetating reservoir shorelines can help prevent
and control erosion, reduce turbidity and improve water quality, establish
fisheries and wildlife habitat, and enhance reservoir esthetic values. Workshops
on reservoir erosion control and revegetation will continue to provide innovative
techniques to field personnel and draw upon others ' experiences in controlling
reservoir shoreline erosion.
Anonymous. 1994. Inviting Bambi into the backyard. Environment,
Vol: 36 Iss: 8 Date: Oct 1994 p: 22. Summary: Wildlife can exist
in cities, and it is actually the biological monitor of the health of cities.
Wildlife conservationists are working on the creation of urban habitats
for wildlife.
Barnett, J.L.; Windell, J.T. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop,
Fort Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar 1992. .Stream restoration in Boulder,
Colorado. PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.;
Nordstrom,- S.K.; Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV.,
FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST.. 1992 p.
171. INF.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71. Summary: Urbanization,
gravel mining, and channelization cause major impacts to stream corridors.
Flooding characteristics, water quality, aquatic and terrestrial habitat
values, and stream channel stability are adversely affected by these activities.
Like other cities, the City of Boulder, Colorado contains many reaches of
altered stream channels. Numerous stream reaches pass through the city's
busiest commercial areas and most densely developed residential neighborhoods,
while other reaches remain relatively pristine. The City of Boulder has
recognized that these streams provide unique opportunities for creating
a comprehensive greenway system for the community. They can be creatively
developed to function as storm drainage and flood channels, efficient bicycle
and pedestrian transportation systems, open space and wildlife corridors,
and attractive recreation areas. Sensitivity designed improvements enhance
the value of each stream corridor as wildlife habitat, as a place for in-town
opportunities for both active and passive recreation, as major links in
both existing and proposed trails and bikeways, and as improved flood carrying
channels. This paper describes the rationale, approach, and progress by
the City of Boulder in restoring its stream corridors.
Barrow, C.J. 1994. Land degradation. Development and breakdown of terrestrial
environments. NEW YORK, NY (USA). CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1994.
Summary: Land degradation is fast becoming recognized as a key issue
for world conservation as the end of the twentieth century approaches. The
complex relationship between human development and the environment is explored,
with a particular emphasis on the causes of land degradation processes.
Having given a broad overview of what land degradation is and why it is
occurring, the author goes on to illustrate the problem in the context of
different habitat types such as forest, woodland, and drylands. The impact
of human activities through global pollution, and industrial and urban development,
as well as conservation efforts are discussed. Written as an introduction
to the topic, the book provides a synthesis of our current understanding
of the phenomenon of land degradation.
Beard, D. P. 1994. Bureau of Reclamation revamps efforts to help fish.
FISHERIES 1994 vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 6-7. Summary: In its 92-year history,
the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation has been instrumental to the development
of water resources in the arid western United States. Now the bureau's mission
is changing to better suit today's water needs. Secretary of the Interior
Bruce Babbitt and I are committed to transforming the Bureau of Reclamation
from a civil works construction agency into a premier water resources manager.
The bureau's increased emphasis on improved management and protection of
natural resources is reflective of greater environmental knowledge, changing
societal values and needs, and the natural evolution from a resource development
focus. Our program will focus on operating existing projects with greater
environmental sensitivity, implementing environmental restoration efforts,
and undertaking activities with more concern for environmental values. While
we still have much to do, the bureau has taken some important steps to implement
its new mission. The following are examples of bureau activities that illustrate
our commitment to endangered species recovery, fish habitat restoration,
and sustainable management of healthy fisheries.
Bolger, D. 1992. Ecological Linkages - Nature Conservation 2. The Role
of Corridors. Edited by Denis A. Saunders and Richard J. Hobbs. Science,
Vol: 256 Iss: 5060 Date: May 22, 1992 p: 1224-1225. Summary: Mixed
book review.
Bowen, R. 1995. 39 Annual New Mexico Water Conference, Summary: Albuqu.
Federal initiatives on the Rio Grande. THE FUTURE OF ALBUQUERQUE
AND MIDDLE RIO GRANDE BASIN. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 39TH ANNUAL NEW MEXICO WATER
CONFERENCE. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY, BOX 30001, DEPT. 3167, LAS CRUCES,
NM 88003 (USA) NEW MEXICO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1995 pp. 97-99.
TECH.-REP.- NEW-MEX.-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 290. Summary: Ecosystem
protection is at the core of EPA's reorientation goal of moving the agency
toward a more holistic approach to environmental protection. Currently,
a multitude of terms are being used to describe the new orientation. There
is the watershed protection approach, whole basin planning, ecoregion protection,
geographic focused approach, ecosystem management and place-based protection.
Other federal agencies also have their own terms. What do they all have
in common? In my opinion, their common theme is to bring us back to focusing
on natural resources as a system and not separate components. In the past
we have chosen to focus on certain components because of the agency's organizational
structure or specific programmatic goals. The Office of Water's approach
to ecosystem protection is being called the watershed approach. We will
attempt to deliver the services we are responsible for, in a manner that
recognizes and respects the complexity and interrelationships within ecosystems.
A few key principles underlie EPA's watershed approach. Geographic focus
is the first. Management activities need to be directed within specific
areas, typically watersheds or basins or groundwater recharge zones. Next,
actions need to be driven by environmental objectives and supported by strong
science and data. Next is partnerships. Those parties most affected by the
management decisions must be involved throughout and help shape key decisions.
Management teams must include local, state, tribal, all appropriate federal
agencies and public interest groups. The last key principles are coordinated
priority setting and integrated solutions. Through coordinated efforts,
appropriate parties can establish priorities and take integrated actions
based on consideration of all environmental issues, including threats to
public health, and surface and groundwater as well as the need to protect
critical habitat and biological integrity.
Chilibeck, B.; Chislett, G.; Norris, G. 1992. Land development guidelines
for the protection of aquatic habitat. Department, Of Fisheries And
Oceans, Ottawa, ON (Canada) Habitat Management, Div. 1992. 131 pp. Summary:
Guidelines to protect Pacific salmon, trout, char and other freshwater
species and their habitat from the damaging effects of land development
activities. The guidelines cover leave strips, erosion and sediment control,
stormwater management, instream work, fish passage and culverts, and implementation.
An example is also included.
Colby, B. G. 1990. Enhancing Instream Flow Benefits in an Era of Water
Marketing. Water Resources Research, Vol. 26, No. 6, p 1113-1120,
June. Summary: Growing populations in the western United States demand
water not only for residential use and to support urban development but
also for recreation, water quality enhancement, improvement of fish and
wildlife habitat and to preserve the aesthetics of riparian areas. Instream
flows contribute substantial economic benefits, and emerging pressure to
reserve water instream comes at a time when markets are evolving to reallocate
water among offstream uses such as agriculture, industry and municipal expansion.
Current instream flow policies in the western states were examined to determined
the economic values generated by stream flows. Instream values were argued
to be high enough to compete in the market for water rights with offstream
uses when important recreation sites and wildlife species are involved.
Alterations to the western state 's policies are suggested to accommodate
instream flow protection within the context of water marketing, with the
objective of improving the efficiency of water allocation among instream
and consumptive users.
Ellinghouse, C.D. 1994. Boulder Creek instream flow program. INTEGRATED
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTH PLATTE BASIN: STATUS AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1994 SOUTH PLATTE FORUM, OCTOBER 26-27, 1994, GREELEY,
COLORADO. Klein,-K.C.; Williams,-D.J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY,
FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
pp. 52-53. FORM.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.- INST. no. 77 Summary:
The City of Boulder, in conjunction with the Colorado Water Conservation
Board, has developed an innovative program for the maintenance of streamflow
within Boulder Creek and North Boulder Creek. The instream flow program
will preserve fish habitat and enhance the aesthetics of the stream corridor.
The instream flow program is a part of the water management program adopted
by the City Council based on the September 1988 Raw Water Master Plan. Under
Colorado law, the Colorado Water Conservation Board (CWCB) is the only agency
allowed to hold water rights decreed for instream flow purposes. The joint
City/CWCB instream flow program was carefully designed to be in compliance
with the state water administration system in order to assure that the water
donated by the City would be used for instream flows and not diverted by
other water users. In the past, the holders of senior water rights, including
agricultural interests and the City of Boulder, have had the legal right
to virtually dry up portions of the creek through diversions during low
flow periods. To alter this condition, Boulder's Raw Water Master Plan established
goals for the City of achieving minimum streamflows in main Boulder Creek
and its tributaries. In July of 1990, an agreement was completed between
Boulder and the CWCB and has been amended twice since that time. This agreement
and the amendments provide for the deeding of ownership of a portion of
Boulder's water rights to the CWCB. The agreement also provides for Boulder
to release water that is stored by the City in the Silver Lake Watershed
or in Barker Reservoir for fulfillment of the CWCB's junior instream flow
right on Boulder Creek and the CWCB's new instream flow filings on North
Boulder Creek and Boulder Creek. The City has deeded ownership of $12 million
of water and water rights to the CWCB so far. Boulder had previously depended
on this water to meet municipal needs. During severe droughts or emergencies,
Boulder is allowed to call the water rights back and curtail storage releases
for use within the utility system. This will protect reservoir levels in
the Silver Lake watershed to preserve the native species of fish in the
reservoirs. Boulder is also allowed to use the rights if they are not needed
to satisfy the minimum streamflow requirements. At the downstream terminus
of the instream flow reach, Boulder retains control of part of the water
that had previously been consumed for municipal purposes. The next step
toward finalizing the instream flow program was to obtain a decree from
the Colorado Water Court allowing use of these water rights and storage
releases for instream flow. Boulder and the CWCB were joint applicants to
the Water Court for a change in use in December 1990. A decree approving
the change in use to instream flow was signed on December 20, 1993. Through
the joint CWCB/City of Boulder instream flow program, consisting of the
City's dedication of water and water rights and the CWCB filings for new
instream flow water rights, North Boulder and main Boulder Creeks now will
rarely drop below the minimum levels needed for healthy fish habitat. The
Creeks will continue to flow at much higher than the minimum levels during
the natural high flow periods.
Ezzell, C. 1992. Wilderness Corridors May not Benefit All. Science
News, Vol: 142 Iss: 9 Date: Aug 29, 1992 p: 135. Summary: A new
study questions the efficacy of the corridor concept in preserving wild
populations. Daniel K. Rosenberg, who led the research group, says the study
demonstrates the importance of the environment surrounding corridors, because
many animals won't find their way into greenways.
Ferguson, B. K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation. Journal of Soil
and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 324-328, September/October.
Summary: In urban areas, streams represent potential wildlife corridors,
wetland multipliers of ecosystem integrity, scenic resources, recreational
facilities close to home, and greenway links among neighborhoods and parks.
California's Urban Stream Restoration Program was begun in 1985 to reduce
damages from streambank and watershed instability and floods while restoring
streams' aesthetic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values. The Boulder
Creek Corridor Project in Colorado was adopted in 1985 to provide off-street
pedestrian and bicycle transportation, preserve and enhance fish habitat
and riparian wetland, expand recreational use, and maintain and improve
flood-carrying capacity. San Antonio's Riverwalk is an intensely urban pedestrian
commercial corridor, constantly being expanded and refined through continuing
urban development. Urbanization tends to disrupt stream equilibrium in many
ways. Urban clearing and construction temporarily intensify sediment yield
to streams. To enhance stream amenity and ecology, landscape design provides
options in land use designation, earth-forming, vegetation and use of construction
materials through corridor reservation, bank treatment, geomorphic restoration,
or grade control. Flow management has been one of the principal motivations
for designing urban stream corridors in the past. Downstream flood peaks
can be suppressed by reducing throughflow velocity; flood evaluations laterally
adjacent to the stream can be lowered by increasing throughflow velocity.
Any proposal for stream alteration or management should be investigated
for its potential flow and stability effects on upstream, downstream and
laterally adjacent areas.
Gordon, W.R., Jr. 1994. 5. Int Conf On Aquatic Habitat Enhancement, Long
Beach. A role for comprehensive planning, Geographical Information System
(GIS) technologies and program evaluation in aquatic habitat development.
FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AQUATIC HABITAT ENHANCEMENT. pp. 995-1013.
BULL.- MAR.-SCI. vol. 55, no. 2-3. Summary: Planning for artificial
aquatic habitat development has typically occurred within the biological
community. This paper traces the evolution of planning frameworks, and proposes
the use of traditional urban and regional planning concepts in artificial
aquatic habitat management. It is argued that aquatic habitat planning in
the U.S., as interpreted by states and regional fisheries commissions, exists
merely at the project level and has not suitably evolved to a holistic level
as represented by either a comprehensive or systematic approach to planning.
In response, a comprehensive systems framework is proposed which considers
the role of onshore infrastructural support and offshore user and non-user
considerations. The use of Geographical Information System (GIS) technology
and its overall utility in planning and evaluation processes is discussed.
The use of GIS can transcend present exclusion mapping procedures and make
them temporally and contextually dynamic. This paper contends that a traditional
focus on exclusion or negative constraints represents only an initial set
of considerations, but must be followed with an inclusive analysis which
identifies intended sanctuary or human uses within marine habitat priority
zones. Finally, as an integral element of planning, evaluation activities
within habitat management are traditionally based on biological dynamics
and are executed on a site by site basis. The need exists to demonstrate
intended habitat and fishery management benefits on a state or regional
basis. A role for program evaluation techniques within the planning framework
is emphasized to ensure that habitat program objectives are either being
met, or adapted, to satisfy initial program goals.
Hammer, R.G. 1989. Forest Headwaters Riparian Road Construction and Timber
Harvest Guidelines to Control Sediment. Proceedings of the Symposium
on Headwaters Hydrology. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda
Maryland. p 127-131. Summary: Two major principles to control forest
headwaters sediment are to minimize sediment from road construction and
to maintain woody debris stream structures such as log steps which store
sediment. Guidelines for road construction in riparian areas include slash
filter windrows at the toe of road fill slopes. Studies indicate that slash
filter windrows trap 75% or more of road sediment at low cost. Guidelines
for timber harvest in riparian areas include provision for large woody debris
recruitment to headwater streams. Forest headwater stream channels are dependent
upon woody materials to form log steps which store sediment, dissipate stream
energy, and provide fish habitat.
Jones, J.E. 1990. Multipurpose Stormwater Detention Ponds. Public
Works, Vol. 121, No. 13, p 52-53, December. Summary: Multipurpose
detention pond concepts for both ' wet ' ponds (those that maintain water
permanently) and ' dry ' ponds (those that retain stormwater briefly during
and after floods) are summarized. Regardless of the specific functions that
the designer attempts to fulfill, the pond must be: (1) safe, from the standpoint
of public visitors or users of the facility; (2) hydrologically and hydraulically
sound; (3) maintainable at low cost; (4) structurally sound if a severe
flood occurs, possibly up to the probable maximum flood; and (5) pleasant
to view; considered an asset rather than a nuisance. Specific purposes for
stormwater detention ponds other than runoff containment include: (a) water
quality enhancement; (b) enhanced property values and community focal points;
(c) wildlife habitat enhancement; and (d) active recreational potential.
Unfortunately, many ponds are built because a developer had to demonstrate
that ' post- development discharges will not exceed pre-development discharges.
' Detention pond design needs to be for more than this. It is incumbent
upon the drainage designer to evaluate multiple purpose objectives for wet
and dry stormwater detention ponds.
Jungwirth, M.; Muhar, S.; Schmutz, S. 1995. Mid Term Meeting Of FLIWE (Fish
And Land/Inland Water, Ecotones) Lunz (Austri. The effects of recreated
instream and ecotone structures on the fish fauna of an epipotamal river.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MID-TERM MEETING OF FLIWE (FISH AND LAND/INLAND WATER
ECOTONES) HELD IN LUNZ, Summary: Investigations of fifteen sections
of seven Austrian epipotamal (barbel region) streams between 1981 and 1984
demonstrate the impact of instream river bed structures on fish communities.
Reduced spatial heterogeneity due to river straightening resulted in decreasing
species number, diversity, stock density and biomass. Reincreased variability
of the river bed in the frame of a subsequent restructuring project improved
all community-specific values significantly within a 3-year investigation
period (1988-1990). Besides the regained habitat variability in form of
riffle pool sequences and other instream structures, the newly created riparian
zones obviously provided important niches, e.g. as refuge areas during flooding
and as nursery grounds for fish fry. The positive effects of the recreated
land/water ecotone are discussed with respect to river restoration projects.
Kenney, J.A. III. 1985. Problem of People: Critical Areas and Floating
Zones in the Chesapeake. Virginia Journal of Natural Resources Law Vol.
4, No. 2, p 209-218. Summary: Maryland 's Chesapeake Bay Critical
Area Act authorizes local jurisdictions to develop and implement programs
to control the use and development of sensitive shoreline areas, designated
by the act as ' Critical Areas. ' The traditional approach to zoning involves
a constant war for land use flexibility. The ' floating zone ' concept was
developed to permit certain land uses in accordance with an overall development
plan for a designated area of land, without requiring a legislative determination
of 'change or mistake' at the time of a comprehensive rezoning. A floating
zone is a specialized use district created by ordinance that ' floats '
over an entire jurisdiction until it attaches to a specific property upon
the petition of the property owner. A site plan, which typically includes
restrictions on maximum building area, minimum green area, and, in some
cases, requires off-site improvements, must be approved by the local governing
body. Plan approval can be revoked if the plan 's provisions, including
restrictions, are not complied with, or if there is no meaningful development
within a reasonable period of time. In one case, a 200-acre development
on the Patuxent River was approved under a floating zone. The project included
a central marina, habitat preservation areas, community beach areas with
restricted access areas, and central sewage; the density was increased from
1.0 units per acre to 2.83 units per acre as a result of rezoning. Numerous
conditions were imposed, covering such areas as street design, parking,
sediment and stormwater control, and limitations on pleasure boat mooring
and use. The cost of development in this instance were borne by the private
sector, and the costs of maintaining wildlife habitats were borne by the
people with access to them. The floating zone and planned unit development
concept can be an effect means to meet increasing development pressure in
a creative, positive way.
Liebmann, G.W. 1991. The Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Law: The Evolution
of a Statute. Coastal Management, Vol. 19, No. 4, p 451-468,
October/December. Summary: By Chapter 794 of the Acts of 1984, the
Maryland General Assembly enacted the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Act (Act),
a far-reaching effort to control future land use development pressure in
a portion of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The state decided to regulate
local zoning and subdivision approval powers, in preference to other approaches
that would have mandated elaborate planning exercises or directly involved
the state government in approving particular development applications. In
the initial stages of drafting the Act, a review was conducted of prior
legislative activity in Maryland, including the 1974 Maryland Land Use Bill,
the Patuxet River Plan, and the Coastal Zone Management Plan, which relate
to state government regulation of land use. Also, legislation made in a
number of other states, including the San Francisco Bay Commission Legislation,
the California Coastal Zone Act, the Adirondack Park Agency, and North Carolina
Legislation, were reviewed to evaluate state controls upon local land use
planning for specialized purposes. The purposes of the Act are to: (1) minimize
adverse impacts on water quality; (2) conserve fish, wildlife, and plant
habitat; and (3) promote sensitive land use policies for development in
the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area which accommodate growth in recognition
of the fact that even if pollution is controlled, the number, movement and
activities of persons in that area can create adverse impacts. The progress
of the statute toward enactment includes a description of the definition
of the corridor, plan amendments, grandfather rights, transitional provisions,
and procedural provisions. The primary aim of the Act is to guard against
piecemeal erosion of local plans in local government's quest for economic
development by providing for: (1) review of proposals for piecemeal amendments;
(2) intervention power with respect to project approvals; and (3) power
of approval over state and local public projects within the Critical Area.
Since enactment of the Act, counties and municipalities have been required
to divide their critical areas into: intensely developed, limited development,
and resource conservation areas, mainly to restrict density on resource
conservation areas to one unit per 20 acres.
Mann, C.C.; Plummer, M.L. 1995. Are wildlife corridors the right path?
Science, Vol: 270 Iss: 5241 Date: Dec 1, 1995 p: 1428-1430. Summary:
The strategy of using corridors to link patches of isolated habitat
to save endangered species is examined. Some feel this could save numerous
species, while others feel it would be an expensive failure.
Mann, C.C.; Plummer, M.L. 1993. The high cost of biodiversity. Science,
Vol: 260 Iss: 5116 Date: Jun 25, 1993 p: 1868-1871. Summary: A controversial
plan to protect North American biodiversity by creating a network of wilderness
reserves, human buffer zones and wildlife corridors stretching across as
much as half the continent is discussed. The plan may be asking too much
of the people who already live in the proposed zones.
Rogers, J.W. 1992. Sustainable Development Patterns: The Chesapeake Bay
Region. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 26, No. 12, p 2711-2721.
Summary: The attractive quality of the Chesapeake Bay region on the
eastern seaboard of the U.S. as a place to live is both a boon and a curse,
illustrating the relationship between a de sirable environment and a good
economy; the regional economy depends to great degree on whether or not
the Bay remains a natural amenity. Those who decide how land is developed
need to understand the concept of 'nodes and corridors' for human development
patterns as well as 'nodes and corridors' for sustainable biological diversity
and natural processes. Human activity has dramatically changed the landscape
and has subtly altered the balance of nature. Each land use creates a host
of environmental quality issues. For each choice of location development
types, density, construction methods, or ways of conducting day-to-day domestic
and business practices, there seems to be unintended environmental consequences.
Studies have shown how land use densities and landscape patterns are fundamental
to achieving sustainable environmental quality, lifestyles, and economies.
Sustainable economic vitality requires sustainable environmental quality.
By maintaining landscape patterns of large woodlan ds and wetlands (nodes)
and wooded stream valleys and drainage-ways (corridors), significant natural
functions are protected. Biologists and managers have been aware since Darwin's
work on the biology of islands that a relationship exists between habitat
size and its composition. Today, forests, wetlands, and other sensitive
ecosystems are often 'islands' in a sea of disturbed land. The patterns
and sizes of these island ecosystems must be managed to prevent extinction
of plants and animals and loss of functions such as those that prevent flooding
and enhance water quality.
Scatena, P.N. 1990. Selection of Riparian Buffer Zones in Humid Tropical
Steeplands. IN: Research Needs and Applications to Reduce Erosion
and Sedimentation in Tropical Steeplands. IAHS Publication No. 192.
International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Washington, DC. 1990.
p 328-337. Summary: The use of riparian protection zones in forestry
operations is based on the premise that the structure of the riparian zone
has a controlling influence on the environmental conditions of the aquatic
habitat. In the design of riparian protection zones, maximized environmental
benefits can be met by minimizing changes in light, temperature, sediment
and channel morphology within the riparian zone; and reducing offside exports
of sediment and nutrients by providing storage sites adjacent to the stream
channel. The determination of effective buffer width and extent has typically
been established by establishing and protecting the minimum area contributing
the runoff, and by determining the sediment trapping efficiency of the vegetative
strip. Both the watershed area and commercial basal areal area increases
geometrically as smaller and smaller channels are protected. Due to the
relatively high stream channel densities in tropical steeplands, protection
of intermittent channels is economically prohibitive. Furthermore, since
storm runoff is dominated by channelized flow from intermittent swales,
and the steep channel margins cannot store large volumes of sediment, the
sediment trapping efficiency of these buffers is greatly reduced. Delimiting
buffers on the presence of herbaceous vegetation provides both a practical
and ecologically sound solution to buffer selection. Since herbaceous layers
are a diagnostic feature of these riparian zones, buffers based on their
presence should reduce changes to ecological characteristics of the system.
Smith, L.G.; Carlisle, T.J.; Meek, S.N. 1993. Implementing Sustainability:
the Use Of Natural Channel Design and Artificial Wetlands for Stormwater
Management. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 37, No.
4, p 241-257, April. Summary: Sustainability is a concept that has
been widely embraced both politically and intellectually but has not been
addressed in terms of practical application. In most resource sectors, the
features of a sustainable future remain unclear and there are few examples
that give practical expression to sustainability. This deficiency has been
addressed on two counts: (1) the application of the concept to the management
of water resources; and (2) how the concept can be utilized for the management
and planning of urban stormwater. Natural channel design and artificial
wetlands represent an innovative approach to stormwater management in that
they provide benefits for the natural environment. Rather than thinking
of created wetlands and natural channels as techniques for the single purpose
of stormwater management, the designs are more accurately thought of as
a concept. Integral features of this concept include its potential for maintaining
or enhancing terrestrial and aquatic habitat and its use of an integrated
approach to stormwater management. The practical application of these designs
is limited in the North American context. Preliminary research indicates
that some impediments include the negative attitudes of developers and planners,
the complexity of storm drainage plan approval processes, local government
skepticism, legal liability and overall inexperience with the designs.
Back To Top
Market Bibliography
Alper, J. 1993. Protecting the environment with
the power of the market. Science, Vol: 260 Iss: 5116 Date: Jun
25, 1993 p: 1884-1885. Summary: The common ground that can be reached
between sound economics and sound environmental practices is discussed.
A market-based approach can show consumers the hidden costs entailed in
their actions.
Comerio, J.W. 1989. Illinois Department of Conservation 's Changing Role
in the Illinois River Basin. Second Conference on the Management
of the Illinois River System: The 1990s and Beyond. Proceedings of the
Conference held October 3-4, 1989 in Peoria, Illinois. University of Illinois
Water Resources Center Special Report No. 18. p 15-18. Summary: The
Illinois Water Department (IWD) traditionally has been viewed as a natural
resource conservation and recreation provision agency, with little impact
on the state 's economy. However, the relationship between the Illinois
tourism industry and the state 's quality of life is becoming more obvious.
A $120 million park and conservation program, known as PCII, was appropriated
to improve tourism. PCII includes expansion of overnight accommodations
at department sites with several possible new public-private joint ventures
if economically warranted; development of visitor centers and visitor information
facilities; development of swimming pools and beaches; campground expansion
and the addition of shower buildings; development of day use facilities
and trails; and basic infrastructure improvements. The IWD has also made
some internal changes to strengthen its economic development role. The Office
of Resource Marketing and Education has been formed to better promote conservation
sites, facilities, and programs. Tourism is one of the state 's fastest
growing industries and a vital part of Illinois ' economic development.
Back To Top
Model
Bibliography
Austin, L.H.; Tullis, R.L.; Stauffer, N.E. 1988. Virgin River: Planning
for Development While Meeting Flow Requirements for Endangered Species.
Water Use Data for Water Resources Management. Proceedings of a Symposium.
American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1988. p 523-535.
Summary: The Virgin River Basin in southern Utah, particularly the St.
George area, has experienced rapid growth as a recreation and retirement
location during the last 15 to 20 years. This has created new water demands
in a water short, semiarid area that has a long history of difficulty in
water development. Meeting these demands is complicated by the many national
and state parks as well as the forest, Bureau of Land Management (BLM),
and Indian lands that are in close proximity to the Virgin River. Further
complicating the issue is the listing of the Woundfin as an endangered species
and the proposed listing of the Virgin River Chub as an endangered species.
A widespread effort is underway to address these issues using techniques
such as: a river basin study pertaining to water, soil, and related resources;
a biological study of the native fish; and computer modeling of fish habitat
and water development. The modeling effort includes simulating existing
and potential reservoir sites for evaluating the effects of water development
on endangered fish habitats with minimum flow constraints.
Bakker, J.F.; Colin, F. 1992. A Target Ecosystem for the Wadden Sea A
Time for Concerted Action. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,
Vol. S20, p 79-82, 1992. Summary: In recent years government policy
on water management has shifted from a unilateral to an integrated approach.
The Dutch government, in terms of the Ministry of Transport and Public Works,
formulated its policy for the coming four-year period in the Third Water
Management Plan: Water in the Netherlands: A Time for Action. The ecological
target of a water system was introduced as a guidance for the elaboration
of administrative measures and legislation, briefly referred to as the AMOEBA
approach. The ecological target is an ecosystem in which sustainable use
and development are likely to be present, and can be divided into three
ecological units: sublittoral, littoral, and salt marshes. To use the AMOEBA
approach, a number of steps have to be completed: (1) choose a cross-section
of organisms of the examined ecosystem, preferably those that have suffered
severe changes during recent times; (2) indicate an ecological state of
reference for the Wadden Sea, which represents a sustainable development
and use of the ecosystem; (3) try to locate causal relations with changes
in one or more control species; (4) formulate measures which redirect primary
processes to the level at which they were during the state of reference;
and (5) design a monitoring program that has the primary objective to follow
the developments in the ecosystem and the effects of the managerial measures
on control species and cardinal processes. The results indicate that: (1)
algae have increased; (2) eelgrass is nearly extinct; (3) oysters are extinct;
(4) anadromous fish species are nearly extinct; (5) natural beds of mussels
and shells, anchovy, sandwich tern, seal and porpoise populations are severely
reduced: (6) mussel cultures, oystercatchers, eiderducks, cockles and worms
have expanded; and (7) fish diseases and the number of oil spillage victims
have escalated. The application of the AMOEBA approach will help to structure
thoughts about ecosystems and help to visualize clear, quantifiable objectives
for the Wadden Sea.
Bennett, D.B.; Heaney, J.P. 1991. Retrofitting for Watershed Drainage.
Water Environment & Technology, Vol. 3, No. 9, p 63- 68, September.
Summary: Over the past 8 years, degradation in Florida's Indian River
Lagoon has taken the form of fish kills, reduced viable recreational and
commercial fisheries, and loss of seagrass beds. Stormwater drainage practices
in the watershed have been identified as the primary culprit in the slow
demise of the lagoon. A project was implemented to create a watershed control
system for the Indian River Lagoon and to develop pragmatic management strategies
to relieve stresses resulting from runoff to the lagoon. Using site-specific
hydrologic data, the cause and effect relationships of the catchment hydrology,
channel hydraulics, and pollutant loads were documented and summarized using
the Storm Water Management Model. The calibrated model was used to evaluate
the effectiveness of the proposed watershed control system under existing
land use and under maximum buildout. The simulation clearly illustrated
that the system would have great difficulty meeting the groundwater discharge
and water level fluctuation criteria for all development scenarios. Without
periodic drawdown, water levels in the system would be nearly static. Groundwater
discharge was estimated to be reduced by only 9%. Under maximum buildout,
sedimentation in the wetland may be a problem. It is concluded that stormwater
management on the watershed must take a multiobjective analysis approach.
Not all criteria may be optimally achieved, raising interesting tradeoff
questions.
Bewers, J.M.; Wells, P.G. 1992. Challenges for Improved Marine Environmental
Protection. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 1-4,
p 112-117. Summary: A review of the progress made in the protection
of the marine environment during the last 40 years shows that the prevailing
sectoral approach to marine policy and management has limited effectiveness
and is overdue for replacement by a comprehensive overall strategy for social
development and environmental protection. The prevention and control of
marine pollution requires partnerships among scientific, management, local
and political spheres. Two categories of scientific challenge, relating
to marine pollution prevention in its broadest sense, are identified. The
first involves science directed towards improvements in the reliability
of assessments and predictions for current practices and chemicals. Where
the properties of a marine pollutant are adequately known, there is seldom
any need to consider application of the precautionary approach beyond the
common-sense minimization of releases to the environment. Where there are
major deficiencies in the knowledge of the properties of a substance, or
in the character of complex emissions, there will be strong reasons for
advocating additional measures of precaution in management. The second category
of scientific challenge comprises areas of fundamental science that are
crucial to developing knowledge required for long-term protection of the
marine environment. The confidence with which scientists can constrain known
relationships among variables needs to be improved so that model simulations
for assessment and prediction become more realistic. Biological indicators
are also needed for assessment purposes along with evaluations of the properties
of substances in the marine environment through long-term monitoring.
Braden, J.B.; Larson, R.S.; Herricks, E.E. 1991. Impact Targets versus
Discharge Standards in Agricultural Pollution Management. American
Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 73, No. 2, p388-397, May 1991.
Summary: The economic losses from the use of soil movement rather than
water quality criteria for the attainment of habitat protection for high-valued
fish species were examined using a version of the Sediment Economics (SEDEC)
model. The SEDEC model was extended to include: (1) seasonality of sediment
loads;(2) pesticide losses, toxicity, and concentrations; and (3) effects
of sediment and pesticides on the habitat requirements of selected fish
species. Estimates were based on a case study of Lake Michigan tributaries.
The study showed that when attempting to protect fish in streams, sediment
or erosion targets are inefficient. Use of a habitat suitability target
reveals lower cost abatement measures because it accounts for pesticides
as well as soil particles. In the Lake Michigan case studies the lower cost
measures involve more crop diversity, less use of no- till, and changes
on more acres than the solutions based on sediment discharges or erosion
rates.
Cicin, Sain B. 1993. Sustainable development and integrated coastal management.
OCEAN COAST. MANAGE. 1993 vol. 21, no. 1-3, pp. 11-43. Summary: Agenda
21, the 40-chapter action plan, agreed to by all nations participating in
the 1992 Earth Summit represents an ambitious effort to provide policy guidance
across the entire spectrum of environment, development, and social issues
confronting mankind. In the area of oceans and coasts (Chapter 17 of Agenda
21), the Earth Summit underscored that the management of oceans and coasts
should be 'integrated in content and anticipatory in ambit.' To assist those
responsible for implementing the Earth Summit guidelines on ocean and coastal
management, this article first reviews the fundamental shift in paradigm
reflected in the Earth Summit agreements as well as the specific recommendations
contained in Chapter 17. Next, the article examines the central concept
of 'integrated management,' noting both its importance and its limits. A
general or 'synthesis' model of 'integrated coastal management' is then
presented, addressing such questions as management goals, what is being
managed, where, how, and by whom. In a concluding section, methods are proposed
whereby the general or 'synthesis model' can be tailored to diverse national
contexts, involving varying physical, socio-economic, and political conditions.
Coates, R.; Swanson, M.; Williams, P. 1989. Hydrologic Analysis for Coastal
Wetland Restoration. Environmental Management, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 715-727, November/December 1989. Summary: Increasing recognition
of the value of tidal wetlands has led to interest in how to restore and
enhance areas that have been modified by human activity. The policy of recognizing
restoration or enhancement as mitigation for destruction of other wetlands
is controversial. Once policy questions are separated from technical questions,
the steps in a successful project are straightforward. Restoration projects
at two sites in California (the Hayward Area Recreation District and the
Tijuana Estuary) used a combination of empirical geomorphic relationships,
numerical modeling, and verification with field observations. The objectives
at the Hayward area were to: restore habitat, and maintain healthy pickleweed
on levees as habitat for the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse. The objective
at the Tijuana Estuary was to protect and restore a productive cordgrass
tidal salt marsh. Experience with these and other projects indicate that
successful projects include the following elements: (1) clear definition
of biological objectives that can be translated to hydrologic objectives;
(2) good definition of site topography and tidal regime; (3) analysis of
physical and biological constraints and opportunities; (4) development of
design alternatives using numerical computer models and empirical geomorphic
relationships along with calibration and verification of models with field
data; (5) selection and review of the preferred alternative; (6) field inspections
by the design team during construction; and (7) postconstruction monitoring
of biological and hydrological parameters.
Cortner, H.J.; Moote, M.A. 1994. Trends and issues in land and water
resources management: Setting the agenda for change. ENVIRON. MANAGE.
1994 vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 167-173. Summary: The classical model of
a paradigm shift is used to explore changes that are occurring in public
lands and water resources management. Recent policy developments suggest
that the traditional paradigm, which is characterized by sustained yield,
is in the process of being invalidated. While no new paradigm has been fully
accepted, the emerging paradigm does appear to be based on two principles:
ecosystem management and collaborative decision making. Implementation of
these two principles is likely to require extensive revision of traditional
management practices and institutions. Failure to address these issues could
result in adoption of the rhetoric of change without any lasting shift in
management practices or professional attitudes.
Costanza, R. 1993. Beyond the limits: Dealing with an uncertain future.
ESTUARIES 1993 vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 919-922.
Debo, T.N.; Small, G.N. 1989. Detention Storage: Its Design and Use.
Public Works, Vol. 120, No. 1, p 71-72, January 1989. Summary:
Urban development in many areas has resulted in downstream drainage
and flooding problems. To cope with these problems, many municipalities
are using stormwater detention storage facilities to temporarily store runoff
and release it at a controlled rate of discharge. Some important design
considerations for detention-storage facilities are discussed and a new
computer model developed to aid in the design of these facilities is presented.
Several elements should be closely considered when designing detention storage
facilities. First, the inflow hydrograph should be carefully evaluated for
the design storm(s) that will be used. Second, the volume of storage available
within the detention facility should be calculated to determine how much
runoff can be stored and to what extent the inflow peak can be decreased.
Third, the outflow (discharge) structure should be accurately sized to discharge
at the desired rate of flow from the facility to downstream areas. To prevent
erosion problems, energy dissipators should be used at the exit from all
detention facilities where high velocities could create downstream problems.
Unless it can be routinely and economically maintained, even the most beautiful
and useful detention facility will soon deteriorate until where it is no
longer effective. A computer model, developed as part of the Chapel Hill,
North Carolina, stormwater management program is called the HYDROS detention
design model. This model greatly simplifies the design of detention facilities
without sacrificing accuracy or reliability.
Dodds, A.A.; Fisher, P.J.; Paull, A.J.; Sears, J.R. 1993. Developing
an Appropriate Wastewater Management Strategy for Sydney's Future Urban
Development. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 27, No. 1, p
19-29, 1993. Summary: Over the next 20 years, Sydney Australia's
population is expected to increase by about one million, with most of this
growth proposed to be within the already environmentally stressed Hawkesbury-Nepean
River catchment. The Water Board is providing infrastructure for the future
urban development using a combination of conventional and innovative structural
and non- structural solutions within an integrated river basin planning
approach. For the Rouse Hill Development Area the Board has implemented
a comprehensive, coordinated pollution control package which includes: integrated
management of water supply, drainage and wastewater for the catchment; urban
runoff management which aims to maintain present river quality and quantity
through the use of detention basins, sediment traps and constructed wetlands,
and advanced treatment of sewage with nutrient removal and disinfection
using the best current technology; use of reclaimed effluent for non-potable
domestic purposes; use of water efficient toilets and domestic appliances;
promotion of the use of phosphate-free detergents; and, adoption of economically
effective new technology as it is developed. The Board's servicing strategies
for Rouse Hill, and similar strategies which can be applied to South Creek
Valley, Macarthur South and other developments in the catchment, will be
integrated into the broader Strategic Water Management Plan for the Hawkesbury-Nepean
basin. The Board is developing a computer- based water quality and quantity
model of the total Hawkesbury- Nepean River system as well as a computer-based
geographic information system to store data on existing conditions such
as basin and sub-basin boundaries, channel routes, floodplains, existing
and projected land uses and environmentally sensitive areas.
Easley, W.S.; Barness, Walz L.E.; Neichter, P.L.; Bohannon, J.A. 1994. The
Evaluation of water quality in Taylorsville Lake, Kentucky, using the CE
QUAL W2 model. LAKE RESERV. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 71-72.
Summary: In order to more efficiently and effectively evaluate water
quality and effects of watershed management at each of our lake projects,
the Louisville District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is implementing
use of the CE-QUAL-W2 water quality model, developed and supported by the
Corps' Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg, MS. The CE-QUAL-W2 model
was designed to be used in conjunction with actual field measurements and
data collection as an aid in data interpretation. The value of the model
lies in its integrative use of physical, chemical, and biological information
to describe potential changes in water quality. Model results may simulate
natural conditions as long as certain specified assumptions hold true. Deviations
of actual observations from model predicted values may indicate changing
environmental conditions. The model may then be implemented to help evaluate
possible causes. We have just recently completed initial modeling efforts
at Ceasar Creek Lake, Ohio. In our current study of Taylorsville Lake-Upper
Salt River Basin, KY, we are using the model to determine the effects of
erosion and nutrient controls and other changes on the water quality of
the lake. One question being pursued is whether a significant reduction
in nutrient loading into the system would have a significant impact on water
quality in Taylorsville Lake. We plan to test a number of nutrient reduction
scenarios to determine best strategies for future changes in agricultural
practices and land use, wetland creation, or other physical changes to the
routing within the basin. We have found the CE-QUAL-W2's use of inflow,
outflow, and meteorological data, as well as detailed bathymetry obtained
from digitized mapping, can closely simulate lake behavior. As a final product,
we will have a planning tool capable of evaluating the effects on water
quality of significant land use changes or lake management schemes on water
quality at Taylorsville Lake.
Environmental quality, the fourth annual report of the Council on
Environmental Quality. 1973. Council, on Environmental Quality,
Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., September
1973. Summary: Seven categories of environmental concern are covered:
the urban environment; water quality improvement; economics and environmental
management; law and land use regulations; federal environmental programs;
international environmental programs; environmental status and trends; and
the citizen's role in environmental improvement. The topic of water resources
is treated both individually and in relation to economics, land use, law,
and international and federal programs. The cleanup of the willamette river
in Oregon is examined as a model of the process of reversing water pollution.
The effect of the clean river on land use along the river, including public
access and associated recreational facilities, is also studied. The chapter
on the relationship between economics and environmental policy describes
four types of environmental costs of pollution and pollution control: abatement
costs, avoidance costs, transaction costs, and damage costs. Judicial response
to restrictions on the filling or developing of low-lying marsh and coastal
lands is discussed in the context of the limitations imposed by the 'taking'
clause on state and local governmental efforts to protect environmentally
critical areas. The federal water pollution control act amendments of 1972
are summarized and analyzed. Efforts to monitor water pollution are surveyed.
The pollution status of the great lakes and the oceans is examined. International
environmental protection concerns, including protection of the oceans and
control of transboundary pollution, are discussed.
Fischer, A.M. 1995. 2. Annual Marine And Estuarine Shallow Water Science
And, Management Conference, Atlantic City, NJ (USA) 3. 7. Apr. Area wide
jurisdictional planning: Toward comprehensive and coordinated management
typologies. SECOND ANNUAL MARINE AND ESTUARINE SHALLOW WATER SCIENCE
AND MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE. PHILADELPHIA, PA (USA) U.S. EPA. 1995 p. 44.
Summary: Throughout the US, complex, sectorized jurisdictional frameworks
constrain estuarine watershed planning. Planners and managers must contend
with jurisdictional overlap, regulatory loopholes, lack of agency coordination
and goal conflicts. Under such conditions, private rights conflict with
public trust interests, restoration programs and urban development lack
coordination, and environmental regulations can adversely affect regional
interests. These constraints, an inherent problem of such a complex, interaction
system, prevents area-wide policy coordination and joint decision-making.
The Jurisdictional Restoration Planning (JRP) model of the Liberty Bay Project
is such a system. To address simplification, the JRP model provides a medium
of information sharing and clarified management roles. Centralized information
about jurisdictions in one information system can more easily alert users
to the problems associated with overlap, as well as identify goal conflicts
and the other constraints. The JRP addresses jurisdictional integration
through a dynamic thematic planning process of assigning values to jurisdictional
sets of information or Jurisdictional Landscape Units. Once regional themes
are established, than greater integration and coordination among the jurisdictions
can be formulated into simpler and more comprehensive planning strategies.
Garcia, A.; James, W.P. 1988. Urban Runoff Simulation Model. Journal
of Water Resources Planning and Management (ASCE), Vol. 114, No. 4,
p 399-413, July 1988. Summary: A study was conducted to determine
the sensitivity of the unit hydrograph to the effects of the urbanization
process was conducted. The overland flow parameter that defines the degree
of urbanization in an urban watershed is the percentage of the total watershed
area that is impervious. Furthermore, the parameter which defines the degree
of urbanization in the channelized flow portion of a watershed is the channel
roughness coefficient. Several rainfall-runoff simulations were conducted
to determine the hydrologic response of the unit hydrograph to the impact
of urbanization. A hydrologic model was formulated for an urban catchment
located at Houston, Texas, using the kinematic wave model developed by the
Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC). The model was used to simulate various
degree of urbanization by allowing the percentage of watershed imperviousness
and the channel roughness coefficient to vary from simulation to simulation.
A system of regression equations was developed to quantify the impact of
urbanization on the unit hydrograph. The equations were incorporated into
the A and M Watershed Model and verified by modeling three test watersheds.
Results of the study indicate that: (1) The percentage impervious area and
average channel Manning n value are valid parameters for estimating the
effect of urbanization on the runoff characteristics of the watershed; (2)
The unit hydrograph concept can be applied to small urban watersheds; (3)
The unit hydrograph peaking factors, when applied to the two-parameter gamma
function, rural unit hydrograph, gave reasonable results for runoff simulation
in urban areas; and (4) Results of the study indicate that additional research
is necessary to more accurately estimate the runoff volume more accurately.
Gray, J.S.; Calamari, D.; Duce, R.; Portmann, J.E.; Wells, P.G. 1991. Scientifically
Based Strategies for Marine Environmental Protection and Management. Marine
Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 9, p 432-440, September 1991. Summary:
The Brundtland report postulated that a state of sustainable development
was the ultimate goal to be reached by development and environmental protection
measures. Principles and responsibilities proposed by the World Commission
on Environment and Development include conservation and sustainable use,
environmental standards and monitoring, and prior environmental assessments.
The need for improving environmental protection on local, regional and global
scales requires management strategies that take account of all alternatives
and options for waste disposal, and therefore the marine environment must
not be considered in isolation from all others. However, having evaluated
the currently applied approaches, new strategies for purely marine environmental
protection and management must also be developed. The new strategies should
integrate relevant aspects of toxicity, bioaccumulation, and persistence,
improved understanding of biogeochemical cycles, mass balance and other
factors related to potential exposure. Holistic marine ecosystem modeling
is an important part of marine environmental impact assessment. Emphasis
must be placed on a truly holistic approach with important physical, chemical
and biogeochemical processes are integrated in models.
Hildreth, R.G. 1992. Australian Coastal Management: Some North American
Perspectives on Recent Queensland and Other Initiatives. Coastal
Management, Vol. 20, No. 3, p 255-268, July/September 1992. Summary:
The establishment of appropriate federal-state or provincial relationships
is an important component of any coastal management scheme. The similarities
in the formidable technical, legal, and institutional challenges faced in
both Australia and the United States suggest that successful techniques
developed in one nation could be transferable at least in part to the other.
Because the federal Coastal Zone Management Act, unlike most federal environmental
legislation in the United States, is quite deferential to the states, it
does serve as a useful model for national legislation that would provide
financial support for coastal management by state and local authorities
in Australia. Past Australian coastal management efforts often have been
appropriate for the circumstances presented at that time. However, future
Australian state coastal management schemes should further address seaward
scope, inland scope, regional planning and its legal status, existing ports
and harbors, the balance of the Australian coast, aboriginal and islander
peoples, and state-owned coastal lands. Queensland's 1991 coastal protection
strategy, a discussion document potentially leading to legislation, addresses
development priorities for coastal locations, zero net loss/mitigation,
precautionary principle, and coastal protection zoning. For management of
large marine areas, Australia and Queensland have led the way worldwide
with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park scheme. While no other single region
of the Australian coast appears to present the large scale and unique values
of the Great Barrier Reef, there are many that deserve state-initiated regional
planning carried out with combined state and federal financial support in
the framework of supportive state and national coastal management legislation.
Howard, R.C.; Conner, R.W. 1994. 14 Annual International Symposium Of The
North American, Lake Management Society, Orland. Developing the next
generation of lake managers. LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no.
2, p. 83. Summary: The Teaching Resource for Environmental Education
(TREE) Center in Graysville, Georgia was developed in 1994 under a Title
II Eisenhower Demonstration and Exemplary Program Grant as a model environmental
teaching center for the state. The goal of the TREE Center is to establish
an appreciation of natural resource management and protection in the next
generation. The project demonstrates effective partnerships by bringing
together students, teachers, local industries, and governmental agencies
in an atmosphere of cooperation. It is an example of ways professionals
can be linked to local schools, The procedure for exporting this project
to other schools in the southeast will be described in the presentation.
Guidelines for establishing partnerships among scientists, professionals,
schools, and businesses will be given. The presentation will describe the
physical facilities of the TREE Center, the involvement of local partners
in developing the center, curriculum guides for using the center, and ways
the results can be used by NALMS members and transferred to other locations.
Huang, S.L.; Chen, C.S. 1990. System Model to Analyse Environmental Carrying
Capacity for Managing Urban Growth of the Taipei Metropolitan Region.
Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, p 47-60, July
1990. National Science Council of the Republic of China Grant NSC75-0301-H0005-03.
Summary: An urban environmental system model, comprising subsystems
of urban development, urban water use, and streams, is developed for analyzing
the human carrying capacity of the Taipei metropolitan region. In this study,
availability of land, capacities of water related infra-structures and water
quality standards are used as limiting factors; variables of population
and urbanized areas are used as indicators of carrying capacity. The allowable
increase of population and urbanized area for each administrative district
by the year 2000 are simulated. Results of the analysis indicate that urban
growth in the Taipei metropolitan region will be significantly constrained
by the environmentally sensitive characteristics of land, and the availability
and capacity of water supply systems and waste treatment facilities. Resource
management strategies based on the results of sensitivity analysis are proposed
and used as model inputs to demonstrate that such constraints can be alleviated
through better management of man and his environment.
Hubbard, R.K.; Lowrance, R.R. 1994. Southern Appalachian Man And The
Biosphere (SAMAB) Conference, On. Riparian forest buffer system research
at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. WETLANDS OF THE
INTERIOR SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. Trettin,-C.C.; Aust,-W.M.; Wisniewski,-J.
(eds.) 1994 pp. 409- 432. WATER,-AIR,-SOIL-POLLUT. vol. 77, no. 3-4.
Summary: Recent attention has focused on riparian forest buffer systems
for filtering sediment, nutrients, and pesticides entering from upslope
agricultural fields. Studies in a variety of physiographic areas have shown
that concentrations of sediment and agrichemicals are reduced after passage
through a riparian forest. The mechanisms involved are both physical and
biological, including deposition, uptake by vegetation, and loss by microbiological
processes such as denitrification. Current research by USDA-ARS and University
of Georgia scientists at Tifton, GA is focusing on managing riparian forest
buffer systems to alleviate agricultural impacts on the environment. The
underlying concept for this research is that agricultural impact on streams
is best protected by a riparian forest buffer system consisting of three
zones. In consecutive upslope order from the stream these zones are (1)
a narrow band of permanent trees (5-10 m wide) immediately adjacent to the
stream channel which provides streambank stabilization, organic debris input
to streams, and shading of streams, (2) a forest management zone where maximum
biomass production is stressed and trees can be harvested, and (3) a grass
buffer strip up to 10 m wide to provide control of coarse sediment and to
spread overland flow. Several ongoing projects at Tifton, GA are focusing
on using riparian forest buffer systems as filters. A forest management
project is testing the effects of different management practices on surface
and ground water quality. This project includes three different forest management
practices: mature forest, selectively thinned forest, and clearcut. In a
different study a natural wetland is being restored by planting trees. The
effectiveness of this wetland on filtering nutrients from dairy wastes which
are being applied upslope is being evaluated. At this same site, a pesticide
study is being conducted on the side opposite to where dairy wastes are
applied. An overland flow- riparian buffer system using swine lagoon waste
is evaluating the effectiveness of different vegetative treatments and lengths
of buffer zones on filtering of nutrients. In this study three vegetative
treatments are compared: (1) 10 m grass buffer and 20 m riparian forest,
(2) 20 m grass buffer and 10 m riparian forest, (3) 10 m grass buffer and
20 m of the recommended wetland species maidencane. Waste is applied at
the upper end of each plot at either a high or low rate, and then allowed
to flow downslope. The three zone riparian forest buffer system is being
used for the Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM). This model, which
is currently under development at Tifton, GA, is a computer simulation model
designed to reduce soil and water degradation by aiding farmers and land
use managers in decision making regarding how best to utilize their riparian
buffer system. Both information currently being collected in field studies
and development of the REMM are innovative farm-level and forestry technologies
to protect soil and water resources.
Klessig, L.L. 1994. 14 Annu International Symposium Of T. Integrated
planning by local lake management organizations: A model. LAKE RESERVOIR
MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 87. Summary: In many states, local
governments or riparian organizations are primarily responsible for the
management of lakes. This model is designed for such communities. The model
assumes that state government provides some financial assistance and technical
back- up but is not performing day to day management functions. The model
also assumes that the lake community has limited capacity to hire its own
full time planners and managers. The example community relies on a combination
of consultants, state technical experts, natural resources professionals
employed by county government, and its own volunteers. The model could be
adapted to communities with their own professional staff. A classical eight
step planning sequence unfolds over a period of about 20 years. The process
begins with community clarifying its goals for the lake and ends with the
next generation starting the same process over again. In between these points
the model leads a community through inventory/needs assessment, conceptualization
of alternatives, formal decision, quantifiable objectives, implementation,
and evaluation. By careful choice of concrete examples, the model provides
an integrated plan which includes water quality management, protection of
aesthetic values, resolution of water use conflicts, and development of
local leadership.
Ludwa, K.A. 1994. International Symposium Of The North American Lake Management,
Society, Seattle, W. Wetland water quality impacts in developing watersheds:
Empirical models and biological indicators. LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994
vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 75-79. Summary: In the past decade, a significant
amount of attention was given to the function of natural and constructed
wetlands as buffering systems against hydrologic and water quality impacts
caused by urban runoff. Wetlands are well regarded for their ability to
reduce peak flows and to trap pollutants, thus protecting downstream systems.
Seemingly little attention has been given to the effects of urban stormwater
on the wetland ecosystem itself. The Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater
Management Research Program (PSWSMRP) has monitored twenty wetlands in the
Puget Sound (Washington) region since 1988 to examine the effect of watershed
development on wetland and hydrology and water quality, and the resulting
effects on wetland biota. The research reported here has a twofold objective.
The first is to relate water quality parameters to morphological characteristics
of the wetlands and their watersheds, particularly with regard to urban
development. The second part of the objective is to develop a biotic index
based on wetland emergent aquatic insect communities, and to demonstrate
that this biotic index is correlated to anthropogenic impacts on wetland
water quality, hydrology, and plant communities.
Luiten, J.P. 1995. International Conference On Integrated Water. The
water system explorations A new Dutch project (the aquatic outlook) for
combining monitoring, research and policy analysis for integrated water
management. INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,-S.H.; Gulati,-R.D.;
Van-Liere,-L.; Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) 1995 pp. 329-344. WATER-SCI.-
TECHNOL. vol. 31, no. 8. Summary: Sustained development is the target
of almost every modern policy dealing with the aquatic environment. Sustainability
is focused on human life, but also on the ecological quality of our environment.
Both aspects are essential for life on earth. The ecological quality of
aquatic systems can be expressed by biotic and abiotic parameters. Monitoring
and research give information about these parameters and a comparison with
the targets brings us to the necessity of supplementary policy-measures.
Human activities are considered to be the cause of the environmental problems.
All kinds of social and economical activities influence the water bodies.
Reaching the goals is only possible if human influence on environment is
changed or reduced. Within a catchment area, relations could be laid between
human activities and ecological problems in the reception areas. Policy
analysis is especially looking for the most efficient way to remove the
bottlenecks. For an effective policy analysis in river catchment areas the
following elements are essential: quantitative data; monitoring programs
have to consider more than ever the ecological aspects of policy analysis;
the determination of target values (probably by means of laboratory experiments);
knowledge about the factors causing violation of the targets; an inventory
of measures for influencing the existing or future situation; sufficient
knowledge about the relation between the measures and (i) the ecological
parameters and (ii) the social and economical activities in society; and
a policy analysis for defining future policies; All of these studies will
generate many data; to present these in a clear and succinct manner is one
of the goals of the project "The Aquatic Outlook".
Muir, T. 1993. 36 Conf Of The Int Association For Great. Economic development
capacity benefits of RAPS. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL
ASSOCIATION FOR GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS.
1993 p. 72. Summary: The socioeconomic component of Stage II Remedial
Action Plans can explore innovative solutions to the long-term structural
changes being imposed on the economy of the Great Lakes basin. A major challenge
is to invent and apply new patterns of development, and forms of growth
that integrate and conserve the living resources essential to human survival
and well-being. Another challenge is to overcome the inherent antithetical
view of environment-economy that still dominates the conventional cost-benefit
model of mainstream environmental economics. To meet these challenges, we
are exploring the conceptual and empirical linkages between economic development
capacity, and the restoration, enhancement and protection of watershed ecosystems,
using RAP areas as case studies. A user-friendly framework is being developed
that identifies and evaluates the beneficial possibilities created by an
intelligent combination of public and private investment in the natural
capital of watersheds as ecosystems, and the synergies and follow-on development
capacity created. Results indicate that the "environment" in RAP
areas is an integral factor of economic development. It is concluded, that
integrated planning on a watershed ecosystem basis, can yield substantial
synergies, which form the basis of a new economy.
Perkins, W.W.; Welch, E.B. 1994. 14 Annu International Symposium Of The
North American, Lake Management Society, Or. A dynamic total phosphorus
model to guide residential development in the watershed of a stratified
mesotrophic lake. LAKE RESERV. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 103.
Summary: Lake Sammamish, Washington is a mesotrophic, monomictic, 20
square kilometer lake with a watershed size of 226 sq kilometers. Primary
treated sewage was diverted out of the watershed in 1968 leading to a slow
but steady increase in the lake's water quality. Residential expansion into
the watershed from nearby cities will increase the phosphorus loading to
the lake. This has heightened concern regarding the future quality of the
lake's water. There is a need to predict epilimnetic lake quality as development
increases in order to plan for stormwater treatment that is effective enough
to maintain lake water quality. To address this concern an update to a previous
TP mass balance computer simulation model was constructed. The present model
was calibrated to five independent data sets. Input data sets included TP
loading as measured from the major influent stream and loading estimated
from other watershed portions via site specific land use yield coefficients.
The model was then used to predict future TP concentrations based upon projected
land use characteristics. The predicted epilimnetic TP concentrations were
used to estimate future transparency and chla concentrations, which were
compared against established goals for transparency and chl a. The model
is now serving as one of the input parameters to long term land use planning
decisions.
Quinlan, B.; Simmons, C. 1993. Exploring land use alternatives. WATER
ENVIRON. TECHNOL. 1993 vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 44-50. Summary: An urban
catchment model was used by the Raleigh and Wake County (N.C.) Department
of Public Utilities to calculate nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loadings
for a critical watershed area. The model also evaluated how zoning alternatives
and structural best management practices (BMPs) could affect the area as
development increases. Annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS),
total phosphorus, nitrogen, lead, copper, and zinc were estimated for existing
conditions, buildout at current zoning regulations, and three future development
scenarios. Wet detention basins and grass swales, the structural BMPs selected,
were evaluated in terms of effectiveness in improving water quality, ease
of implementation, operation and maintenance requirement, and cost.
Rumery Betz, C.; Taylor, K.R. 1994. 14 Annu International Symposium Of The
North American, Lake Manag. Managing lakes from a watershed perspective:
Wisconsin's priority lakes program. LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol.
9, no. 2, p. 57. Summary: Wisconsin's priority watershed program
has focused on stream and river water quality for the majority of its 15-year
history. Recently, however, several priority lake projects have been selected
to receive technical and financial support to improve water quality progressive
land management. Based on its estimated positive response to reduced phosphorus
loading, a lake is selected, and county or lake district staff are hired
to collect inventory data for rural and urban land-based computer models
(WINHUSLE, BARNY and SLAMM) and lake water quality models. The Camp/Center
Lakes and Lake Mendota watershed projects are the first to use a geographic
information system (GIS) to analyze pollutant yields and track land management
changes. GIS is a tool for data integration and input into the urban and
rural land-use models, and provides a spatial display of the watershed characteristics.
The 2-to-3 year planning process culminates in a watershed plan outlining
the goals for the water resources, eligibility criteria for participation,
and the budget. The plan is implemented over 8-years with roughly $1- 6
million in state nonpoint source funds allocated per project. The state
cost-shar es up to 100% with individual landowners and municipalities to
implement best management practices. Addressing lake problems from a watershed
perspective is a cost- effective, environmentally sensible approach to improved
water quality.
Sayok, A.K.; Chang, M. 1990. Hydrological Responses to Urbanization in
Forested LaNana Creek Watershed Nacogdoches, Texas. Tropical Hydrology and
Caribbean Water Resources. Proceedings of the International Symposium
on Tropical Hydrology and Fourth Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress,
San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 22-27, 1990. American Water Resources Association,
Bethesda, Maryland. (1990). p 131-140. Summary: Twenty-year (1965-84)
USGS streamflow records for LaNana Creek in East Texas were broken down
into 2 periods, an early period (1965-72) with little development, and a
recent period (1973-84) with rapid urban development. A mass curve generated
by plotting accumulated annual streamflow against accumulated annual precipitation
revealed a significant difference in annual streamflow between these two
periods. Simple statistics showed that the average annual streamflow of
the recent period was 143 mm higher than that of the early period and was
not totally attributable to differences in precipitation and temperature.
Using a hydroclimatic calibration model for the early period, LaNana Creek
streamflow was estimated to have increased 85.2 mm/year due to urbanization.
Median daily flow was 0.07 cms for the early period versus 0.20 cms for
the recent period. The recent period had a greater frequency of high flows,
a smaller frequency of low flows and the monthly and annual maximum daily
streamflows were greater. If storm characteristics were similar, peak flow
is higher and direct runoff is greater in the recent period. The effects
of urbanization on streamflow regimes in LaNana Creek were influenced by
the short distance of the urbanized area to the gaging station, the sandy
soils, and the destruction of forest environment. There were no significant
changes in climatic conditions during the 20-year period.
Wood, D.M.; Wycoff, R.L. 1990. Development of a Watershed Management
Model. IN: Transferring Models to Users. American Water Resources
Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1990. p 281- 291. Summary: The Mountain
Island Lake watershed in Mecklenburg County is the sole water source for
the Charlotte, North Carolina metropolitan area. The watershed, largely
undeveloped, is being pressured by development interests. A project was
undertaken to aid County personnel in developing a lake watershed protection
plan. A model to predict watershed yield and associated pollutant concentrations
of development alternatives was developed and transferred to the County
for use by its personnel. The procedure involved the use of yield curves
derived from continuous hydrologic simulation to predict flow yield based
on future Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number (CN) values. In addition,
regression equations, available through the National Urban Runoff Program
(NURP), were used to predict pollution concentrations. The resulting flow
yields and concentrations were then used to estimate pollutant loadings
to the Lake as a result of increasing development. A simple receiving water
model was used to predict resulting ambient concentrations. With this procedure,
County personnel could quickly and efficiently assess the impacts of different
development scenarios. As a result, Mecklenburg County could protect the
future of its water supply by issuing zoning mandates founded on sound information.
Back To Top
Natural
Resources Bibliography
Anonymous. 1994. Inviting Bambi into the backyard. Environment,
Vol: 36 Iss: 8 Date: Oct 1994 p: 22. Summary: Wildlife can exist
in cities, and it is actually the biological monitor of the health of cities.
Wildlife conservationists are working on the creation of urban habitats
for wildlife.
Balco, J.J. 1992. Site Planning for Aquifer Protection. Environmental
Protection, Vol. 3, No. 5, p 39-42, June 1992. Summary: Zoning
ordinances designed to protect groundwater sources sometimes can hinder
industrial development when unreasonable restrictions are imposed. However,
totally prohibiting development is not necessarily beneficial to communities
or the economy upon which their residents depend. Rather a resource protection
program designed to manage as opposed to prohibit development has been demonstrated
in recent experience to permit relatively safe industrial and commercial
activities in protected areas. In the area of wellhead zones, the regulatory
focus is on point sources such as underground storage tanks or industrial
septic tanks. A well-established and successful approach to a wellhead protection
program is being implemented by the State of Massachusetts and its local
communities. With appropriate planning, financial commitment, and sensitivity
to resource protection, industries have demonstrated that responsible development
can continue in these areas while still protecting precious natural resources.
The key is to determine early in the planning process whether a site is
within a protection zone, and incorporate that reality into the site design.
Bequette, F. 1994. Inventing the urban future. UNESCO Courie r,
Iss: 5 Date: May 1994 p: 25-27. Summary: The next millenium will
see immense, sprawling megacities with huge populations and even huger environmental
problems. Creative solutions to the problems of urban ecology must be sought
and implemented soon.
Bolger, D. 1992. Ecological Linkages - Nature Conservation 2. The
Role of Corridors. Edited by Denis A. Saunders and Richard J. Hobbs. Science,
Vol: 256 Iss: 5060 Date: May 22, 1992 p: 1224-1225. Summary: Mixed
book review.
Briggs, M.K.; Roundy, B.A.; Shaw, W.W. 1994. Trial and error: Assessing
the effectiveness of riparian revegetation in Arizona. RESTOR. MANAGE.
NOTES 1994 vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 160- 167. Summary: Many riparian ecosystems
in the Southwest are in trouble. The effects of agriculture, dam construction,
groundwater pumping, livestock grazing, urbanization, and other human activities
have led to the rapid decline of many southwestern riparian vegetation communities.
Hall and Bammon observed that 22 of Arizona's 27 native fish are federally
classified as being in danger of extinction; this is probably as good an
indicator as any of the decline of Arizona's riparian areas. Concern over
the plight of riparian ecosystems in the Southwest has resulted in the development
of various conservation strategies specifically designed to reclaim these
valuable ecosystems. One such strategy, coined "riparian revegetation,"
involves planting trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses in degraded riparian
ecosystems. Once established, such plantings can help to replace lost riparian
vegetation.
Cheema, G.S. 1994. UNDP statement. MAR. POLICY 1994 vol. 18, no.
2, pp. 104-106. 1994 Summary: The United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development represented the largest ever gathering of heads of state,
international specialized agencies, United Nations bodies, non- governmental
organizations and intergovernmental organizations. One of the main products
of the Conference was Agenda 21. Chapter 17, related to the marine environment,
states that more than half the world's population lives within 60 km of
the shoreline and many of the world's poor are crowded in these areas. Although
coastal resources are vital for many local communities and indigenous people,
urban populations gradually cause the direct or indirect contamination of
the very marine environment on which they so much depend. Inland communities
are also affected through the contamination of rivers, streams and other
bodies of water that follow the cycles of nature and eventually reach the
open seas. A comprehensive solution will demand specific regional strategies
aimed at not merely alleviating effects but combating causes. This coincides
with the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP's) commitment to regionalizing
its Urban Development Cooperation Activities.
CLOSE TO HOME - COMMONS' CAUSE FOR FAIRFAX. 1995, December 31. Washington
Post, Final Edition. Sec: C OP/ED p: 8. Summary: The famous story
of the 'Tragedy of the Commons' might apply to Fairfax County.
DiChristina, M. 1996. The village green. Popular Science,
Vol: 248 Iss: 1 Date: Jan 1996 p: 60-64. Summary: Former environmental
activist Liz Walker is working with Joan Bokaer to design a community that
is more environmentally conscientious than typical suburban subdivisions.
The design and development of EcoVillage is examined.
Ezzell, C. 1992. Wilderness Corridors May not Benefit All. Science
News, Vol: 142 Iss: 9 Date: Aug 29, 1992 p: 135. Summary: A new
study questions the efficacy of the corridor concept in preserving wild
populations. Daniel K. Rosenberg, who led the research group, says the study
demonstrates the importance of the environment surrounding corridors, because
many animals won't find their way into greenways.
Grant, K. 1994. Oregon river restoration: A sensitive management strategy
boosts natural healing. RESTOR. MANAGE. NOTES 1994 vol. 12, no. 2, pp.
152- 159. Summary: Balancing natural processes with manipulative
actions is helping to restore the Middle Fork John Day Preserve.
Gresswell, R.E.; Barton, B.A.; Kershner, J.L. 1989. Practical approaches
to riparian resource management : an educational workshop, May 8
11, 1989, Billings, Montana. United States Bureau Of Land Management Billings
District Office American, Fisheries Society Montana Chapter. 1989 Oct. Support
for the workshop provided by Montana Chapter of the American Fisheries Society
... [et al.] .
Harowitz, S. 1992. A Garden That Will Shrink Your Water Bill. Kiplinger's
Personal Finance Magazine, Vol: 46 Iss: 5 Date: May 1992 p: 106. Summary:
The latest idea in drought-resistant landscaping is Xeriscaping. The
new form of gardening that will save money in water bills is discussed.
Hayes, D. 1992, April 17. Future Milestones. USA TODAY, Sec:
USW p: 10 col: 4. Summary: Denis Hayes discusses environmental progress
as the US moves to the year 2000. He examines the impact of population growth,
the greenhouse effect, and urban development on the environment.
Johnson, R.R. 1985. Riparian ecosystems and their management : reconciling
conflicting uses. United, States Forest Service North American Riparian
Conference (1St :. 1985 :. Tucson, Ariz ). 1985 Aug.
Kellner, R.; Hackl, A. (Eds) 1994. 1. Interdisciplinary
FECS Conf Of The Federation Of, European Chemical Societies On Environmental
Issues (EURO ENVIRONMENT '92) Budapest, (Hungary) 10 14 May 1992. Chemistry
for the protection of the environment. SCI. TOTAL ENVIRON. 1994 vol.
143, no. 1, 156 pp. Summary: The Federation of European Chemical
Societies (FECS) invited for the first time top experts in the fields of
environmental relevance to the interdisciplinary broad spectrum conference
Euroenvironment '92 to Budapest. This event was organised by the Hungarian
Chemical Society on behalf of 4 Working Parties of the FECS under the auspices
of the Hungarian Minister of Environmental and Regional Policy, Sandor Keresztes
and supported by the Austrian Ministry for Environment Youth and Family
and by Rotary International, District 1910. In 7 sessions (Air and Climate
Water, Soil, Food, Cultural Heritage, Environmental Technology and General
Themes) the audience and the speakers contributed to the solution of the
'World Problematique' by analysing the present situation of unlimited and
wasteful exploitation of natural resources and providing information about
the role of chemistry and chemical technology to secure a sustainable development
of our civilisation also in the future.
Kenney, J.A. III. 1985. Problem of People: Critical Areas and Floating
Zones in the Chesapeake. Virginia Journal of Natural Resources Law,
Vol. 4, No. 2, p 209-218, 1985. Summary: Maryland 's Chesapeake Bay
Critical Area Act authorizes local jurisdictions to develop and implement
programs to control the use and development of sensitive shoreline areas,
designated by the act as ' Critical Areas. ' The traditional approach to
zoning involves a constant war for land use flexibility. The ' floating
zone ' concept was developed to permit certain land uses in accordance with
an overall development plan for a designated area of land, without requiring
a legislative determination of ' change or mistake ' at the time of a comprehensive
rezoning. A floating zone is a specialized use district created by ordinance
that ' floats ' over an entire jurisdiction until it attaches to a specific
property upon the petition of the property owner. A site plan, which typically
includes restrictions on maximum building area, minimum green area, and,
in some cases, requires off-site improvements, must be approved by the local
governing body. Plan approval can be revoked if the plan 's provisions,
including restrictions, are not complied with, or if there is no meaningful
development within a reasonable period of time. In one case, a 200-acre
development on the Patuxent River was approved under a floating zone. The
project included a central marina, habitat preservation areas, community
beach areas with restricted access areas, and central sewage; the density
was increased from 1.0 units per acre to 2.83 units per acre as a result
of rezoning. Numerous conditions were imposed, covering such areas as street
design, parking, sediment and stormwater control, and limitations on pleasure
boat mooring and use. The cost of development in this instance were borne
by the private sector, and the costs of maintaining wildlife habitats were
borne by the people with access to them. The floating zone and planned unit
development concept can be an effect means to meet increasing development
pressure in a creative, positive way.
Mann, C.C.; Plummer, M.L. 1993. The high cost of biodiversity. Science,
Vol: 260 Iss: 5116 Date: Jun 25, 1993 p: 1868-1871. Summary: A controversial
plan to protect North American biodiversity by creating a network of wilderness
reserves, human buffer zones and wildlife corridors stretching across as
much as half the continent is discussed. The plan may be asking too much
of the people who already live in the proposed zones.
Mann, C.C.; Plummer, M.L. 1995. Are wildlife corridors the right path?
Science, Vol: 270 Iss: 5241 Date: Dec 1, 1995 p: 1428-1430. Summary:
The strategy of using corridors to link patches of isolated habitat
to save endangered species is examined. Some feel this could save numerous
species, while others feel it would be an expensive failure.
Pearce, J.B. 1995. Introduction to theme issue: Conservation and marine
ecosystems. NAT. AREAS J. 1995 vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 4- 6. Summary:
It has become ever more apparent that marine life - its reproduction,
recruitment, and survival - is not dependent on any single natural or anthropogenic
variable. Rather, temperature, salinity, sediment type, and current systems,
along with a range of contaminants and physically degrading activities,
cumulatively dictate where marine life will occur and how human activities
might affect the life history stages, distribution, and survival of species.
The conveners for the two special sessions on "Conservation and Marine
Ecosystems" selected papers relevant to both the east and west coasts
of North America and others describing situations that might occur in the
United Kingdom and other parts of the world. Almost all of the papers presented
in the two sessions were case studies covering a range of situations but
with special emphasis on how human activities in terrestrial habitats and
the coastal zone affect the overall well-being of the oceans, especially
when these are viewed as natural areas. The first papers set the scene,
and subsequent presentations provided case studies and details of management
schemes to preserve extant wild areas and to mitigate damage in heavily
developed and degraded industrial/urbanized natural areas. Collectively,
the papers define many contemporary issues (and solutions) and provide evidence
that even in heavily degraded marine habitats it is possible to reverse
trends and avoid future despoliation.
Petts, G. 1989. Historical Analysis of Fluvial Hydrosystems. Historical
Change of Large Alluvial Rivers: Western Europe. John Wiley & Sons
New York. 1989. p 1-18. Summary: Knowledge of environmental change
resulting from our exploitation of land and water resources over historic
timescales is necessary to improve river regulation strategies; to achieve
sustainable resource development; and to advance environmental conservation.
During the 1980s there have been three major shifts in river regulation:
(1) a change from river development to river management; (2) a move by scientists
to tackle problems of large rivers; and (3) a development of multidisciplinary
approaches to both research and management. In Europe, all three themes
are embodied within the ' European Large Alluvial Rivers Network, ' formed
in 1986 in response to an initiative of the Council of Europe to promote
scientific and technical cooperation, and concerned with water as a natural
resource and the interaction between that resource and the environment.
Reid, W.V.; Trexler, M.C. 1991. Drowning the National Heritage: Climate
Change and Coastal Biodiversity in the United States. World Resources
Institute, Washington. 1991. 48p. Summary: Global warming of
the magnitude expected in coming decades, accompanied by changes in sea
level, rainfall, and wind and ocean currents, will significantly affect
species composition, community structure, and the function of coastal ecosystems.
Understanding the current stress that these ecosystems face is crucial to
fully appreciating how climate change may affect coastal biodiversity. Coastal
species, habitats, and ecological processes; economic indicators of the
status of coastal biodiversity; impacts of global warming on coastal habitats
and on coastal species diversity (and other impacts); and the status and
options of U.S. public policy in relation to the conservation of coastal
biodiversity are examined in detail. Most policies proposed for mitigating
the impacts of climate change neglect the need to conserve biodiversity.
The following policy options are recommended to help conserve coastal biodiversity
in the face of climatic change: (1) slowing, where possible, the rate and
magnitude of global warming; (2) incorporating the protection of coastal
ecosystems as a fundamental goal in federal and state policies; (3) eliminating
federal and state subsidies that promote coastal development, beach nourishment,
and seawalls; (4) making wider use of such regulatory measures as coastal
zoning and setbacks; (5) putting property owners on notice that sea-level
rise will occur and that public- policy goals will dictate the abandonment
of large areas of dry land; (6) minimizing anthropogenic stresses on coastal
ecosystems; (7) using the distribution of key coastal ecosystems to identify
where various policy options should be pursued; and (8) experimentation,
by non-governmental organizations interested in land acquisition for conservation
purposes, with various easement and leasing options, focusing on lands of
particular conservation importance. Biodiversity--the world's genes, species,
and ecosystems--could be an invaluable resource in humanity's efforts to
adapt to global warming, but it may also be one of the first victims of
that change. Biodiversity conservation requires coastal development policies
that promote accommodation to sea-level rise, rather than defense against
it.
Rogers, J.D.; Augustyn, J.S. 1993. Using Satellite and GIS Technologies
to Manage a County's Natural Resources. Public Works, Vol. 124,
No. 9, p 44-87, August 1993. Summary: Passaic County, located in
northern New Jersey and bordering on New York State, encompasses a unique
mix of natural resources and environmental beauty, diverse urban centers,
and expanding suburban developments. The communities of Passaic County with
the support and encouragement of the County Board of Freeholders have long
recognized the need to identify, protect, and preserve their natural resources.
Now through teamwork, The Passaic County Natural Resource Management project
is being prepared with participation from the county's 16 municipalities
and technical assistance from satellite imagery and geographic information
system (GIS) technology. Natural Resource Management project goals include:
(1) implementation of a county-wide comprehensive natural-resource management
program that will provide an overview of priority resources with specific
strategies and guidelines for land and resource allocation, (2) incorporation
of environmental education as an integral component of the program to promote
the concept of conservation at all levels of society, (3) increasing of
public access to open space in urban and rural areas, (4) identification
of the framework for a county-wide open-space plan based upon stream corridors
and other significant natural and cultural resources, and (5) integration
of existing historic sites into a county open-space plan. Computer programs
are being used to process remotely-sensed satellite imagery to provide map
information such as the number of acres of forest in an area, wetlands detection
and monitoring, agricultural production, water resources, and changes in
land use. Using GIS, stored land-use information is retrieved in a variety
of ways to create soil- type, floodplain, geologic, elevation, proposed
land-use, and zoning maps. It is anticipated that the Passaic County Natural
Resource Management plan will become an integral part of the county's municipal
master plans, land-use plans, and zoning ordinances.
Tabor, M. 1992. 1992 South Platte Research Conference, Fort Collins, CO
(USA) 27 28 Oct 1992. Issues of the urban river interface. PROCEEDINGS
OF THE 1992 SOUTH PLATTE RESEARCH CONFERENCE. Woodring,-R.C.; Roberts,-J.
(eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1992 p. 81. INF.-SER.-COLO.-WATER- RESOUR.-RES.-INST.
vol. 72. Summary: The Urban Design Forum (UDF) is a non-profit organization
of planners, designers, and private citizens that are concerned with the
issues of urban design in the Denver metropolitan area. Within UDF, a subcommittee
has been formed, called the Urban Ecology Subcommittee, to explore the relationships
between urban development and a healthy, functioning and sustainable local
ecology. This inquiry is focused on the role of natural resources, their
use, abuse, protection and enhancement within our 'built' environment. The
premise of this organization is that human systems in general and cities
in particular, must develop a harmonious relationship with the natural environment
to remain healthy and viable over time. Given that one of the most important
and limited natural resources in the Rocky Mountain region is water, it
seems logical that we begin our inquiry of urban ecology with the role that
surface water plays in our urban environment. Historically, the South Platte
River has given form and orientation to our urban landscape. The Urban Design
Forum seeks to be a catalyst for discussion of the future of urbanized sections
of the South Platte River. We feel that all the diversified interests of
our metropolitan areas as well as the downstream neighbors in agriculture
and water supply must be part of this discourse as well.
Towards an environmentally sound and sustainable development of water
resources in Asia and the Pacific. 1992. United, Nations Economic
And Social Commission For Asia And The Pacific. 1992 Aug.
Coastal systems studies and sustainable development. 1991. Proceedings
of the COMAR Interregional Scientific Conference, Unesco, Paris, 21
25 May 1991. United, Nations Environment Programme International, Council
Of Scientific Unions Scientific Committee On Oceanic Re Search; International,
Association For Biological Oceanography. COMAR Interregional Scientific
Conference (1991 :. Paris). 1991 Jul.
United States of America national report. 1992. Council, On Environmental
Quality (U S. ). 1992; United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development, 1992. Council on Environmental Quality, 1992 "Compiled
in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED), to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on June 1-12, 1992"--P.
418. United Nations Conference on Environment & Development.
Wali, M.K. 1992. Ecosystem rehabilitation : preamble to sustainable
development. Oct. SPB Academic Publishing.
Williams, C. 1992. Books - Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle.
Edited by F. Herbert Bormann and Stephen R. Kellert. Science News,
Vol: 141 Iss: 8 Date: Feb 22, 1992 p: 114. Summary: Favorable book
review.
Back To Top
Open Space
Bibliography
Meeks, G. 1990. Growth Management: A Renewed
Agenda for States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol.
45, No. 6, p. 600-604, November/December. Summary: Natural resource
managers have long been active in formulating and administering government
policies for environmental conservation. Typically, states regulate activities
through such authorities as forest practice, wetlands preservation, and
groundwater management acts. Local governments traditionally have used their
police powers, such as zoning, to regulate land use. A new approach being
formulated by some states and regional authorities may involve a much more
extensive and comprehensive means of managing resources. Growth management
and comprehensive planning acts are being enacted that may change not only
the nature of land use but also the decision-making processes that affect
our social and economic geography. Nine states (Florida, Georgia, Hawaii,
Maine, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington) have been
identified as having statewide growth management or comprehensive planning
programs. Another seven states (California, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia) have gubernatorial growth strategies
commissions or have held conferences focusing on land use issues with the
objective of developing growth management legislation. Goals include economic
development, farm and forest (open space) land preservation, natural resource
conservation, affordable housing, coordinated infrastructure and transportation
development, air and water quality, historic and special areas preservation,
natural hazards mitigation, recreation resource enhancement, and energy
conservation. Autonomy of local land use authority has been the crucial
issue in most debates over state growth management programs. The negotiation
process becomes critical to success or failure of the programs. The tone
of many officials involved in developing these new planning programs may
sound like political frustration in trying to cope with conflicting demands.
But to hear state officials refer to carrying capacity is a dramatic change
from previous years, when the land use debate was on an ideological level
that failed to recognize economic problems imposed by lack of planning.
Rogers, J.D.; Augustyn, J.S. 1993. Using Satellite and GIS Technologies
to Manage a County's Natural Resources. Public Works, Vol. 124,
No. 9, p 44-87, August 1993. Summary: Passaic County, located in
northern New Jersey and bordering on New York State, encompasses a unique
mix of natural resources and environmental beauty, diverse urban centers,
and expanding suburban developments. The communities of Passaic County with
the support and encouragement of the County Board of Freeholders have long
recognized the need to identify, protect, and preserve their natural resources.
Now through teamwork, The Passaic County Natural Resource Management project
is being prepared with participation from the county's 16 municipalities
and technical assistance from satellite imagery and geographic information
system (GIS) technology. Natural Resource Management project goals include:
(1) implementation of a county-wide comprehensive natural-resource management
program that will provide an overview of priority resources with specific
strategies and guidelines for land and resource allocation, (2) incorporation
of environmental education as an integral component of the program to promote
the concept of conservation at all levels of society, (3) increasing of
public access to open space in urban and rural areas, (4) identification
of the framework for a county-wide open-space plan based upon stream corridors
and other significant natural and cultural resources, and (5) integration
of existing historic sites into a county open-space plan. Computer programs
are being used to process remotely-sensed satellite imagery to provide map
information such as the number of acres of forest in an area, wetlands detection
and monitoring, agricultural production, water resources, and changes in
land use. Using GIS, stored land-use information is retrieved in a variety
of ways to create soil- type, floodplain, geologic, elevation, proposed
land-use, and zoning maps. It is anticipated that the Passaic County Natural
Resource Management plan will become an integral part of the county's municipal
master plans, land-use plans, and zoning ordinances.
Tourbier, J.T. 1994. Open space through stormwater management: Helping
to structure growth on the urban fringe. J. SOIL WATER CONSERV. 1994
vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 14-21. Summary: This article advocates a holistic
approach that views stormwater as a vital part of the hydrologic cycle involving
management practices to insure infiltration, control runoff pollution, reduce
thermal impacts and control peak flows. Management practices for this kind
of control put the landscape to work by utilizing processes of nature such
as vegetative filtering during conveyance, cooling through shade trees,
detention through depression storage, and infiltration. When implemented
in settings that prior to the introduction of impervious surfaces did not
experience much runoff, such management practices can be designed to form
systems that function as an extension of the existing riparian landscape.
The public is beginning to accept that bodies of water, wetlands, and floodplains
are best used as permanent open space, protected through land use controls.
These open spaces follow stream valleys and can be expanded and enhanced
through stormwater management practices on adjacent development sites.
Tourbier, J.T.; Westmacott, R.; Goedken, C. 1980. Convivial Stormwater
Management Alternatives. Stormwater Management Alternatives.
Water Resources Center, University of Delaware, Newark DE. April 1980. p
9-21. Summary: Stormwater and flood management and their interrelationship
to water quality are problems of national priority. The costs of urban flooding
and drainage works on a nationwide scale have been estimated to exceed $5
billion per year. There is opportunity for substantially reducing the cost
of stormwater management by examining and, where appropriate, modifying
conventional practices. Blue-Green stormwater technology turns a liability
into an asset by integrating control measures in open space systems. This
concept recognizes the potential of streams, rivers and other natural drainage
ways as multi-use urban open space/water systems; and it realizes the potential
asset of stormwater by transferring some of the costs of stormwater management
to other beneficiaries. Four basic stormwater problems in urbanized areas
that can be solved through design solutions which can result in enhancement
of a site include: (1) Increases in runoff and decreases in infiltration;
(2) Flooding and streambank erosion; (3) Erosion and sedimentation; and
(4) Runoff pollution. Solving these problems requires public involvement
in the planning process. Convergence of interests, legitimacy of sponsorship,
establishment of an effectuation framework, leading to implementation of
objectives are all necessary steps.
Westmacott, R. 1980. Blue Green Concept Some Personal Comments. Stormwater
Management Alternatives. Water Resources Center, University of Delaware,
Newark DE. April 1980. p 37-41. Summary: The Blue-Green Concept is
a deceptively simple one. Few examples of this idea exist, but those that
have been implemented have been extraordinarily successful. Earl Jones first
coined the term Blue-Green Development in the 1960s. When the term Blue-
Green was first used, it referred to the planned integration of water areas
in open space systems, multifunctional impoundments for both the detention
of runoff and for aesthetic benefits. From its conception, storage and detention
of urban stormwater were important features of Blue-Green development. The
concept recognizes the multifunctional role of natural drainage systems.
Failure to recognize these numerous roles of streams and rivers on urban
development is probably the reason for little use of the Blue-Green concept.
Back To Top
Planning
Bibliography
Allen, H. H.; Lazor, R. L. 1989. Reservoir Shoreline Erosion and Revegetation
Workshops. Army Corps of Engineers Water Operations Technical Support
Information Exchange Bulletin Volume E-89-1, October 1989. Summary:
In 1987, the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station began organizing
and conducting a series of annual workshops for Corps of Engineer (CE) personnel.
The objectives were to illustrate amd explain impacts of shoreline erosion
in CE reservoirs; identify probable causes of erosion; demonstrate means
of measuring and analyzing bank erosion and recession; review traditional
means of protecting shorelines; and describe alternative methods of controlling
erosion using vegetation or a combination of vegetative and structural solutions.
With proper planning, site preparation, appropriate plant establishment
methods used at the right time, and postplanting monitoring and maintenance,
reservoir shorelines can be vegetated to satisfy several objectives including
shoreline erosion control. Revegetating reservoir shorelines can help prevent
and control erosion, reduce turbidity and improve water quality, establish
fisheries and wildlife habitat, and enhance reservoir esthetic values. Workshops
on reservoir erosion control and revegetation will continue to provide innovative
techniques to field personnel and draw upon others ' experiences in controlling
reservoir shoreline erosion.
Andrews, A.S.; Fraser, G.W.; Leak, A.J. 1990. Drainage Manual for Clark
County, Nevada. IN: Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands (H2AL).
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 90-95. Summary:
The development of a flood control district and its associated capital
improvement and regulatory programs does not by itself address drainage
standards for a community. While the capital improvement and regulatory
programs go a long way in solving existing flooding problems and minimizing
future flooding problems, a common denominator is missing. This common denominator
is drainage standards that are laid out in a drainage manual. Such a drainage
manual covers all aspects of drainage planning including policy, design
criteria, applicable laws, and guidelines for development of private and
public stormwater management facilities. The preparation of a drainage manual
in an arid region that is experiencing rapid growth warrants the inclusion
of special features that attempt to address the concerns of all affected
individuals.
Anonymous. 1995. Making cities safer: Good fences ... Economist,
Vol: 334 Iss: 7907 Date: Mar 25, 1995 p: 30-31. Summary: Architect
and consultant Oscar Newman lent ideas to the Five Oaks area of Dayton OH
on the use of physical planning for urban revitalization. Installing gates
to cut through traffic and creating minineighborhoods, Dayton's crime rate
dropped by a quarter and violent crime by a half.
Anonymous. 1993. Basquing in future glories. Economist, Vol:
328 Iss: 7829 Date: Sep 18, 1993 p: 95-96. Summary: Bilbao Spain's
present griminess is an emblem of the Basque region's domination by the
Spanish government. Bilbao-Ria 2000 is an ambitious attempt at urban revitalization,
including a civic spending spree for a new concert hall, conference center
and museum of modern art.
Austin, L. H.; Tullis, R. L.; Stauffer, N. E. 1988. Virgin River: Planning
for Development While Meeting Flow Requirements for Endangered Species.
Water Use Data for Water Resources Management. Proceedings of a Symposium.
American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1988. Summary:
The Virgin River Basin in southern Utah, particularly the St. George
area, has experienced rapid growth as a recreation and retirement location
during the last 15 to 20 years. This has created new water demands in a
water short, semiarid area that has a long history of difficulty in water
development. Meeting these demands is complicated by the many national and
state parks as well as the forest, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and
Indian lands that are in close proximity to the Virgin River. Further complicating
the issue is the listing of the Woundfin as an endangered species and the
proposed listing of the Virgin River Chub as an endangered species. A widespread
effort is underway to address these issues using techniques such as: a river
basin study pertaining to water, soil, and related resources; a biological
study of the native fish; and computer modeling of fish habitat and water
development. The modeling effort includes simulating existing and potential
reservoir sites for evaluating the effects of water development on endangered
fish habitats with minimum flow constraints.
Balco, J. J. 1992. Site Planning for Aquifer Protection. Environmental
Protection, Vol. 3, No. 5, p 39-42, June 1992. Summary: Zoning
ordinances designed to protect groundwater sources sometimes can hinder
industrial development when unreasonable restrictions are imposed. However,
totally prohibiting development is not necessarily beneficial to communities
or the economy upon which their residents depend. Rather a resource protection
program designed to manage as opposed to prohibit development has been demonstrated
in recent experience to permit relatively safe industrial and commercial
activities in protected areas. In the area of wellhead zones, the regulatory
focus is on point sources such as underground storage tanks or industrial
septic tanks. A well-established and successful approach to a wellhead protection
program is being implemented by the State of Massachusetts and its local
communities. With appropriate planning, financial commitment, and sensitivity
to resource protection, industries have demonstrated that responsible development
can continue in these areas while still protecting precious natural resources.
The key is to determine early in the planning process whether a site is
within a protection zone, and incorporate that reality into the site design.
Benes, M.E. 1989. Boards of Health Protection for Private Wells and Groundwater.
Protecting Ground Water from the Bottom Up: Local Responses to Wellhead
Protection. Proceedings of the Conference, October 2-3, 1989, Danvers,
Massachusetts. Underground Injection Practices Council, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
1989. p 303-308. Summary: In Massachusetts, people depending upon
private wells are unprotected against improper siting, poor installation,
and contamination, except where local health boards have adopted regulations.
Effective private well protection depends upon the local board of health
adopting a well protection policy which is consistent with local needs and
conditions. In addition to specific private well regulations, there are
other actions which local boards can take as part of an overall groundwater
protection program. These include hazardous waste pickups, underground storage
tank regulations, subdivision review, regulation of pesticides and septic
tank cleaners, local emergency response planning committees, solid waste
disposal regulations, and others.
Bequette, France. 1994. Inventing the urban future. UNESCO Courier,
Iss: 5 Date: May 1994 p: 25-27. Summary: The next millenium will
see immense, sprawling megacities with huge populations and even huger environmental
problems. Creative solutions to the problems of urban ecology must be sought
and implemented soon.
Biswas, A. K. 1994. Sustainable water resources development: Some personal
thoughts. INT. J. WATER RESOUR. DEV. 1994 vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 109-116.
Summary: Sustainable development has now become a popular term, but
it often means different things to different people. Operationalization
of this concept is still not possible. This paper examines some of the major
issues associated with sustainability. The opportunities and constraints
of the current environmental assessment approaches for water development
are objectively discussed.
Blyth, R.S. 1994. The Limehouse Link Tunnel: The planning and route of
the Link. PROC. INST. CIV. ENG. TRANSPORT 1994 vol. 105, no. 1, pp.
9-19. Summary: This paper outlines the history and planning of the
Limehouse Link, the major link in the Docklands highways network, designed
to improve access to and from the City of London to the Isle of Dogs. It
opened to traffic ahead of schedule on 17 May 1993. This road is an urban
development by the London Docklands Development Corporation, a Government
agency set up by statute to bring about the social and economic regeneration
of a neglected part of London. The purpose of the scheme is described, together
with some of the options considered, including the early ones proposed by
the Greater London Council. The paper also outlines the agreement between
the London Docklands Development Corporation and the London Borough of Tower
Hamlets which enabled the scheme to proceed and secured significant benefits
for local residents.
Borden, R.T. 1992. The Greening of Greens. Civil Engineering (ASCE),
Vol. 62, No. 10, p 55-57, October 1992. Summary: The construction
of new golf courses may be delayed while environmental issues are satisfied.
It takes careful planning and design to keep fertilizers and pesticides
from wreaking havoc on an established ecosystem, or to prevent migrating
sediment and bulldozed soil from filling wetlands. When the Lowes Island
Golf Course was developed on an island in the Potomac River northwest of
Washington, DC, engineering services were sought. The site required significant
regrading to protect the course from low-level floods and yet allow conveyance
of a 100-year storm event and a wetland mitigation program designed with
attention to storm-water runoff quality. Golf-course architects provided
the layout with conceptual grading, landscaping and construction specifications
for the greens and tees; engineers knowing local conditions were able to
judge the impact on the environment. An environmental services firm was
called in to delineate any wetland areas, based on soil, plant and water
characteristics. A marsh was created at the downstream end of the island
as the mitigation site, together with a seasonal marsh and a lake. These
marshes and ponds will also help control the quality of storm-water runoff.
Mitigation areas were planned to filter out much of the chemicals used to
maintain the course. A firm was hired to develop a program of pesticide
and fertilizer application, to select chemicals that would have limited
persistence, toxicity and mobility, to suggest biological and mechanical
pest controls to reduce the need for chemicals and to develop chemical handling
guidelines. Since the site had to be regraded to increase the level of flood
protection, historical data and flood profiles were obtained, and the approximate
probability of flooding for various elevations were derived. A berm was
constructed around the outside of the island with a flap valve to let water
out but not in, and to ensure that no sediment, chemicals, grass clippings,
or lost golf balls pollute the river. A clay liner was placed around the
lakes to limit percolation of water or waterborne contaminants into the
groundwater. The lakes and marshes were interconnected to discharge downstream
of the water intake. The course is environmentally sound, as well as beautiful
and playable.
Brown, D. J. 1990. Michigan Groundwater Survey: A Cooperative Venture
of Local Governments. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,
Vol. 45, No. 2, p 268-269, 1990. Summary: The Michigan groundwater
survey focused on the design and implementation of a computerized groundwater
and geologic information management system. Thousands of well logs stored
as paper copy in local health departments were converted into accessible
electronic data files. County-wide baseline groundwater quality studies
focusing on wells carefully chosen to characterize the aquifers in each
county were designed and executed. Having computer accessible information
available has allowed state and local agencies to better discharge their
traditional responsibilities and to undertake new management activities.
These range from well and septic system permitting and inspection to land
use planning, zoning and groundwater management and protection. Baseline
water quality can now be compared to new analyses to assess the degree of
degradation in cases of possible contamination and preliminary site assessments
can be performed with relative ease. Proposed new land uses can be evaluated
more readily for their potential impact on groundwater quality.
Browne, F.X. 1990. Stormwater Management. Standard Handbook
of Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York New York.
1990. p 759-893. Summary: The study of stormwater management includes
all elements of the hydrologic cycle but focuses on how humans affect the
production, movement, and control or surface runoff. In a natural system,
the rate of surface runoff is controlled by the rainfall rate, soil conditions,
vegetation, and subsurface geology. Most pollutants found in rainfall and
stormwater runoff are removed from water as it soaks into the ground or
flows through the organic litter at the soil surface. As urbanization occurs,
large areas are covered by pavement and buildings. This results in large
increases in the total quantity and peak rate of runoff. Pollutants deposited
on pavements are washed directly into stream channels. Increases in surface
runoff often result in more frequent flooding of near-channel areas and
erosion of the streambanks. Modern stormwater management practices attempt
to use natural and manmade systems to minimize environmental damage and
provide the facilities necessary for modern society. A complete stormwater
management program contains many elements including on-site infiltration
and detention, collection and transport systems, regional flood control,
and major stream channel improvements. It also includes a legal, financial,
and institutional structure to implement the program.
Charlier, R. H.; Charlier, C. C. P. 1995. Sustainable multiple use and
management of the coastal zone. ENVIRON. MANAGE. HEALTH 1995 vol. 6,
no. 1, pp. 14-24. Summary: Population migration to the coastal zone
has increased by 50 to 70 per cent. Conflicts of inhabitation and use are
escalating rapidly. Single use is economically risky if not unsound. In
traditional societies multiple-use has been exercised successfully. Concentration
among today's users should lead to an acceptable balance and to sustainable
situations. Physical, biological and geological equilibria and conservation
should be maintained. For this to happen communication approaches should
be fine-tuned. A Citizen's guide to planning and zoning in Virginia. Chesapeake,
Bay Foundation.
Christianson, R. A.; Frahm, R. W. Regional Water Management Agency Involvement
in Local Government Comprehensive Planning. Water: Laws and Management.
American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland, 1989. p 1B-1--1B-10,
2 fig, 3 ref. Summary: The Southwest Florida Water Management District
(SWFWMD) has broad responsibilities for the management of water resources
over a region that includes all or part of 16 counties. In response to the
growth management legislation adopted by the state of Florida in 1984 and
1985, each of the 97 local governments within the SWFWMD is required to
prepare a comprehensive plan. These local planning efforts represent a unique
opportunity to enhance water resources protection through the coordination
of land and water management. Local land use and planning decisions impact
water resources significantly, especially in the context of the rapid growth
currently taking place in the SWFWMD to strengthen intergovernmental coordination
and improve water resource management. The four primary elements of this
program include information and technical assistance, policy guidance, comprehensive
plan review and comment, and follow-up assistance to aid in the implementation
of local plans.
Clayshulte, R. N. 1994 South Platte Forum, Greeley, CO (USA) 26 27 Oct,.
Application of a watershed management approach. Integrated Watershed
Management in the South Platte Basin: Status and Practical Implementation.
Proceedings of the 1994 South Platte Forum, October 26-27, 1994, Greeley,
Colorado. Klein,-K.C.; Williams,-D.J. (eds.) Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO 80523 (USA) Colorado Water Resources Research Institute.
1994 pp. 13-14. FORM.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.- RES.-INST. no. 77. Summary:
The regional Clean Water Plan developed and maintained by the Denver
Regional Council of Governments (DRCOG) recognizes 18 hydrologic planning
basins in the eight county region. These basins have been used to define
water quality management planning areas. Designated management agencies
in these basins have developed water quality management plans and implementation
programs. These plans are summarized in the regional Clean Water Plan and
they provide specific recommendations on wastewater facility siting, service
areas, levels of treatment, nonpoint source control, stormwater management,
stream standards, best management practices, as well as characterizing water
quality within each basin. Hydrologic features, geographical considerations
and political designations were used to establish basin boundaries. Some
basins define actual discrete hydrologic drainage areas or stream/river
watersheds, while others are more complex hydrologic systems based on political
realities. From a regional perspective, the water quality of each basin
has some effect on downstream or contiguous basins. Although a general watershed
protection approach has been used in the DRCOG region for water quality
planning and management programs, the process has not always applied an
integrated, holistic strategy. Efforts are underway at DRCOG to revise the
system of hydrologic basins and designate new water quality planning and
management watersheds for the region. This change requires an extensive
evaluation of existing management programs and could lead to a new water
quality management system for the DRCOG region. The goal of the DRCOG watershed
protection approach is to apply an integrated, holistic strategy to protect
or attain established beneficial uses of waters within regional watersheds,
including protection of human health and aquatic ecosystems. The first level
of watershed designation was based on geographic areas where activities
have significantly affected a waterbody or stream segment and control.
CLOSE TO HOME - COMMONS' CAUSE FOR FAIRFAX. 1995, December 31. Washington
Post, Final Edition. Sec: C OP/ED p: 8. Summary: The famous story
of the 'Tragedy of the Commons' might apply to Fairfax County.
Cocks, K. D.; Walker, B. H. 1994. Symposium On Land Use And Land Cover
In Australia: Living, With Global Change,. Contribution of 'sustainability'
criteria to social perceptions of land use options. LAND DEGRAD. REHAB.
1994 vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 143-151. Summary: With relatively minor exceptions,
the process of land use change is one of intensification and the narrowing
of future land use options. This has led to community concern for the gradual
irrecoverable loss of values associated with less intensive land uses; in
particular, concern for the availability and functional capacity of biodiversity,
earth materials, water and air. Concern extends to the functionality of
these resources in industrial, amenity and service roles. Such losses, called,
inter alia, environmental costs, are never wholly avoidable despite the
hopes behind the sustainable development concept. What is realistically
possible is conservative development, meaning that land uses with environmental
costs exceeding the economic net benefits would be proscribed as options,
through the application of extant and emerging social technologies such
as land use zoning, environmental standards and environmental impact assessment.
This paper presents some general and some more specific ideas about land
uses susceptible to proscription under the conservative development criterion.
Most major land uses stand to be challenged to a degree, particularly in
densely populated areas, regions of economic opportunity and/or in regions
recognized as having a high conservation value. Proposals involving a leap
in intensification or loss of remnant or old-established land uses will
be more liable to assessment for proscription. Several regions are identified
where joint assessment for exclusion across members of a suite of land uses
would not be surprising (e.g. the Kimberleys); also some regions and situations
where particular land uses stand to be challenged, e.g. irrigated cotton,
high country developments and integrated forest harvesting. Rather than
list intensification trends at length and predict which challenges to intensification
might succeed, this paper discusses the prospects for development of social
technologies which evaluate community concerns about the environmental costs
of land use intensification. It is suggested that a blending of the existing
procedures of the Resource Assessment Commission for regional resource inventory
and evaluation and the existing resource allocation procedures of the Great
Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority would form a highly defensible core for
a new generation of option-defining technologies. The social importance
of having a rich suite of social technologies for addressing intensification
issues is emphasized.
Colby, B. G. 1990. Enhancing Instream Flow Benefits in an Era of Water
Marketing. Water Resources Research WRERAQ Vol. 26, No. 6, p 1113-1120,
June 1990. 25 ref. Summary: Growing populations in the western United
States demand water not only for residential use and to support urban development
but also for recreation, water quality enhancement, improvement of fish
and wildlife habitat and to preserve the aesthetics of riparian areas. Instream
flows contribute substantial economic benefits, and emerging pressure to
reserve water instream comes at a time when markets are evolving to reallocate
water among offstream uses such as agriculture, industry and municipal expansion.
Current instream flow policies in the western states were examined to determined
the economic values generated by stream flows. Instream values were argued
to be high enough to compete in the market for water rights with offstream
uses when important recreation sites and wildlife species are involved.
Alterations to the western state 's policies are suggested to accommodate
instream flow protection within the context of water marketing, with the
objective of improving the efficiency of water allocation among instream
and consumptive users.
Corcoran, C.; Randall, K.; Lage, K. 1993. County develops a comprehensive
stormwater management plan. PUBLIC WORKS 1993 vol. 124, no. 12, pp.
48-50. Summary: Developing a stormwater management plan for one community
is a time-consuming and often difficult project. When a second community
is involved, the economical, environmental, political, social, and practical
complexities are greatly magnified. Now, imagine putting together one stormwater
management plan for 21 cities. A daunting task, especially when each city
has a vested interest in the plan's outcome. That was the case recently
when Johnson County, Kansas developed its stormwater management program.
Crosby, M. P.; Beck, A. D. 1995. Management oriented research in National
Estuarine Research Reserves, with examples of fisheries focused studies.
NAT. AREAS J. 1995 vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 12-20. Summary: The National
Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) was established as part of the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 to provide financial assistance to the
states for the acquisition, development, and operation of estuarine ecosystems
as field laboratories. Twenty-two reserves have been designated encompassing
over 171,000 ha of diverse coastal habitats throughout the coastal United
States (including the Great Lakes Region). The research component of the
NERRS focuses on management-related research that will enhance understanding
of estuarine environments, provide information necessary to management decision
making for these ecosystems, and improve public awareness of estuaries and
estuarine management issues. The system is administered by the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Office of Ocean and Coastal
Resource Management (OCRM), in partnership with the individual states in
which the reserves are located. The NERRS also plays an important role in
protecting critical fish habitats and preserving biodiversity. From 1982
to 1992, OCRM awarded 40 grants totaling $880,000 to support direct research
on fish and fisheries-related studies. Twenty-six principal investigators
from 21 institutions conducted these studies at 16 NERRS sites. Such management-oriented
research in the NERRS provides information essential to the management of
individual reserves and to general coastal zone management and decision
making.
De Freese, D. E. 1991. Threats to Biological Diversity in Marine and
Estuarine Ecosystems of Florida. Coastal Management, Vol. 19, No. 1,
73-101 p, January/March 1991. Summary: The Indian River Lagoon of
east central Florida and the marine ecosystem of the Florida Keys are important
natural ecosystems with ecological, economic, esthetic, and recreational
values. Both ecosystems have high biological diversity and are threatened
by a variety of anthropogenic impacts. Although all coastal marine and estuarine
ecosystems are influenced by an interplay of oceanic and terrestrial influences,
structural and functional characteristics and anthropogenic impacts are
often site- specific. This suggests that ecosystem management and research
must focus on a holistic ecosystem approach that establishes ecosystem boundaries,
considers the dynamic nature of ecosystem processes, and prioritizes issues
and objectives. Although Florida has enacted a framework of coastal zone
management legislation, no specific legislation has addressed the issue
of biological diversity conservation in marine and estuarine ecosystems.
Implementation of a comprehensive coastal zone management plan is confounded
by a fragmented infrastructure of governmental agencies, lack of coordination,
and inadequate funding for implementation, research, education, and enforcement.
Florida's extended coastline, diversified ecosystems, and extensive biological
diversity challenges state, regional, and local agencies to develop comprehensive
research, management, and education initiatives that are adequately funded
and sufficiently focused to ensure long-term ecosystem and biological diversity
protection.
Deardorff, H. A 1977. Recall for Greenways. Parks and Recreation
Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 39a-40a, February 1977. Summary: New opportunities
for greenway development are appearing with regard to water oriented land.
The stereotype of a greenway as a wide, uninterrupted expanse of forest
and meadow does not fit the context of existing waterfronts around the country
where a wide range of landscape and land-use characteristics can be found.
The water, under 201 and 208 water cleanup programs, is scheduled to be
clean by 1983 thus providing water-oriented greenway opportunities. To realize
the opportunities, it should be understood that one of the most significant
values of a greenway is environmental protection. Water-oriented greenways
can provide nonstructural controls to prevent flooding and direct storm
drainage. Industries and wastewater treatment facilities need not be considered
ugly intrusions on the waterfront but should be more carefully sited and
designed so that public will know they exist. In planning a greenway, it
must be realized that water is a shared resource and while more prohibitive
stances are appropriate in undeveloped areas, replacing vital industrial
uses with open space is senseless. Communities must acquire greenway water
frontage now and plan for the future.
DeGeorge, Gail. 1995. A theme park you can live in. Business Week
[Industrial/Technology Edition], Iss: 3443 Date: Sep 25, 1995 p: 57. Summary:
Celebration FL is a new housing development just 15 minutes away from
Orlando, and it is unmistakably a Walt Disney production. Plans for the
self-contained village were unveiled by Disney in mid-August.
Degong, C. 1989. Coastal Zone Development, Utilization, Legislation,
and Management in China. Coastal Management Vol. 17, No. 1, p 55-62,
1989. 1 fig, 1 tab. Summary: China is a coastal state with 18,000
kilometers of continental shoreline and 14,000 kilometers of island shoreline,
with over 5,000 islands. It has one of the longest national shorelines in
the world. The coastal zone in China spans three climate zones-- tropical,
subtropical, and temperate--and the coast is classified as rocky, sandy
and gravel, muddy and silty, coral reef, and mangrove. From an administrative
standpoint, the coastal zone is situated in nine provinces, an autonomous
region, and two municipalities. Although it occupies only about 15 percent
of the country 's area, it holds about 44 percent of the population. The
coastal economy is relatively more developed than in other areas. China
has given priority to the development and management of the coastal zone
with a three-stage project. The first stage is comprehensive investigation
to formulate a long-term program for development and utilization in the
coastal area. The second stage is investigation at selected locations for
development measures to improve reclaimed salty soil, strengthen marine
fishing measures, develop seawater culture, establish a forest protection
system, prevent coastal erosion, regulate the transport routes, and establish
natural resources and environmental protection areas. The third stage is
to draft legislation and management measures for the coastal zone. Tentative
national management regulations on the coastal zone in Jiangsu Province
have already been adopted.
DiChristina, Mariette. 1996. The village green. Popular Science,
Vol: 248 Iss: 1 Date: Jan 1996 p: 60-64. Summary: Former environmental
activist Liz Walker is working with Joan Bokaer to design a community that
is more environmentally conscientious than typical suburban subdivisions.
The design and development of EcoVillage is examined.
Dodd, Randall C.; McMahon, Gerard; Stichter, Steven. 1992. Watershed
planning in the Albemarle Pamlico Estuarine System. Research Triangle
Institute Center For Environmental Analysis North, Carolina Albemarle Pamlico
Estuarine Study. Albemarle- Pamlico Estuarine Study, NC Dept. of Environment,
Health, and Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Agency, National
Estuary Program, [1992] Report (North Carolina. Albemarle- Pamlico Estuarine
Study) ; no. 92-10. "August 1992." "Project no. 4873-03."
Dodds, A. A.; Fisher, P. J.; Paull, A. J.; Sears, J. R. 1993. Developing
an Appropriate Wastewater Management Strategy for Sydney's Future Urban
Development. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 27, No.
1, p 19-29. Summary: Over the next 20 years, Sydney Australia's population
is expected to increase by about one million, with most of this growth proposed
to be within the already environmentally stressed Hawkesbury-Nepean River
catchment. The Water Board is providing infrastructure for the future urban
development using a combination of conventional and innovative structural
and non- structural solutions within an integrated river basin planning
approach. For the Rouse Hill Development Area the Board has implemented
a comprehensive, coordinated pollution control package which includes: integrated
management of water supply, drainage and wastewater for the catchment; urban
runoff management which aims to maintain present river quality and quantity
through the use of detention basins, sediment traps and constructed wetlands,
and advanced treatment of sewage with nutrient removal and disinfection
using the best current technology; use of reclaimed effluent for non-potable
domestic purposes; use of water efficient toilets and domestic appliances;
promotion of the use of phosphate-free detergents; and, adoption of economically
effective new technology as it is developed. The Board's servicing strategies
for Rouse Hill, and similar strategies which can be applied to South Creek
Valley, Macarthur South and other developments in the catchment, will be
integrated into the broader Strategic Water Management Plan for the Hawkesbury-Nepean
basin. The Board is developing a computer- based water quality and quantity
model of the total Hawkesbury- Nepean River system as well as a computer-based
geographic information system to store data on existing conditions such
as basin and sub-basin boundaries, channel routes, floodplains, existing
and projected land uses and environmentally sensitive areas.
Donahue, M. J. 1993. 36 Conf Of The Int Association For Great Lakes Research,
De Pere, WI (USA) 4. 10. A system of governance to promote sustainable
development. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR
GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. Summary: Great Lakes basin
governance is characterized by a complex and highly developed "institutional
ecosystem", the array of public and non-governmental agencies and organizations
that develop, implement or otherwise influence public policy. Political
jurisdictions in the Great Lakes region have increasingly recognized the
merits of basin-oriented policy-making, finding that management by hydrologic
- rather than political - boundaries is essential to the future of the resource.
Despite past progress, however, this "institutional ecosystem"
struggles to keep pace with scientific and technological advancements, current
management challenges and anticipated issues. The emergencies of "sustainable
development" as a management concept poses further challenges for a
system of governance that has historically placed little emphasis on the
integration of resource management, environmental protection and economic
development goals. A system of governance is needed that will lead - not
follow; a system that will embrace the notion of sustainable development
and guide it from concept to application. Toward that end, this paper will
explore the evolution and current status of Great Lakes governance; identify
institutional requirements for promoting sustainable development; and suggest
means to incorporate those requirements into the present system of basin
governance.
Dowling, C. 1994. 14 Annu International Symposium Of The North American,
Lake Management Societ. Don River watershed regeneration strategy presentation.
LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 70. Summary: The
valley and stream corridors of the Don River represent a major natural heritage
feature of Metropolitan Toronto and the surrounding region. Originating
in the complex Oak Ridges Moraine area, the river empties into Lake Ontario
at the Toronto Harbour. In 1992, the Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation
Authority established the Don Watershed Task Force. Comprised of politicians
and citizen representatives, the Task Force shared a commitment to regeneration
of the Don River watershed. In May 1994, the Task Force released the Don
River Watershed Regeneration Strategy. This document presents regeneration
principles for the Don and details 40 Steps To A New Don. This project represents
the most comprehensive watershed regeneration initiative undertaken in Ontario.
The purpose of this presentation is to share the experiences of the Task
Force as it undertook this ambitious undertaking. Extensive public consultations
included 20 workshops over a six month period and extensive efforts to build
partnerships which will sustain the project's momentum formed an integral
part of the process. The multidisciplinary technical work of the assignment
will be presented, including application of an innovative framework for
regeneration planning and effective GIS mapping techniques. One of the six
detailed concept site regeneration plans, illustrating restoration techniques
in an urban setting, will be presented.
Erosion control planning tool. 1994. LAND WATER 1994 vol. 38, 43.
Summary: A new erosion control planning tool on the market called
Erosion Draw was developed by John McCullah and Associates, for the engineer,
architect, CPESC or other resource professional who uses computer aided
drafting (CAD) to develop erosion control plans. Erosion Draw includes a
manual of accepted industry standards for erosion and sediment control and
28 detailed construction drawings - all on computer diskettes. Also included
is a sample erosion control plan and instructions for using the software.
Eugster, G.; Titus, E. 1980. Greenway Concept Within the Heritage Conservation
and Recreation Service. Stormwater Management Alternatives. Water
Resources Center, University of Delaware, Newark DE. April 1980. p 287-308.
Summary: The U.S. Department of the Interior 's Heritage Conservation
and Recreation Service, through the Nationwide Rivers Inventory, established
a comprehensive river information system which served as a framework and
a focal point for greenway conservation activities. The Inventory, being
conducted under the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, did several things.
(1) It provided recognition and the option for varying degrees of protection
to significant river resource areas to avoid adverse environmental impacts
and to upgrade the public 's awareness of these valuable resources. (2)
It served as a focal point for the more effective coordination and use of
existing Federal activities and programs related to greenway conservation.
(3) It established a data base of objectives and descriptive river resource
information for planning and decision making. (4) It identified through
the use of a grass-roots communication network, opportunities for greenway
conservation implementation including information about local and State
issues and conservation supporters. (5) It identified and emphasized greenway
conservation implementation options at all levels of the government and
the private sector including funding programs , legislative tools and techniques,
and less-than-fee- acquisition strategies. The Heritage Conservation and
Recreation Service 's national greenway conservation effort was based on
the philosophy that river conservation is a shared responsibility between
all levels of the government and the private sector.
Ferguson, B. K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation. Journal of Soil and
Water Conservation JSWCA3, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 324-328, September/October
1991. 6 fig, 29 ref. Summary: In urban areas, streams represent potential
wildlife corridors, wetland multipliers of ecosystem integrity, scenic resources,
recreational facilities close to home, and greenway links among neighborhoods
and parks. California's Urban Stream Restoration Program was begun in 1985
to reduce damages from streambank and watershed instability and floods while
restoring streams' aesthetic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values.
The Boulder Creek Corridor Project in Colorado was adopted in 1985 to provide
off-street pedestrian and bicycle transportation, preserve and enhance fish
habitat and riparian wetland, expand recreational use, and maintain and
improve flood-carrying capacity. San Antonio's Riverwalk is an intensely
urban pedestrian commercial corridor, constantly being expanded and refined
through continuing urban development. Urbanization tends to disrupt stream
equilibrium in many ways. Urban clearing and construction temporarily intensify
sediment yield to streams. To enhance stream amenity and ecology, landscape
design provides options in land use designation, earth-forming, vegetation
and use of construction materials through corridor reservation, bank treatment,
geomorphic restoration, or grade control. Flow management has been one of
the principal motivations for designing urban stream corridors in the past.
Downstream flood peaks can be suppressed by reducing throughflow velocity;
flood evaluations laterally adjacent to the stream can be lowered by increasing
throughflow velocity. Any proposal for stream alteration or management should
be investigated for its potential flow and stability effects on upstream,
downstream and laterally adjacent areas.
Fischer, A. M. 1995. 2. Annu Marine And Estuarine Shallow Water Science
and, Management Conference, Atlantic City, NJ (USA) 3. 7. Apr. Area wide
jurisdictional planning: Toward comprehensive and coordinated management
typologies. SECOND ANNUAL MARINE AND ESTUARINE SHALLOW WATER SCIENCE
AND MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE. PHILADELPHIA, PA (USA) U.S. EPA. p. 44. Summary:
Throughout the US, complex, sectorized jurisdictional frameworks constrain
estuarine watershed planning. Planners and managers must contend with jurisdictional
overlap, regulatory loopholes, lack of agency coordination and goal conflicts.
Under such conditions, private rights conflict with public trust interests,
restoration programs and urban development lack coordination, and environmental
regulations can adversely affect regional interests. These constraints,
an inherent problem of such a complex, interaction system, prevents area-wide
policy coordination and joint decision-making. The Jurisdictional Restoration
Planning (JRP) model of the Liberty Bay Project is such a system. To address
simplification, the JRP model provides a medium of information sharing and
clarified management roles. Centralized information about jurisdictions
in one information system can more easily alert users to the problems associated
with overlap, as well as identify goal conflicts and the other constraints.
The JRP addresses jurisdictional integration through a dynamic thematic
planning process of assigning values to jurisdictional sets of information
or Jurisdictional Landscape Units. Once regional themes are established,
than greater integration and coordination among the jurisdictions can be
formulated into simpler and more comprehensive planning strategies.
Forgey, B. 1995, June 10. CITYSCAPE - SPREADING THE WORD ON URBAN SPRAWL;
EXHIBIT OFFERS ROUGH SKETCH OF WAYS TO PRESERVE LAND. Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: B STYLE p: 1. Summary: Benjamin Forgey
discusses the 'Sprawl' exhibition at the District of Columbia Arts Center
in Washington DC's Adams-Morgan area, which examines the phenomenon of urban
sprawl.
Galloway, R. M.; Whitfield, A. A. 1995. Parkway/M602 link: Lift bridge
over the Manchester ship canal Paper 1. Background to and management
of project. PROC. INST. CIV. ENG. STRUCT. BUILD. 1995 vol. 110, no. 2, pp.
149-160. Summary: Following a brief look at the history of Trafford
Park and the establishment of the Urban Development Corporation, the Paper
considers the need, justification and objectives of the link, which is the
Corporation's priority highway scheme. Various route options considered
during the planning stages of the scheme are reviewed, as are the funding
arrangements and other approvals necessary. The paper then outlines the
management arrangements for the project and the Corporation's procurement
strategy for its construction. Before concentrating on the most interesting
aspect of the scheme-the construction of a new low- level opening bridge
across the Manchester Ship Canal-the paper briefly highlights the significant
engineering aspects of the roadworks north and south of the bridge. The
paper then addresses the engineering aspects with respect to the new bridge.
Consideration is given to the technical options constraints. The background
to the method of procurement for the bridge contract is discussed together
with the particular aspects of the tender brief and contract documentation.
The method of assessing the tenders on the basis of whole life costs is
also covered. The paper discusses the particular aspects of the successful
tender and then addresses the design development stage, including refinement
of the proposals, through to construction stage, including the role of the
Engineer in this Design and Construction Contract.
Garcia, A.; James, W. P. 1988. Urban Runoff Simulation Model. Journal
of Water Resources Planning and Management (ASCE)Vol. 114, No. 4, p
399-413, July 1988. Summary: A study was conducted to determine the
sensitivity of the unit hydrograph to the effects of the urbanization process
was conducted. The overland flow parameter that defines the degree of urbanization
in an urban watershed is the percentage of the total watershed area that
is impervious. Furthermore, the parameter which defines the degree of urbanization
in the channelized flow portion of a watershed is the channel roughness
coefficient. Several rainfall-runoff simulations were conducted to determine
the hydrologic response of the unit hydrograph to the impact of urbanization.
A hydrologic model was formulated for an urban catchment located at Houston,
Texas, using the kinematic wave model developed by the Hydrologic Engineering
Center (HEC). The model was used to simulate various degree of urbanization
by allowing the percentage of watershed imperviousness and the channel roughness
coefficient to vary from simulation to simulation. A system of regression
equations was developed to quantify the impact of urbanization on the unit
hydrograph. The equations were incorporated into the A and M Watershed Model
and verified by modeling three test watersheds. Results of the study indicate
that: (1) The percentage impervious area and average channel Manning n value
are valid parameters for estimating the effect of urbanization on the runoff
characteristics of the watershed; (2) The unit hydrograph concept can be
applied to small urban watersheds; (3) The unit hydrograph peaking factors,
when applied to the two-parameter gamma function, rural unit hydrograph,
gave reasonable results for runoff simulation in urban areas; and (4) Results
of the study indicate that additional research is necessary to more accurately
estimate the runoff volume more accurately.
Gardiner, J. L. 1994. Sustainable development for river catchments.
J. INST. WATER ENVIRON. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 308-319. Summary:
This paper deals with some of the strategic issues arising from the
consideration of the sustainable development of river catchments. Principles
and best practice are discussed, both in general terms and as challenges
to professionals involved with the coordinated planning and management of
river catchments. Points are illustrated with reference to experience in
the highly developed River Thames catchment, where the many demands made
on the water environment require complex multifunctional decision-making.
Sustainability offers a new paradigm and common language to support decision-making
for sustainable development. The appropriate institutional and legislative
framework will be supported by tools such as environmental appraisal, strategic
environmental assessment and economic instruments. Within this context,
the implicit partnership between asset management planning, catchment management
planning and land-use planning has the potential to deliver sustainable
development for the water environment, through a process which may be called
"total" catchment planning. It is suggested that source control
will play a major role in the search for "prevention rather than cure"
as a basic principle of sustainability.
General management plan El Malpais National Conservation Area. United
States Bureau Of Land Management Rio Puerco Resource Area. 1991 May; [Albuquerque,
N.M.] : The Area, [1990] Cover title: El Malpais National Conservation Area
general management plan: final. "January 1991"
Gruntfest, Eve. 1989. Multi objective river corridor planning: proceedings
of the Urban Stream Corridor and Stormwater Management Workshop, March
14 16, 1989, Colorado Springs, Colorado, and the Multi Objective Management
of River Corridors and Their Restoration Workshop, March 21 23, 1989, Knoxville,
Tennessee. United, States Environmental Protection Agency Association, Of
State Floodplain Managers. Urban Stream Corridor And Stormwater Management
Workshop (1989, Colorado Springs, Colo ). Association of State Floodplain
Managers, 1991 Sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and the
Association of State Floodplain Managers.
Hayes, Denis. 1992. Future Milestones. USA TODAY, Date: Apr 17, 1992
Sec: USW p: 10 col: 4. Summary: Denis Hayes discusses environmental
progress as the US moves to the year 2000. He examines the impact of population
growth, the greenhouse effect, and urban development on the environment.
Heimlich, R. E.; Vesterby, M. 1989. Resources And Technology, Div. Conversion
of Wetlands to Urban Uses: Evidence from Southeastern Counties. Wetlands:
Concerns and Successes. Proceedings of a Symposium held September 17-22
1989, Tampa, Florida. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland.
1989. p 161-173. Summary: Changes in land use on 5 million wetland
acres were inventoried in a study of 68 Southeastern counties which experienced
rapid population growth during the 1970s. Conversion occurred on a gross
total of 372,000 wetland acres, 7.5% of the total wetlands inventoried at
the early date. Direct conversion to urban uses accounted for 30% of wetland
losses, but wetlands made up only 10% of the land urbanized. Forty-four
percent of wetlands converted were used for agriculture and rangelands,
while 20% were converted to forest land. Agricultural and forest land account
for 46% and 43% of land converted to urban uses. Agriculture and forestry
probably serve as intermediate land uses, but a large fraction of wetlands
converted to these uses are ultimately urbanized. It is likely that urban
development occurs on previously drained agricultural land, while displaced
farmers convert wetlands located beyond the urban fringe for new cropland.
Regionally, 86% of wetlands in fast-growth counties are in the Southeast
and 85% of gross wetland conversion occurs there.
Holdgate, S. M. 1994. ENS (Environment North Seas) '93, Stavanger (Norway),
24 27 Aug 1993. The need for international co operation in the management
of coastal environments. PROCEEDINGS OF ENS (ENVIRONMENT NORTH SEAS)
'93 CONFERENCE HELD IN STAVANGER, 24-27 AUGUST 1993. Elliott,-M.; Ducrotoy,-J.-P.
(eds.) 1994 pp. 601-608. MAR.-POLLUT.-BULL. 0025-326 vol. 29, no. 6-12.
Summary: The coastal zones are areas of high biological productivity
and intense human pressure. Environmental challenges arise from pollution
and from urban and industrial development. Administrative, social and legal
challenges centre upon the need for sound management of coastal zone resources,
as an important component of national strategies for sustainability. A number
of specific actions have been set out in Agenda 21, the principal product
of the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. But these need to be
carried forward within cross-sectoral, integrated coastal area management
procedures. International action is also needed because marine ecosystems
rarely coincide with national boundaries, and are affected by international
economic, social and legal decisions. International scientific co-operation
on marine issues is already well established, and many regional action plans
and Conventions have been adopted. Technological co-operation is less advanced.
Such efforts need to be intensified, and continuously adapted. Sound plans
for the future must be based on good science, critical economic evaluation
of resources, sensitive evaluation of social and cultural factors and of
the needs of local communities, evaluation of the risks of climate change,
sea- level rise and other changes, and monitoring as a basis for continuing
adaptation.
Hruby, T.; Scuderi, M. 1995. Integrated planning for wetland restoration
and mitigation. RESTOR. MANAGE. NOTES 1995 vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 45-46.
Summary: Outlining a scheme to coordinate restoration planning for
1,000 hectares under development pressure.
Huang, S. L.; Chen, C. S. 1990. AF, AUTHOR AFFILIATION: National Chunghsing
Univ Taichung (Taiwan) Graduate Inst Of Urban Planning. System Model
to Analyse Environmental Carrying Capacity for Managing Urban Growth of
the Taipei Metropolitan Region. Journal of Environmental Management JEVMAW
Vol. 31, No. 1, p 47-60, July 1990. 17 fig, 12 ref. National Science Council
of the Republic of China Grant NSC75-0301-H0005-03. Summary: An urban
environmental system model, comprising subsystems of urban development,
urban water use, and streams, is developed for analyzing the human carrying
capacity of the Taipei metropolitan region. In this study, availability
of land, capacities of water related infra-structures and water quality
standards are used as limiting factors; variables of population and urbanized
areas are used as indicators of carrying capacity. The allowable increase
of population and urbanized area for each administrative district by the
year 2000 are simulated. Results of the analysis indicate that urban growth
in the Taipei metropolitan region will be significantly constrained by the
environmentally sensitive characteristics of land, and the availability
and capacity of water supply systems and waste treatment facilities. Resource
management strategies based on the results of sensitivity analysis are proposed
and used as model inputs to demonstrate that such constraints can be alleviated
through better management of man and his environment.
Hydrology of Mountainous Regions II: Artificial Reservoirs, Water and
Slopes. 1990. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Impact of Artificial
Reservoirs on Hydrological Equilibrium and the Symposium on the Role of
Water in the Morphological Evolution of Slopes held at Lausanne, Switzerland,
27 August-1 September 1990. IAHS Publication No. 194. International Association
of Hydrological Sciences, Washington, DC. 1990. 446p. Edited by Richard
O. Sinniger and Michel Monbaron. Summary: This volume contains the
papers from two symposia. The first covers flood control by artificial reservoirs,
sediment transport prediction, sediment deposit formation and problems related
to flushing, consequences of modified flow regime downstream of reservoirs,
and ecological effects and fishery problems related to reservoirs. The second
symposium covers runoff processes and slope development, extreme floods
and their geomorphological effects, influence of anthropogenic hydrological
modifications, and assessment and mapping of flood and landslide hazards
with regard to land-use planning. Both symposia point out the necessity
for good watershed management to avoid floods, debris flows, catchment erosion,
and other environmental and ecological hazards.
Inman, B. 1995, March 25. ON 2 COASTS, A SEARCH FOR LIMITS TO THE SPRAWL
THAT APPALLS; IN GROWTH-SICK CALIF., A WAKE-UP CALL TO END ENDLESS SUBDIVIDING.
Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1.
Isberg, G. 1991. Strategic Planning for a Comprehensive
Water Plan. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 46,
No. 3, p 178-183, May/June 1991. 18 ref. Summary: The public is becoming
more alarmed about reports of toxins and pesticides in water wells, especially
in environmentally sensitive areas. In response to this concern, governmental
agencies at all levels are beginning to develop plans and programs to protect
groundwater supplies. The Olmsted County (Minnesota) Comprehensive Water
Management Plan and the process used to develop the plan are unique in several
respects. First, a strategic planning approach was used by analyzing the
existing background data, developing a mission statement with specific goals
and policies, developing a valid system of priorities among many competing
programs, focusing efforts on the most critical issues, and placing major
emphasis on implementation strategies matched with existing and potential
resources. Second , the planning process involved a truly intergovernmental
and interdisciplinary approach which included federal, state and local agencies.
Third, the plan was developed by an 'inhouse' staff and policy committee
composed of local officials. Fourth, the planning process used specific
and identifiable standards and criteria in establishing the system of priorities
among competing programs. Fifth, the process strongly encouraged public
input and participation through various public information meetings, surveys,
newspaper articles, and public hearings. A number of valuable lessons were
learned in the planning process: (1) There is a general lack of specific
data related to the extent and sources of water pollution. (2) There is
a critical need for intergovernmental cooperation, especially among different
levels of government. (3) Water flow and water issues rarely correspond
to political boundaries. And (4) recommended action programs may not fit
neatly into existing county organizational structures, but cross several
departmental lines. Olmsted County has made a good start in implementing
a groundwater protection strategy and, it is hoped, will remain committed
to this goal in the future.
JAAKSON, R. 1974. A MOSAIC PATTERN OF BALANCED
LAND WATER PLANNING FOR COTTAGE DEVELOPMENT AND LAKE PLANNING. PLAN
CANADA (JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNERS), VOL 14, NO 1, P
40-45, OCTOBER 1974. 2 FIG. Summary: LAKES ON THE PRE-CAMBRIAN SHIELD
IN ONTARIO HAVE COME UNDER INCREASING PRESSURE FOR DEVELOPMENT FOR LAKE
COTTAGES AND RECREATIONAL USES. PAST SOLUTIONS OF EITHER RIBBON DEVELOPMENT
AROUND THE LAKE OR DEVELOPMENT IN DEPTH RECEDING FROM THE LAKE SIDE HAVE
PROVED INEFFICIENT AND UNACCEPTABLE IN MAINTAINING A HIGH LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY. A NEW CONCEPT FOR PLANNING OF LAKES AND DEVELOPMENT OF COTTAGE
SUBDIVISIONS IS OUTLINED. BY REMOVING PRESSURES FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT
AND SUBSEQUENT ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION, THE SUBDIVISIONS CLUSTER COTTAGES
IN THE INTERVENING LAND BETWEEN LAKES, THEREBY RESERVING THE SHORELINES
FOR PUBLIC OWNERSHIP AND USE. UNDER PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, THE ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY OF THE LAKES IS FURTHER ENHANCED BY DETERMINING SPECIFIC USES FOR
THE LAKES, REDUCING NUMBER OF ROAD ACCESSES (DISRUPTING THE ECOSYSTEM),
LOCATING A CENTRAL EFFICIENT DISPOSAL SYSTEM, AND ENFORCEMENT OF OTHER GENERAL
REGULATIONS. THE PLAN IS ALREADY OPERATIVE AT TEMAGAMI LAKE IN ONTARIO,
AND THE SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES IT HAS OPENED TO LOWER INCOME GROUPS ARE EVIDENT.
THIS PHASE MONITORED DEVELOPMENT ALLOWS FOR CONTINUED PLANNING SO AS TO
FURTHER ENHANCE AND ANTICIPATE CHANGES.
Jacobs, Peter; Sadler, Barry. 1990. Sustainable
development and environmental assessment : perspectives on planning for
a common future : a background paper prepared for the Canadian Environmental
Assessment Research Council. Canadian, Environmental Assessment Research
Council.
Jager, Jill. 1991. The Challenge of sustainable development in a greenhouse
world: some visions of the future : report of a policy exercise held
in Bad Bleiberg, Austria, September 2 7, 1990. Stockholm, Environment Institute.
1991.Report of a policy exercise held in Bad Bleiberg, Austria, September
2-7, 1990. Stockholm, Sweden : Stockholm Environment Institute, c1991.
Johnson, A. W. 1993. Delaware Estuary Program Goes Public. Water
Environment & Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, p 25-27, April 1993. Summary:
Citizens of the Delaware River and Bay areas are being encouraged to
participate in a plan to preserve and protect the Delaware Estuary. The
plan was produced by the Delaware Estuary Program, a joint effort of New
Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania, to develop solutions to environmental
problems in the area. The Delaware estuary is a transitional area where
the freshwater of the Delaware River and its tributaries mixes with salt
water from the Atlantic Ocean. It stretches about 133 miles from the falls
at Trenton, NJ., south to the mouth of Delaware bay between Cape May, NJ,.
and Cape Henlopen, DE. The Program's report, titled 'Preliminary Comprehensive
Conservation and Management Plan', includes specific actions in six categories:
habitat conservation, point source compliance, nonpoint source pollution,
sustainable development, estuarine education, and public access. A large
segment of the population places a high value on estuary access for recreation
and livelihood, so the public access issue has been given a high priority.
The preliminary plan calls for an inventory of public access points within
the estuary so that management issues, such as rezoning and land acquisition,
can be clearly identified.
Jordaan, J.; Plate, E. J.; Prins, E.; Veltrop, J. 1993. Water in Our
Common Future: A Research Agenda for Sustainable Development of Water Resources.
/RUE MIOLLIS, F-75732 PARIS (FRANCE). UNESCO, DIVISION OF WATER SCIENCES.
Summary: Can development be sustained? "Development" implies
change, hopefully for the better, and "sustainable" implies forever,
or at least for the long term. Can change, for the better, continue forever?
At some point we may have to be willing to settle for the long term maintenance
of a given level of water resources development, changing only as our technology
permits. These issues do not appear to be the subject of this report. The
report takes the more conventional view that sustainable development requires
a broad, comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to water resources planning,
design, operation and management, and an increased emphasis on preserving
and enhancing the environment, for us and for our descendants. The report
is divided into five chapters. The first chapter reviews the recent history
that has reintroduced the term sustainable development and made it a household
word among resource and economic development organizations and professionals.
It argues for a less sectorial approach to how one addresses water resources
problems, and even how one organizes academic and professional bodies.
Jordaan, J. Water in our common future : a research agenda for sustainable
development of water resources. Committee, On Water Research; International,
Hydrological Programme. 1993; Unesco, 1993 "International Hydrological
Programme"--Cover.
Kansas urban conservation handbook. Kansas. Soil Conservation
Service. 1990 May; Urban conservation.
King, L. A.; Harris, G. R. 1990. Local Land Use Planning for Rural Groundwater
Protection in Vermont and Northern New York. Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 310- 314, 1990. Summary: An exploratory
survey was conducted of land use planning for rural ground-water protection
in 41 towns in Vermont and northern New York. Most communities have experienced
contamination and/or supply problems but lack the information necessary
to take action to prevent problems in the future. Federal and state governments
should improve communication with local governments in rural areas and provide
more usable groundwater information. Planning officials perceive existing
regulations to be ineffective for protecting groundwater. In view of local
resistance to state intervention and new regulations, an incremental approach
is recommended, incorporating groundwater protection provisions into existing
zoning or site plan review ordinances.
Klessig, L. L. 1994. Resour ,. Univ Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481,
USACF, CONFERENCE INFORMATION: 14 Annu International Symposium Of T. Integrated
planning by local lake management organizations: A model. LAKE RESERVOIR
MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 87. Summary: In many states, local
governments or riparian organizations are primarily responsible for the
management of lakes. This model is designed for such communities. The model
assumes that state government provides some financial assistance and technical
back- up but is not performing day to day management functions. The model
also assumes that the lake community has limited capacity to hire its own
full time planners and managers. The example community relies on a combination
of consultants, state technical experts, natural resources professionals
employed by county government, and its own volunteers. The model could be
adapted to communities with their own professional staff. A classical eight
step planning sequence unfolds over a period of about 20 years. The process
begins with community clarifying its goals for the lake and ends with the
next generation starting the same process over again. In between these points
the model leads a community through inventory/needs assessment, conceptualization
of alternatives, formal decision, quantifiable objectives, implementation,
and evaluation. By careful choice of concrete examples, the model provides
an integrated plan which includes water quality management, protection of
aesthetic values, resolution of water use conflicts, and development of
local leadership.
Land Reclamation: Advances in Research & Technology. 1992.
Proceedings of an International Symposium held in Nashville, Tennessee,
14-15 December 1992. ASAE Publication 14-92. American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan. 1992. 381p. Edited by T. Younos, P. Diplas,
and S. Mostaghimi. Summary: Land reclamation encompasses remediation
of industrial wasteland, improvement of infertile land for agricultural
production, preservation of wetlands, and restoration of disturbed areas.
This international symposium served as a forum to review current research
and state-of-the-art technology dealing with various aspects of land reclamation,
and provide an opportunity for professional interaction and exchange of
information in a multi-disciplinary setting. Topics included salinity problems;
surface and groundwater monitoring; reclamation of mined areas; waste treatment,
disposal, and utilization; soil-amendment methods and impacts; water-pollution
sources and control; water-quality monitoring; wetland- restoration techniques;
erosion, runoff, and sediment control; irrigation practices; soil conservation;
land-use planning for resource protection; development and applications
of computer models; geographic information systems; and remote-sensing technology.
Lelen, K. 1996, June 22. ELEMENTS OF STYLE: BUILDERS FIND NEO- TRADITIONAL
DESIGNS Summary: Despite the limited buyer appeal of neo-traditional
towns that embody the latest ideas in suburban development, Washington DC-
area builders are giving picket fences, front porches and other neighbor-friendly
amenities fresh scrutiny for their more traditional projects elsewhere.
Lewis, Roger K. 1996, June 15. SHAPING THE CITY - NEW URBANIST' CHARTER
RETURNS TO OLD-FASHIONED ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS. Washington Post, Final
Edition, Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Roger K. Lewis comments
on the Congress for New Urbanism's new charter, which was signed by several
hundred architects and urban designers in 1996 at a meeting in Charleston
SC.
Lewis, R.K. 1995, March 4. SHAPING THE CITY - PLANNERS TAKE NOTE: THERE'S
A FUTURE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION FOR CITIES. Washington Post,
Final Edition, Sec: F REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Roger K. Lewis discusses
a presentation by Richard Moe, president of the National Trust for Historic
Preservation, to the US Conference of Mayors, commenting on the premise
that historic preservation can play a significant role as a framework for
public policy and a tool for implementation.
Liebmann, G. W. 1991. The Chesapeake Bay Critical
Area Law: The Evolution of a Statute. Coastal Management, Vol.
19, No. 4, p 451-468, October/December 1991. Summary: By Chapter
794 of the Acts of 1984, the Maryland General Assembly enacted the Chesapeake
Bay Critical Area Act (Act), a far-reaching effort to control future land
use development pressure in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The
state decided to regulate local zoning and subdivision approval powers,
in preference to other approaches that would have mandated elaborate planning
exercises or directly involved the state government in approving particular
development applications. In the initial stages of drafting the Act, a review
was conducted of prior legislative activity in Maryland, including the 1974
Maryland Land Use Bill, the Patuxet River Plan, and the Coastal Zone Management
Plan, which relate to state government regulation of land use. Also, legislation
made in a number of other states, including the San Francisco Bay Commission
Legislation, the California Coastal Zone Act, the Adirondack Park Agency,
and North Carolina Legislation, were reviewed to evaluate state controls
upon local land use planning for specialized purposes. The purposes of the
Act are to: (1) minimize adverse impacts on water quality; (2) conserve
fish, wildlife, and plant habitat; and (3) promote sensitive land use policies
for development in the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area which accommodate growth
in recognition of the fact that even if pollution is controlled, the number,
movement and activities of persons in that area can create adverse impacts.
The progress of the statute toward enactment includes a description of the
definition of the corridor, plan amendments, grandfather rights, transitional
provisions, and procedural provisions. The primary aim of the Act is to
guard against piecemeal erosion of local plans in local government's quest
for economic development by providing for: (1) review of proposals for piecemeal
amendments; (2) intervention power with respect to project approvals; and
(3) power of approval over state and local public projects within the Critical
Area. Since enactment of the Act, counties and municipalities have been
required to divide their critical areas into: intensely developed, limited
development, and resource conservation areas, mainly to restrict density
on resource conservation areas to one unit per 20 acres.
Ling, J. T. 1988. 3P Program: An Effective Approach to Industrial Pollution.
Toxic Contamination in Large Lakes. Volume IV: Prevention of Toxic Contamination
in Large Lakes. Managing a Large Ecosystem for Sustainable Development.
Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan 1988. p 111-118. Summary: The
best way to control toxic substances from industry is at the source. Since
industrial pollution is a visible sign of inefficient use of resources,
3M developed a program to fight pollution by not creating it. Industry's
traditional approach has been the use of add-on control equipment that changes
the form of pollution but does not eliminate it. The 3M Pollution Prevention
Pays (3P) program eliminates or reduces pollutants, conserves resources,
and encourages innovative technology through product reformulation, process
changes, equipment redesign, and recycling or reuse of process waste. Started
in 1975, the 3P program, involving 3M operations in the United States and
22 other countries and annually prevents more than 40 ,000 tons of pollutants
and 1.6 billion gallons of wastewater. 3P savings to date total $300 million.
3M 's prevention approach has had national and international impact. The
program has received awards from the U.S. EPA and other organizations. Some
states have adopted pollution prevention as environmental policy. Several
world organizations, including the United Nations Environmental Programme
and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have endorsed
and promoted the concept. Pollution prevention has become government policy
in several countries, including France and Britain. A number of major industrial
companies also started prevention programs. Industry, however, is only one
source of pollution. Other sources also must be effectively addressed. Since
many environmental concerns are international in scope, meaningful government
incentives and expanded international cooperation are vital to the development
and implementation of innovative solutions to environmental problems, including
those of the large lakes.
Lowery, Mark. 1994. Cleveland: A model for urban revitalization.
Black Enterprise, Vol: 24 Iss: 10 Date: May 1994 p: 50-51. Summary:
Cleveland has become a model for urban revitalization, and political
battles have ensured that African-American businesses share in the prosperity.
The city's growth is discussed. Mayor Michael R. White is profiled.
Mann, C.C., M.L. Plummer. 1993. The high cost of biodiversity. Science,
Vol: 260 Iss: 5116 Date: Jun 25, 1993 p: 1868-1871. Summary: A controversial
plan to protect North American biodiversity by creating a network of wilderness
reserves, human buffer zones and wildlife corridors stretching across as
much as half the continent is discussed. The plan may be asking too much
of the people who already live in the proposed zones.
Marcus, J. S. 1996. Berlin: Into the Future. The New York Times
Magazine, Part 2. Date: Oct 18, 1992 Sec: 6 p: 16 col: 1. Summary:
The revitalization of the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin is discussed. The
area is the planned site of a huge urban development project aimed at regaining
Potsdamer Platz's claim as a historical symbol and financial hub in Germany.
Mayer, Caroline E. Jun 22, 1996. IN VA., A DREAM OF DEVELOPMENT; PLANS
FOR A CLASSIC SMALL TOWN DRAW PRAISE -- AND CRITICISM. Washington
Post, Final Edition Saturday Sec: E REAL ESTATE p: 1
Mayer, C.E. 1995, April 29. IN OLD NEIGHBORHOODS, LOTS OF CONTENTION;
SOME BUILDERS' RUSH TO PACK BIG NEW HOMES INTO CLOSE- IN SUBDIVISIONS LEADS
TO RESIDENTIAL UPROAR. Washington Post, Final Edition,Sec: E
REAL ESTATE p: 1.
Mazich, J. P.; Pysher, T. R.; Mather, M. N.; Kibler, D. F. 1990. College,
PA 16801. Municipal Stormwater Management Ordinance Development and Implementation
in Pennsylvania. IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1990
National Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990.
p 500-505, 3 ref. Summary: Successful implementation of a basin-wide
stormwater management strategy can only be accomplished by paying careful
attention to the content of a new basin-wide stormwater management ordinance,
and by uniformly and rigorously enforcing the regulations contained in that
ordinance. The elements/provisions that should be included in the ordinance
are: applicability and compatibility with other municipal regulations; statement
of purpose; definitions; general drainage plan requirements; performance
standards; design criteria; acceptable calculation methodology; drainage
plan contents; plan submission, review, and approval processes; inspection
and as-built survey requirements; municipal fees; and maintenance requirements.
The developers of an ordinance must be specific enough in defining allowable
approaches to preparing drainage plans that there is no question over the
intent of the regulations or the means used to implement them. The relationship
between the requirements of the ordinance and those of outside approving
agencies must be delineated. Three major problems can develop during implementation
of a basin-wide stormwater management ordinance: non-uniformity of application,
role of authority in issuing approvals, and non-uniformity of release rates.
It is important that these problems be foreseen and addressed within the
ordinance. While basin-wide stormwater management can bring new administrative
headaches, it is critical to insuring sound water resources management.
Mediterranean Action Plan: Which futures? OCEAN COAST. MANAGE. 1994
vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 271-279. Summary: The Mediterranean Action Plan
(MAP), launched in 1975 as an initiative of the Regional Seas Programme
and agreed by the Mediterranean countries through the Barcelona Convention,
has played a leading role in stimulating coastal and ocean protection against
pollution at the regional level. It is presently facing the prospect of
playing a new driving role based on the adoption of the sustainable development
paradigm.
Meeks, G. 1990. Growth Management: A Renewed Agenda for States. Journal
of Soil and Water Conservation JSWCA3, Vol. 45, No. 6, p 600-604, November/December
1990. 1 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref. Summary: Natural resource managers have
long been active in formulating and administering government policies for
environmental conservation. Typically, states regulate activities through
such authorities as forest practice, wetlands preservation, and groundwater
management acts. Local governments traditionally have used their police
powers, such as zoning, to regulate land use. A new approach being formulated
by some states and regional authorities may involve a much more extensive
and comprehensive means of managing resources. Growth management and comprehensive
planning acts are being enacted that may change not only the nature of land
use but also the decision-making processes that affect our social and economic
geography. Nine states (Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, New Jersey, Rhode
Island, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington) have been identified as having
statewide growth management or comprehensive planning programs. Another
seven states (California, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington,
and West Virginia) have gubernatorial growth strategies commissions or have
held conferences focusing on land use issues with the objective of developing
growth management legislation. Goals include economic development, farm
and forest (open space) land preservation, natural resource conservation,
affordable housing, coordinated infrastructure and transportation development,
air and water quality, historic and special areas preservation, natural
hazards mitigation, recreation resource enhancement, and energy conservation.
Autonomy of local land use authority has been the crucial issue in most
debates over state growth management programs. The negotiation process becomes
critical to success or failure of the programs. The tone of many officials
involved in developing these new planning programs may sound like political
frustration in trying to cope with conflicting demands. But to hear state
officials refer to carrying capacity is a dramatic change from previous
years, when the land use debate was on an ideological level that failed
to recognize economic problems imposed by lack of planning.
Merrill, Dave. 1995. A picture-perfect town, but will it work? USA
TODAY, Date: Oct 18, 1995 Sec: B p: 5 col: 1. Summary: Celebration
FL, a regulated community of 20,000 that is supposed to recall a late 19th
century village, is examined. The Walt Disney Co expects phase one to open
Jul 4, 1996.
Mertes, J. D. 1989. Trends in Government Control of Erosion and Sedimentation
in Urban Development. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
JSWCA3 Vol. 44, No. 6, p 550-554, November/December 1989. Summary: Soil
erosion from land clearing and development, as well as stream channel erosion,
contributes an estimated 600 million tons of sediment to streams annually.
The visual and ecological results of this pollution, along with the social
and economic costs, have resulted in the enactment of many stringent regulations
governing land-disturbing activities. Through a variety of statutory requirements,
persons engaged in land clearing must, with few exceptions, secure a development
permit and/or prepare and have approved an erosion and sediment control
plan before work begins. A range of exemplary federal, state, and local
statutory models and implementation manuals now exist for those seeking
new approaches to erosion and sedimentation control affecting urban land
development. The statutes emphasize site planning, installation of erosion
control structures, and site restoration. Many provide for stop-work orders
and criminal penalties, including fines, along with bond forfeiture for
violating code provisions. However, it appears that enforcement of stringent
local rules to some extent depends upon the linkage of those rules to a
strong state water quality statute, as well as the extent to which the local
governing body provides the staff and backing to enforce these rules.
Mohorjy, A. M. 1989. Dept Of Civil, Engineering. Multidisciplinary Planning
and Managing of Water Reuse. Water Resources Bulletin Vol.
25, No. 2, p 433-442. April 1989. 4 fig, 10 ref. Summary: Water reclamation
and reuse are rapidly expanding areas of water supplies. A comprehensive
planning methodology for developing and evaluating water reuse alternatives
uses five phases: (1) goal setting, (2) identification of reuse opportunities,
(3)development and evaluation of planning alternatives, (4) assessment of
water reuse linkages, and (5) making decisions and recommendations. A tool
called ' input-output modeling ' is used in the third phase to present numerical
data and choices. The methodology seeks to integrate the hydrologic and
socio-economic aspects of water resources planning in the area of study.
Water reuse may satisfy some of the increasing demands for water, but water
quality, economics, public attitudes, and legal and institutional constraints
may impose limits on the extent to which it can be employed. An analysis
of proposed and existing water reuse practices worldwide indicates that
reused water, if it is prepared using appropriate technology, can be as
safe as, or safer than, other conventional systems for providing the water
needed for municipal, agricultural, industrial, and recreational uses. As
in any other system, failure is possible, and safeguards to protect the
public must be built in from the start. Since technically proven processes
exist to prepare water of almost any quality desired, reuse has a rightful
place in planning the optimal use of water. The cost of treatment may make
it difficult for small communities or small cities to reuse water. However,
large communities, especially if a program is adopted nationwide, may be
able to increase their water supply by 50% or more by reusing wastewater.
Montgomery, D. R.; Grant, G. E.; Sullivan, K. 1995.
Watershed analysis as a framework for implementing ecosystem management.
WATER RESOUR. BULL. 1995 vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 369-386.. Summary: Implementing
ecosystem approaches to land use decision making and land management requires
new methods for linking science and planning. Greater integration is crucial
because under ecosystem management sustainable levels of resource use are
determined by coupling management objectives to landscape capabilities and
capacities. Recent proposals for implementing ecosystem management employ
analyses organized at a hierarchy of scales for analysis and planning. Within
this hierarchy, watershed analysis provides a framework for delineating
the spatial distribution and linkages between physical processes and biological
communities in an appropriate physical context: the watershed. Several such
methods are currently in use in the western United States, and although
there is no universal procedure for either implementing watershed analysis
or linking the results to planning, there are a number of essential elements.
A series of questions on landscape-level ecological processes, history,
condition, and response potential guide watershed analysis. Individual analysis
modules are structured around answering these questions through a spatially-
distributed, process-based approach. The planning framework linked to watershed
analysis uses this information to either manage environmental impacts or
to identify desired conditions and develop land management prescriptions
to achieve these conditions. Watershed analysis offers a number of distinct
advantages over contemporary environmental analyses for designing land management
scenarios compatible with balancing environmental and economic objectives.
Muir, T. 1993. Canada Cent Inland Wat ,. P. O.
Box 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada CF, CONFERENCE INFORMATION: 36
Conf Of The Int Association For Great. Economic development capacity
benefits of RAPS. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
FOR GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS. p. 72.
Summary: The socioeconomic component of Stage II Remedial Action Plans
can explore innovative solutions to the long-term structural changes being
imposed on the economy of the Great Lakes basin. A major challenge is to
invent and apply new patterns of development, and forms of growth that integrate
and conserve the living resources essential to human survival and well-being.
Another challenge is to overcome the inherent antithetical view of environment-economy
that still dominates the conventional cost-benefit model of mainstream environmental
economics. To meet these challenges, we are exploring the conceptual and
empirical linkages between economic development capacity, and the restoration,
enhancement and protection of watershed ecosystems, using RAP areas as case
studies. A user-friendly framework is being developed that identifies and
evaluates the beneficial possibilities created by an intelligent combination
of public and private investment in the natural capital of watersheds as
ecosystems, and the synergies and follow-on development capacity created.
Results indicate that the "environment" in RAP areas is an integral
factor of economic development. It is concluded, that integrated planning
on a watershed ecosystem basis, can yield substantial synergies, which form
the basis of a new economy.
Mullard, S. 1995. Towards as EU strategy for integrated coastal zone
management. EUR. ENVIRON. LAW REV. 1995 vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 16-20.
Summary: Absence of coordinated policy for coastal zone management (CZM);
pressure on coastal resources; management problems; absence of integrated
EU policy; potential under the Fifth Environmental Action Programme, current
EU policy measures and EU funding facilities; reasons for more EU involvement;
possible features of an EU strategy.
Murphy, J. 1990. Coordinated Groundwater Protection in Hebron, Connecticut.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 272-273, 1990.
Summary: In the early 1980's, Hebron was undergoing rapid and unanticipated
expansion of residential and commercial development. The Planning and Zoning
Commission recognized the potential water supply and waste disposal impacts
of this growth and initiated a review of the town's zoning and subdivision
regulations, zoning districts and plan of development. In response, new
zoning regulations and zoning districts were adopted including addition
of an aquifer protection overlay zone to protect a future water supply site,
performance standards for high risk land uses, rezoning sensitive areas
to lower risk categories and adoption of minimum buildable land criteria
for new residential lots in unsewered areas. The Water Pollution Authority
developed a sewer service plan that incorporates the minimum buildable land
criteria for areas that will not be sewered and directed sewer service to
the community's existing and potential commercial and industrial districts.
A conservation plan is being prepared that will be incorporated by reference
into the zoning commission's plan of development. A household hazardous
waste collection day and a hazardous material storage ordinance is in the
process of development.
Mutunayagam, N. Brito; Bahrami, Ali. 1987. Cartography
and site analysis with microcomputers : a programming guide for physical
planning, urban design, and landscape architecture. 1987 Aug Van Nostrand
Reinhold, c1987.
Myers, P. C. 1994. CF, CONFERENCE INFORMATION: 14 Annu International Symposium
Of The North American, Lake Management Society, Orlando, FL (USA) 31 O.
Using what we know. LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, pp.
100-101. Summary: Using what we know to make decisions on herbicide
control strategies. The complexity of the aquatic ecosystem, the philosophies,
attitudes and policies of the regulating agencies, public perception and
many other factors must be contemplated before herbicide treatments are
conducted. Lake managers, more specifically aquatic plan managers, may want
to consider using the basic check list to be presented. The check list will
include considerations for enviro-political correctness, to herbicide efficacy,
good-weed/bad-weed and socioeconomic considerations. The presentation will
include video.
Novoa, J. I.; Halff, A. H. 1977. Management of Flooding in a Fully Developed
Low Cost Housing Neighborhood. Water Resources Bulletin Vol.
13, No. 6, p 1237-1252, December 1977. Summary: Within the flood
plain of the lower reach of Peaks Branch, a stream in east Dallas, Texas,
500 buildings would be partially inundated by the 100-year flood. The fully-developed
watershed and flood plain mainly accomodate low-cost housing. Eight alternative
flooding remedies, ranging from no action to stream channelization to complete
redevelopment, are considered. The alternates are evaluated in terms of
their relative safety, effects on neighborhoods, required relocations of
families and businesses, initial costs, and maintenance costs. Creation
of a stream-side greenway, offering lakes and parks, is recommended. This
plan best balances costs and required relocations with community benefits,
including flood protection.
Olem, H.; Duda, A. M. 1995. International Conference On Integrated Water
Resources, Management, Amsterdam. International watercourses: The World
Bank looks toward a more comprehensive approach to management. INTEGRATED
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,-S.H.; Gulati,-R.D.; Van-Liere,-L.;
Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) 1995 pp. 345-352. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL. vol. 31,
no. 8. Summary: This paper examines transboundary water resources
management challenges currently being faced across the globe. Lessons learned
from Europe, Africa, Asia and North America are outlined on the need for
more integrated, ecosystem-based management of these international watercourses
and on institutional arrangements for improving management. The World Bank's
new Water Resources Management Policy is presented with an emphasis on elements
related to a more comprehensive approach that considers integrated land-water
management, proper pricing for water service delivery, nonpoint pollution
abatement, aquatic ecosystem restoration, and institution building. Also
described is a key international funding mechanism for more comprehensively
managing international watercourses known as the Global Environment Facility
(GEF). Restructured and replenished in 1994, GEF can play a catalytic role
in building institutions for better water resources management and in fostering
cooperative actions among nations in a basin toward the ultimate goal of
making development more environmentally sustainable.
Olsen, S. B. 1993. Grad Sch Oceanogr,. Univ Rhode Island, RI, USA. Will
integrated coastal management programs be sustainable; the constituency
problem. OCEAN COAST. MANAGE. 1993 vol. 21, no. 1-3, pp. 201-225.
Summary: The greatest need for coastal resource management initiatives
is in tropical countries, since it is here that the process of environmental
change is most rapid and it is here that the great majority of the increase
in human population that is expected by 2040 will be concentrated. Fortunately,
a body of experience can be drawn upon in a number of low income tropical
nations that have already been working to meet the challenge and implement
coastal management programs. National coastal management legislation was
enacted in Sri Lanka in 1981 and in Costa Rica in 1977. The US Agency for
International Development (USAID) had the foresight to fund two pilot projects
in coastal management in 1985. The first of these was administered through
a cooperative agreement between the USAID Office of Science and Technology
and the Coastal Resources Center at the University of Rhode Island. This
program has been extended to a ten-year effort and has focused upon (a)
initiating national coastal management programs in three pilot countries,
Ecuador, Sri Lanka, and Thailand; (b) initiating a training program in the
practice of coastal management; and (c) sponsoring a series of networking
activities to promote the sharing of experience.
Pae, P. 1996, January 25. LUCKETTS PONDERS HOW IT WILL GROW; PROPOSED
RURAL VILLAGE' DEVELOPMENT WOULD INCLUDE 334 HOUSES, REQUIRE NEW ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec: V WEEKLY - VIRGINIA
p: 1.
Paterson, R. G.; Luger, M. I.; Burby, R. J.; Kaiser, E. J. Malcolm, H. R.
1993. Costs and Benefits of Urban Erosion and Sediment Control: The North
Carolina Experience. Environmental Management EMNGDC, Vol. 17, No. 2,
p 167-178, March/April. Summary: The Environmental Protection Agency's
new nonpoint source pollution control requirements will soon institutionalize
urban erosion and sediment pollution control practices nationwide. The public
and private sector costs and social benefits associated with North Carolina's
program were examined to provide general policy guidance on questions relating
to the likely burden the new best management practices will have on the
development industry, the likely costs and benefits of such a program, and
the feasibility of running a program on a cost recovery basis. The results
of this study indicate that urban erosion and sediment control requirements
were not particularly burdensome to the development industry, only adding
approximately 4% to development costs. Public-sector program costs ranged
between $2.4 and 4.8 million in fiscal year 1989. The contingent valuation
survey suggests that urban households in North Carolina are willing to spend
between $7.1 and 14.2 million per year to maintain current levels of sediment
pollution control. The cost-benefit analysis determined in this study suggested
that the overall ratio is likely to be positive, although a definitive figure
is elusive. Lastly, it was discovered that several North Carolina localities
have cost recovery fee systems that are at least partially self-financing.
Pathan, S. K.; Sastry, S. V. C.; Dhinwa, P. S.; Rao, M.; Majumdar, K. L.
Sampat, Kumar, D.; Patkar, V. N.; Phatak, V. N. 1993. ICORG 92: Remote
Sensing Applications And Geographic, Information Systems Recent Trends,
Hyderabad. Urban growth trend analysis using GIS techniques a case study
of the Bombay metropolitan region. INT. J. REMOTE SENS. 1993 vol. 14,
no. 17, pp. 3169-3179. Summary: Towns and cities in India are facing
complex problems regarding the provision and maintenance of services and
infrastructure in the face of the rapid growth of population, caused both
by natural increase and migration. In order to meet such challenges a planner
needs to have fairly accurate and up-to-date information, especially about
physical structures and related land parameters. A study of their trends
generally helps in the understanding of the emerging growth pattern and
in formulating policies to guide or redirect it. Recent advances in the
field of remote sensing technology and computer based Geographical Information
Systems (GIS) provide very useful tools in undertaking such analysis. The
results from a study about growth trends of the urban areas in the Bombay
Metropolitan Region using multi-date remote sensing data and ARC/INFO GIS
package are described here. The period under consideration is from 1968
to 1989. It should be noted that the major growth in the region is confined
to Greater Bombay between 1968 to 1975. After the year 1975, a distinct
outward growth along the rail corridors is visible. Growth after 1975 is
mainly in the Kalyan, Bhiwandi, New Bombay and Panvel areas and in the area
around Manori creek (Charkop area). The growth rate is found to be higher
after the year 1975 compared to the prior growth rate. The spatial growth
trends are examined in relation to the population and the population density
has been computed for different periods. Based upon these densities, the
extent of land required for urban development for the year 2001 has been
calculated. Suitability of land for urbanisation has been carried out based
upon physical characteristics of the land and environmental parameters.
The priority areas of urban development to meet the additional requirement
in 2001 have been identified on the basis of this suitability analysis.
A map on a 1:250 000 scale has been prepared to show the areas for urbanisation
which will meet the demands for the year 2001. This study demonstrates the
potential offered by the integration of the tools of remote sensing and
GIS for urban and regional planning.
Pearthree, M. S.; Wise, J. S. 1988. Living with Floodplains: Land Development
in Arizona. Floodplain Harmony. The Natural Hazards Research and Applications
Information Center Institute of Behavioral Science No. 6, University of
Colorado, Boulder, CO. 1988. p 260-267, 1 fig. Summary: Flood hazards
in southern Arizona, where the Phoenix and Tuscon metropolitan areas are
located, occur in two distinct riverine settings: (1) overbank inundation
and channel meandering along major watercourses; and (2) shallow sheet flooding
of alluvial fan areas and of low-lying areas dominated by braided channel
systems. High population growth has necessitated rapid development of flood
plain management regulatory policies and drainage design criteria. Flood
plain encroachment, channel stabilization, and maintenance of natural flood
plain methods have been successfully employed in areas of overbank inundation
and channel meandering along major watercourses. Flood plain encroachment,
channel/parkway schemes, and maintenance of existing wildlife corridors
and riparian habitats within flood plain regions have been successfully
employed in alluvial fan areas and braided channel systems. The projects
cited have been developed with the idea of managing floodwaters while enhancing
existing environmental and water resources. The coordination and interaction
required between the public, agencies, developers, and engineers throughout
the planning and design phases of these projects were of major importance.
Perkins, W. W.; Welch, E. B. 1994. 14 Annu International Symposium Of The
North American, Lake Management Society, Or. A dynamic total phosphorus
model to guide residential development in the watershed of a stratified
mesotrophic lake. LAKE RESERV. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no. 2, p. 103.
Summary: Lake Sammamish, Washington is a mesotrophic, monomictic, 20
square kilometer lake with a watershed size of 226 sq kilometers. Primary
treated sewage was diverted out of the watershed in 1968 leading to a slow
but steady increase in the lake's water quality. Residential expansion into
the watershed from nearby cities will increase the phosphorus loading to
the lake. This has heightened concern regarding the future quality of the
lake's water. There is a need to predict epilimnetic lake quality as development
increases in order to plan for stormwater treatment that is effective enough
to maintain lake water quality. To address this concern an update to a previous
TP mass balance computer simulation model was constructed. The present model
was calibrated to five independent data sets. Input data sets included TP
loading as measured from the major influent stream and loading estimated
from other watershed portions via site specific land use yield coefficients.
The model was then used to predict future TP concentrations based upon projected
land use characteristics. The predicted epilimnetic TP concentrations were
used to estimate future transparency and chla concentrations, which were
compared against established goals for transparency and chl a. The model
is now serving as one of the input parameters to long term land use planning
decisions.
Phillips, Angus. Dec 3, 1995. THE OUTSIDE LINE - THE OUTSIDE LINE.
Washington Post, Final Edition Sunday Sec: D SPORTS p: 13
URBAN JUNGLE: The National Association of Home Builders offers a
public policy forum on 'Alternatives to Sprawl in the Washington Region'
from 5:30-8 p.m. Wednesday at NAHB headquarters, 15th and M Streets NW.
Call 703-358-3694. . . . Molly Harris Olson, who heads the President's Council
on Sustainable Development, will discuss that panel's work at the Natural
Resources Council of America's monthly luncheon at 11:45 Thursday at the
National Press Club. Tickets are $30; reservations required. Call 202-333-
0411.
Policy plan for Fairfax County: volume I (proposed), the comprehensive
plan for Fairfax County, Virginia. Fairfax, County Board Of Supervisors
Fairfax, County (Va ). Planning Commission. 1990; The Comprehensive plan
for Fairfax County, Virginia.: Board of Supervisors, "This document
is proposed to replace the Introduction/Countywide volume of The Comprehensive
Plan, 1986 Edition, as amended."
Porter, Michael E. 1995. The rise of the urban entrepreneur. Inc.,
Vol: 17 Iss: 7 Date: May 16, 1995 p: 104-119. Summary: The time for
revitalizing the inner city is now. Porter examines the failures of existing
urban policy and lays out a blueprint for the economic revitalization of
US cities.
Probst, J. R.; Weisbrod, A. R. 1993. 36 Conf Of The Int Association For
Great Lakes Research, De Pere, WI (USA) 4. 10 Jun 1. Implementing national
and regional wildlife programs with other resources in the Saint Croix River
watershed. OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR
GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, JUNE 4-10, 1993. PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS. 1993 p. 122.
Summary: Holistic ecosystem management has been hampered by reductionist
approaches targeted toward single species, isolated issues and narrow resource
consideration. Of necessity, comprehensive programs cannot be as detailed
as narrower efforts. Thus, it is advantageous to stress lower resolution
assessments before adding local, detailed studies or projects. The Saint
Croix Watershed is an outstanding place to implement at least 15 regional
resource programs that have been identified for the Lake States. Located
along the border between northern Wisconsin and central Minnesota, the Saint
Croix Watershed presents an opportunity for integrating resource concerns
as diverse as forest products, agriculture, industry, tourism, biodiversity,
as well as recreational and residential uses.
Quade, H. W.; Barrett, R. A. 1989. Comprehensive County Water Planning
Process in South Central Minnesota. Journal of the Minnesota Academy
of Science Vol. 55, No. 1, p 149-153, Fall 1989. Summary: Development
of county comprehensive water plans is underway in a majority of Minnesota
counties as a result of recent legislation. The planning process requires
the fashioning of new relationships and roles for local and state government,
agency personnel, and interdisciplinary technical teams. Early water planning
efforts reveal significant problems with the adequacy and applicability
of existing water resources data. Assessment of citizen attitudes regarding
water resource issues was found necessary to link support with policy and
develop public education activities. Analysis of water resources data combined
with citizen and state agency attitudes has enabled counties in south central
Minnesota to formulate goals and objectives for their county plans. County
water resources management committees are currently formalizing strategies
and implementation models to effectuate plan goals and objectives. The process
of developing county comprehensive water plans in south central Minnesota
has led to the preliminary conclusion that the process will become ongoing
after plans are first adopted and that the relationships of local government,
state agencies and technical professionals will evolve into a more constructive
partnership for the benefit of water resources.
Quick, A. J. R. 1995. Issues facing water resource managers and scientists
in a rapidly growing coastal city: Cape Town, South Africa. S. AFR.
J. SCI. S. AFR. TYDSKR. WET. 1995 vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 175-183. Summary:
Rapid urban growth in metropolitan Cape Town is subjecting the inland
and coastal waters in the region to stress. Increasing extractive demands
are being made on inland water systems to provide potable water. Larger
volumes of liquid and solid waste, and increased stormwater runoff, are
influencing negatively the nutrient and microbiological quality of inland
and coastal water systems. Urban sprawl and informal housing are detracting
from the aesthetics of river catchments, and are also detrimental to river
and stormwater quality. These stresses have particularly serious implications
for Cape Town because the future economic growth of the area is dependent
on a high-quality environment. Constraints to the sustainable management
of water resources are discussed under the broad themes of institutions,
law and regulation, finance and economics, and lack of information, public
awareness, holism, and realism. These can only be adequately addressed if
there is a fundamental change in approach from scientists and water resource
managers. Strategies to facilitate this change of approach should be embodied
in a policy on development and the environment, and implemented using an
environmental management system. An appreciation of the key environmental
and developmental issues and the severe constraints to sustainable development
in rapidly growing cities will enable scientists and water resource managers
to incorporate their expertise into the planning and development process
at a metropolitan and regional scale.
Quinlan, B.; Simmons, C. 1993. Exploring land use alternatives. WATER
ENVIRON. TECHNOL. 1993 vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 44-50. Summary: An urban
catchment model was used by the Raleigh and Wake County (N.C.) Department
of Public Utilities to calculate nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loadings
for a critical watershed area. The model also evaluated how zoning alternatives
and structural best management practices (BMPs) could affect the area as
development increases. Annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS),
total phosphorus, nitrogen, lead, copper, and zinc were estimated for existing
conditions, buildout at current zoning regulations, and three future development
scenarios. Wet detention basins and grass swales, the structural BMPs selected,
were evaluated in terms of effectiveness in improving water quality, ease
of implementation, operation and maintenance requirement, and cost.
Rogers, J. D.; Augustyn, J. S. 1993. Using Satellite and GIS Technologies
to Manage a County's Natural Resources. Public Works, Vol. 124, No.
9, p 44,87, August 1993. Summary: Passaic County, located in northern
New Jersey and bordering on New York State, encompasses a unique mix of
natural resources and environmental beauty, diverse urban centers, and expanding
suburban developments. The communities of Passaic County with the support
and encouragement of the County Board of Freeholders have long recognized
the need to identify, protect, and preserve their natural resources. Now
through teamwork, The Passaic County Natural Resource Management project
is being prepared with participation from the county's 16 municipalities
and technical assistance from satellite imagery and geographic information
system (GIS) technology. Natural Resource Management project goals include:
(1) implementation of a county-wide comprehensive natural-resource management
program that will provide an overview of priority resources with specific
strategies and guidelines for land and resource allocation, (2) incorporation
of environmental education as an integral component of the program to promote
the concept of conservation at all levels of society, (3) increasing of
public access to open space in urban and rural areas, (4) identification
of the framework for a county-wide open-space plan based upon stream corridors
and other significant natural and cultural resources, and (5) integration
of existing historic sites into a county open-space plan. Computer programs
are being used to process remotely-sensed satellite imagery to provide map
information such as the number of acres of forest in an area, wetlands detection
and monitoring, agricultural production, water resources, and changes in
land use. Using GIS, stored land-use information is retrieved in a variety
of ways to create soil- type, floodplain, geologic, elevation, proposed
land-use, and zoning maps. It is anticipated that the Passaic County Natural
Resource Management plan will become an integral part of the county's municipal
master plans, land-use plans, and zoning ordinances.
Salant, K. June 15, 1996. HOUSEWATCH - UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGNS YIELD UNUSUAL
PRICES, STANDARD FEATURES. Washington Post, Final Edition, Sec:
E REAL ESTATE p: 1. Summary: Katherine Salant discusses back-to-back
town house projects in the Germantown area of Montgomery County MD, saying
that the $130,000 price range and standard features have appealed to first-time
home buyers.
Sear, D. A.; Darby, S. E.; Thorne, C. R.; Brookes, A. B. 1994. Geomorphological
approach to stream stabilization and restoration: Case study of the Mimmshall
Brook, Hertfordshire, UK. REGUL. RIVERS RES. MANAGE. 1994 vol. 9, no.
4, pp. 205-223. Summary: The management of unstable river systems
is conventionally costly in both financial and ecological terms. Traditional
river engineering seeks to stabilize the instability through structural
means rather than treating the cause of the symptom. The geomorphological
approach to stream stabilization and restoration is considered with a view
to providing practical recommendations for the long-term management of the
system. Historical and documentary evidence are coupled with field surveys
and sediment modelling to provide a comprehensive picture of fluvial processes
with the Mimmshall Brook catchment. A simple sediment budget is calculated
and the results used to develop practical management options that address
the causes of the instability and associated ecological and flooding problems.
Sedell, J. R.; Reeves, G. H.; Burnett, K. M. 1994. Pac Northwest Res Stn
,. Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA. Development and evaluation of aquatic conservation
strategies. J. FOR. 1994 vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 28-31. Summary: All
Options Considered in the FEMAT report, with the exception of Option 7,
used one of three variants of an aquatic conservation strategy first described
in Thomas et al. (1993). The conservation strategy was designed to provide
a scientific basis for protecting aquatic ecosystems and enable planning
for sustainable resource management. It sought to restore and maintain the
ecological health of watersheds (Karr et al. 1986, Karr 1991, Naiman et
al. 1992) throughout the region by retaining, restoring, and protecting
those processes and landforms that contribute habitat elements to streams
and promote good habitat conditions for fish and other aquatic and riparian-dependent
organisms.
Smith, L. G.; Carlisle, T. J.; Meek, S. N. 1993. Implementing Sustainability:
the Use Of Natural Channel Design and Artificial Wetlands for Stormwater
Management. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 37, No.
4, p 241-257, April 1993. Summary: Sustainability is a concept that
has been widely embraced both politically and intellectually but has not
been addressed in terms of practical application. In most resource sectors,
the features of a sustainable future remain unclear and there are few examples
that give practical expression to sustainability. This deficiency has been
addressed on two counts: (1) the application of the concept to the management
of water resources; and (2) how the concept can be utilized for the management
and planning of urban stormwater. Natural channel design and artificial
wetlands represent an innovative approach to stormwater management in that
they provide benefits for the natural environment. Rather than thinking
of created wetlands and natural channels as techniques for the single purpose
of stormwater management, the designs are more accurately thought of as
a concept. Integral features of this concept include its potential for maintaining
or enhancing terrestrial and aquatic habitat and its use of an integrated
approach to stormwater management. The practical application of these designs
is limited in the North American context. Preliminary research indicates
that some impediments include the negative attitudes of developers and planners,
the complexity of storm drainage plan approval processes, local government
skepticism, legal liability and overall inexperience with the designs.
Smyth, A. J.; Dumanski, J.; Spendijan, G. 1993. FESLM: an International
Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management : a discussion paper.
Food, And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations Land And Water
Develo Pment, Division.Rome: Land and Water Development Division, Food and
Agriculture Organizaiton of the United Nations, 1993 World soil resources
reports.
Stein, E. G., Jr. 1994. Sediment control during construction: The Maryland
experience. LAND WATER 1994 vol. 38, pp. 16-17. Summary: The
administration of a successful Erosion and Sediment Control program embraces
one major concept and that is teamwork. The Maryland State Highway Administration
(SHA) leaned this lesson 10 years ago when the forerunner of our current
program was introduced. In plan development the planners, designers and
construction staff had to work together to develop a workable, effective
set of plans. The implementation of the plan again required the same degree
of teamwork but this time with the construction staff, the contractor and
the regulatory inspectors.
Stormwater Management Alternatives. 1980. Water Resources Center,
University of Delaware, Newark DE. April 1980. Edited by J. Toby Tourbier
and Richard Westmacott. Summary: Stormwater management remains a
national problem. Flood losses are increasing in spite of ever-rising expenditures
for flood control. Non-point sources of stormwater pollution from urban
areas are the major source of water pollution in many areas. Most urban
streams are neglected and often a sensual blight, even though more money
has been spent (since 1972) to clean up the nation 's waters than to construct
the nation 's highway network. Opportunities for multi-use planning are
often ignored. Blue-green technology can incorporate flood control, stormwater
pollution abatement, recreation, and comprehensive city planning and development.
Stormwater management technology can be convivial (implying conviviere--with
life) resulting in a product that can be lasting, functional and beautiful.
This conference on Stormwater Management Alternatives was held in October
1979 in Wilmington, Delaware. It was initiated because of a contract with
the Office of Water Research and Technology of the U.S. Department of the
Interior, under which the editors investigated water resources protection
technology and produced a handbook of measures to protect water resources
in land development. In the current book which includes conference papers,
topics are grouped under: I. A rationale for innovative and alternative
stormwater management; II. Planning, construction and operation of systems;
III. Case examples of successful programs; and IV. Institutional aspects
of implementation.
Strong, A. L. 1980. Legal Tools for the Implementation of Greenway and
Blue Green Technology. Stormwater Management Alternatives. Water Resources
Center, University of Delaware, Newark DE. April 1980. Summary: Stormwater
management law is not a well defined area; such laws as there are vary considerably
throughout the nation. Perhaps no aspect of stormwater management leaves
as many unanswered questions as the legal aspect. There are a fair number
of state enabling acts which pertain to stormwater management and there
are many local ordinances, but there is little judicial precedent concerning
either the state acts or the local ordinances. Existing governmental structures
should be used for regulating runoff. For developing areas, the state should
mandate either county or municipal stormwater management plans, and require
these plans for watersheds, rather than for government boundary units. Innovative
programs need to be followed. The courts should support programs which prove
to be fair and reasonable.
Sustainable development : a conservation and protection newsletter.
Canadian, Wildlife Service. 1988 May.
Tabor, M. AF ,. 1992. 1992 South Platte Research Conference, Fort Collins,
CO (USA) 27 28 Oct 1992. Issues of the urban river interface. PROCEEDINGS
OF THE 1992 SOUTH PLATTE RESEARCH CONFERENCE. Woodring,-R.C.; Roberts,-J.
(eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 1992 p. 81. INF.-SER.-COLO.-WATER- RESOUR.-RES.-INST.
vol. 72. Summary: The Urban Design Forum (UDF) is a non-profit organization
of planners, designers, and private citizens that are concerned with the
issues of urban design in the Denver metropolitan area. Within UDF, a subcommittee
has been formed, called the Urban Ecology Subcommittee, to explore the relationships
between urban development and a healthy, functioning and sustainable local
ecology. This inquiry is focused on the role of natural resources, their
use, abuse, protection and enhancement within our 'built' environment. The
premise of this organization is that human systems in general and cities
in particular, must develop a harmonious relationship with the natural environment
to remain healthy and viable over time. Given that one of the most important
and limited natural resources in the Rocky Mountain region is water, it
seems logical that we begin our inquiry of urban ecology with the role that
surface water plays in our urban environment. Historically, the South Platte
River has given form and orientation to our urban landscape. The Urban Design
Forum seeks to be a catalyst for discussion of the future of urbanized sections
of the South Platte River. We feel that all the diversified interests of
our metropolitan areas as well as the downstream neighbors in agriculture
and water supply must be part of this discourse as well.
Tessendorff, H. 1992. The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development.
Aqua AQUAAA, Vol. 41, No. 3, p 129-135, June 1992. Summary: Five
hundred participants, including government-designated experts from a hundred
countries and representatives of 80 international, intergovernmental and
non-governmental organizations attended the International Conference on
Water and the Environment (ICWE) in Dublin, Ireland, on 26-31 January 1992.
The experts saw the emerging global water resources picture as critical.
At its closing session, the Conference adopted the Dublin Statement and
the Conference Report. The Conference Report sets out recommendations for
action at local, national, and international levels, based on four guiding
principles: (1) freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential
to sustain life, development and the environment; (2) water development
and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users,
planners, and policy- makers at all levels; (3) women play a central part
in the provision, management, and safeguarding of water; and (4) water has
an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as
an economic good. The major benefits to come from implementation of the
Dublin recommendations will be: alleviation of poverty and disease; protection
against natural disasters; water conservation and reuse; sustainable urban
development; agricultural production and rural water supply; protecting
aquatic ecosystems; and resolving water conflicts. Implementation of action
programs for Water and Sustainable Development will require a substantial
investment, not only in the capital projects concerned, but, crucially,
in building the capacity of people and institutions to plan and implement
those projects. It is proposed that the first full assessment on implementation
of the recommended program should be undertaken by the year 2000. The Conference
participants urge all governments to study carefully the specific activities
and means of implementation recommended in the Conference Report, and to
translate those recommendations into urgent action programs for Water and
Sustainable Development.
The Role of watershed management in sustainable development. University,
Of Minnesota Working Group On Watershed Management And Development; University,
Of Minnesota Forestry For Sustainable Development Program. 1988 Apr 22;
Note: St. Paul, Minn: University of Minnesota, Dept. of Forest Resources,
Forestry for Sustainable Development Program.
Thompson, T. R. E.; Bullock, P. 50Th Annual Meeting Of The Soil And Water
Conservation, Society, Des Moine. The introduction of sustainable development
into land resource policies in the United Kingdom. PROCEEDINGS OF THE
50th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SOCIETY 7515 NORTHEAST
ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 (USA) SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SOCIETY.pp.
7-8. Summary: Since the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development in 1992, the United Kingdom Government has published a national
strategy for sustainable development and introduced the principle into policy
guidance for environmental protection agencies and local planning authorities.
This, and the imminent creation of a single Environment agency, are having
a fundamental influence on the policies governing development planning and
the control of pollution. Land use policies, set at County and District
levels through the publication of statutory Development Plans but influenced
by national policy guidance, are now beginning to address protection of
the environmental and ecological functions of soil. For the first time,
factors other than agricultural quality are to influence patterns of urban
and industrial development. Policies will seek to protect vulnerable aquifers,
identified on the properties of overlying strata and soils, from potentially
polluting or disturbing forms of development and land use. Catchment management
plans are being produced for all sensitive and important river basins in
order to address existing quality and flow problems and to direct land use
and management in ways that seek to achieve river quality standards. The
European Directive on Nitrate from Agriculture, with which the UK must comply,
will necessitate the identification of sensitive rivers and aquifers with
high nitrate concentrations. Agricultural practices in these catchments
will have to meet the requirements of lower nitrate leaching targets. This
paper will describe the recent developments in the UK of relevance to soil
and water conservation and draw conclusions as to the future of sustainable
development policy and practice in this field.
Thorp, S. J. 1993. 36 Conf Of The Int Association For Great Lakes Research,
De Pere, WI (USA) 4. 10. Infrastructure planning and management for sustainability.
OME 36TH CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR GREAT LAKES RESEARCH,
JUNE 4-10, 1993. PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS. 1993 p. 124. Summary: Publicly-funded
facilities for transportation, water supply and wastewater treatment support
and sustain most economic activity and entail significant environmental
impacts and benefits. Sound investment in public works infrastructure requires
the linkage of economic and environmental goals. As a sector-specific example,
the Great Lakes region's transportation system is characterized by a well-developed
multiple mode infrastructure and strong intermodal connections. Infrastructure
investment requirements are high and system degradation is an on-going concern.
Transportation is a prodigious consumer of energy and entails substantial
land use and environmental impacts. Improvements to freight and passenger
transportation infrastructure should be carefully evaluated with respect
to potential environmental consequences. Comprehensive planning involving
assessment of alternative along with modal shift potential is necessary
to meet current environmental and fiscal challenges. Long-term management
strategies are needed to preserve system integrity and maintain environmental
benefits.
Tourbier, J. T. 1994. Open space through stormwater management: Helping
to structure growth on the urban fringe. J. SOIL WATER CONSERV. 1994
vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 14-21. Summary: This article advocates a holistic
approach that views stormwater as a vital part of the hydrologic cycle involving
management practices to insure infiltration, control runoff pollution, reduce
thermal impacts and control peak flows. Management practices for this kind
of control put the landscape to work by utilizing processes of nature such
as vegetative filtering during conveyance, cooling through shade trees,
detention through depression storage, and infiltration. When implemented
in settings that prior to the introduction of impervious surfaces did not
experience much runoff, such management practices can be designed to form
systems that function as an extension of the existing riparian landscape.
The public is beginning to accept that bodies of water, wetlands, and floodplains
are best used as permanent open space, protected through land use controls.
These open spaces follow stream valleys and can be expanded and enhanced
through stormwater management practices on adjacent development sites.
Tuck, C. 1991. The New Texas Water Plan Implications for Irrigated Agriculture.
IN: Proceedings of: South Texas Irrigation Conference, January 15, 1991,
Hondo, Texas. Texas Agricultural Extension Service, College Station. 1991.
Summary: The primary objective of the Texas Water Plan is to provide
a continuing comprehensive assessment of the current and future status of
water-related resources within the State and to provide workable strategies
that will serve as a guide to State policy for the development, management,
conservation and protection of the State's water resources. The 1990 Water
Plan identifies alternative approaches to manage water resources, makes
recommendations for policy and program formulation and implementation, gives
public and private institutions direction to: (1) provide for sufficient
quantities of water; (2) protect the quality of both surface and groundwater,
and (3) safeguard human life and property from flooding and flood damage.
In a number of areas of Texas today, available yield of existing surface
water supplies will barely be sufficient to meet water demands during a
critical drought period. Total water use requirements in Texas are projected
to increase over the 50 year planning horizon. Municipal water requirements
are projected to become the major water demand category in several regions
as the population increases. For irrigation water, a projection of 20% increased
water use efficiency per acre, resulting from adoption of improved management
and water conservation procedures was made for water use scenarios studied.
Five major on-farm irrigation water conservation practices which should
be implemented include: (1) low energy precision application (LEPA) sprinklers
(2) surge flow furrow irrigation valves, (3) drip irrigation, (4) soil moisture
measurement, and (5) use of on- farm underground water distribution pipelines.
Van, Alphen J. 1995. The voordelta integrated policy plan: Administrative
aspects of coastal zone management in the Netherlands. OCEAN COAST.
MANAGE. 1995 vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 133- 150. Summary: Coastal areas
are densely populated and intensively used. At the same time they are highly
productive fishing grounds and have important ecological value. Coastal
zone management tries to find solutions to the conflicts characteristic
to these areas. This paper presents an example from the Netherlands. As
a result of the Delta project, in which three major estuaries and inlets
were closed from the North Sea, large-scale ecosystem changes in the adjacent
coastal zone or Voordelta were accompanied by far- reaching socio-economic
developments. In 1988 the national government took the initiative of preparing
a policy plan, in cooperation with regional and local authorities. The Voordelta
Plan is aimed at a sustainable development of the area, ecologically and
economically. It was prepared between 1989 and 1993. The paper describes
administrative aspects of coastal zone management in the Netherlands (the
process of decision-making, including public participation) and analyses
the final policy and process outcomes. It shows the 'pros and cons' of non-legal
planning structures and important prerequisites for successful interactive
policy making.
Vietinghoff, U.; Puta, H.; Klapper, H.; Stender, M.; Hubert, M. L. 1990.
Dept Of Biology. Ecosystem Management in Estuaries: Costs and Benefits.
Limnologica Vol. 20, No. 1, p 157-163, April 1990. Summary: The
improvement of the water quality of eutrophic water bodies is generally
very costly. Therefore, the choice and timing of an adequate restoration
method is a difficult task. Among the list of management techniques for
restoration methods for eutrophic estuarine waters are: control of nutrient
import; dredging; financial planning; self-purification capability; shoreland
protection; biomanipulation; and biotic harvesting. All elementary processes
of restoration are expressed in monetary terms. Two computer based models
were used to assist in the difficult decision process. The ecological processes
were quantitatively described by mathematical models. The restoration method
showing the best ecological results connected with a minimum of costs can
be demonstrated using applied scenario analysis and optimization techniques
(variable metric method).
Viladas, Pilar. 1992. The Urbane Village. House & Garden,
Vol. 164 Iss: 7 Date: Jul 1992 p: 38-39. Summary: A different kind
of community taking shape in Windsor FL, a resort village designed in the
urban tradition of the Caribbean, is profiled. The resulting village will
have courtyard and garden houses resembling those of historic Charleston
NC and Saint Augustine FL.
Vivian, John. 1995. The secrets of low tech plumbing. Mother Earth
News, Iss: 150 Date: Jun 1995 p: 34-38+. Summary: Low-cost, low-impact,
low-energy rain catchments and cisterns, water rams and solar pumps, along
with a dose of plain old- fashioned water conservation, will allow one to
take control of the water supply and wet-waste disposal systems. The secrets
of low-tech plumbing are discussed.
Vujnovic, R. 1990. Urban Development in the Danubian Basin and its Effects
on Water Quality Aspects and Trends. Water Science and Technology
Vol. 22, No. 5, p 281-286, 1990. Summary: The fate and future of
urbanization in the Danube Basin is linked to the processes of urban agglomerations
in Europe and it can be expected that increased urban concentrations will
develop along the Danube and its main tributaries, just as other regional
urban systems develop in Europe. The natural potential of the Danube Basin
is limited from the point of view of future agglomerations. The main limitations
come from the availability of natural water resources, and further, from
the limited spaces for specific uses. The deterioration of water quality
by pollution may additionally restrict the limits of urbanization; improvement
or deterioration of the situation would depend on the location and character
of the sources of pollution. The idea that urban development in the Danube
Basin must be jointly planned by all Danube countries (in the form of a
water master plan or a physical plan of the basin) is becoming increasingly
appreciated. The general objective of the plans would be to make the best
use of the Danube and tributaries, for the benefit of the people living
in the basin.
Walton, S. P.; Anderson, D. E. 1994. International Symposium Of The North
America. Beaver Lake: Can lake protection work? LAKE RESERVOIR MANAGE.
1994 vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 61-65. Summary: Beaver Lake is a 31 ha mesotrophic/eutrophic
lake located in King County, Washington. The lake is comprised of three
interconnected bodies of water. Land use in the lake's 416 ha watershed
is dominated by forest with about 23 percent of the watershed developed
in low/medium (1-3 units per acre) density residential use. Development
proposals for nearly one-half of the forested portions of the watershed
are in the review process and/or early construction phase. A 1993 zoning
update will result in much of the remaining area converting to medium/high
density residential uses in the future. Modeling current land use suggests
that existing watershed loadings are representative of baseline or forested
loading conditions. There are no known point sources of pollution to the
lake and relatively few nonpoint sources entering the lake. Future residential
land use is expected to significantly increase phosphorus loading to the
lake. Through the Washington State Department of Ecology Centennial Clean
Water Fund grant, a phase I restoration/feasibility study was conducted
for Beaver Lake. The purpose of the study was to characterize the current
biological, chemical, and physical quality of the lake and develop a management
plan for the long-term protection of the lake.
Westmacott, R. 19080. Blue Green Concept Some Personal Comments.
Stormwater Management Alternatives. Water Resources Center, University of
Delaware, Newark DE. April 1980. P. 37-41. Summary: The Blue-Green
Concept is a deceptively simple one. Few examples of this idea exist, but
those that have been implemented have been extraordinarily successful. Earl
Jones first coined the term Blue-Green Development in the 1960s. When the
term Blue- Green was first used, it referred to the planned integration
of water areas in open space systems, multifunctional impoundments for both
the detention of runoff and for aesthetic benefits. From its conception,
storage and detention of urban stormwater were important features of Blue-Green
development. The concept recognizes the multifunctional role of natural
drainage systems. Failure to recognize these numerous roles of streams and
rivers on urban development is probably the reason for little use of the
Blue-Green concept.
Whalen, Paul J.; Cullum, Michael G. 1988. An assessment of urban land
use/stormwater runoff quality relationships and treatment efficiencies of
selected stormwater management systems. South, Florida Water Management
District Resource Planning Dept. Water Quality Division, Resource Planning
Department, South Florida Water Management District: p. 45-56. Reston.
Wood, D. M.; Wycoff, R. L. 1990. Development of a Watershed Management
Model. IN: Transferring Models to Users. American Water Resources Association,
Bethesda, Maryland. 1990. p 281- 291. Summary: The Mountain Island
Lake watershed in Mecklenburg County is the sole water source for the Charlotte,
North Carolina metropolitan area. The watershed, largely undeveloped, is
being pressured by development interests. A project was undertaken to aid
County personnel in developing a lake watershed protection plan. A model
to predict watershed yield and associated pollutant concentrations of development
alternatives was developed and transferred to the County for use by its
personnel. The procedure involved the use of yield curves derived from continuous
hydrologic simulation to predict flow yield based on future Soil Conservation
Service (SCS) curve number (CN) values. In addition, regression equations,
available through the National Urban Runoff Program (NURP), were used to
predict pollution concentrations. The resulting flow yields and concentrations
were then used to estimate pollutant loadings to the Lake as a result of
increasing development. A simple receiving water model was used to predict
resulting ambient concentrations. With this procedure, County personnel
could quickly and efficiently assess the impacts of different development
scenarios. As a result, Mecklenburg County could protect the future of its
water supply by issuing zoning mandates founded on sound information.
Yanggen, D. A.; Born, S. M. 1990. Protecting Groundwater Quality by Managing
Local Land Use. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,
Vol. 45, No. 2, p 207-210, 1990. Summary: The close relationship
between land use and groundwater quality means that local government can
play a significant role in protecting this resource. Higher levels of government
are often unable to consider unique local characteristics in land use management
because of their need to generalize across broad geographic areas. Local
governments can attempt to fashion management decisions that reflect unique
local characteristics. To be most effective, local protection programs generally
should employ a mixture of regulatory and nonregulatory techniques. Nonregulatory
approaches include public education and involvement, voluntary best management
practices, land acquisition programs, facility siting procedures and capital
facility and infrastructure planning, inspection and training programs,
monitoring, emergency spill plans, community waste management and minimization
programs and governmental coordination efforts.
Back To Top
Recreation
Bibliography
Austin, L.H.; Tullis, R.L.; Stauffer, N.E. 1988.
Virgin River: Planning for Development While Meeting Flow Requirements
for Endangered Species. Water Use Data for Water Resources Management.
Proceedings of a Symposium. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda,
Maryland. 1988. p 523-535. Summary: T he Virgin River Basin in southern
Utah, particularly the St. George area, has experienced rapid growth as
a recreation and retirement location during the last 15 to 20 years. This
has created new water demands in a water short, semiarid area that has a
long history of difficulty in water development. Meeting these demands is
complicated by the many national and state parks as well as the forest,
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and Indian lands that are in close proximity
to the Virgin River. Further complicating the issue is the listing of the
Woundfin as an endangered species and the proposed listing of the Virgin
River Chub as an endangered species. A widespread effort is underway to
address these issues using techniques such as: a river basin study pertaining
to water, soil, and related resources; a biological study of the native
fish; and computer modeling of fish habitat and water development. The modeling
effort includes simulating existing and potential reservoir sites for evaluating
the effects of water development on endangered fish habitats with minimum
flow constraints.
Barnett, J.L.; Windell, J.T. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop,
Fort Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar 1992. Stream restoration in Boulder,
Colorado. PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.;
Nordstrom,- S.K.; Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV.,
FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST.. 1992 p.
171. INF.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71. Summary: Urbanization,
gravel mining, and channelization cause major impacts to stream corridors.
Flooding characteristics, water quality, aquatic and terrestrial habitat
values, and stream channel stability are adversely affected by these activities.
Like other cities, the City of Boulder, Colorado contains many reaches of
altered stream channels. Numerous stream reaches pass through the city's
busiest commercial areas and most densely developed residential neighborhoods,
while other reaches remain relatively pristine. The City of Boulder has
recognized that these streams provide unique opportunities for creating
a comprehensive greenway system for the community. They can be creatively
developed to function as storm drainage and flood channels, efficient bicycle
and pedestrian transportation systems, open space and wildlife corridors,
and attractive recreation areas. Sensitivity designed improvements enhance
the value of each stream corridor as wildlife habitat, as a place for in-town
opportunities for both active and passive recreation, as major links in
both existing and proposed trails and bikeways, and as improved flood carrying
channels. This paper describes the rationale, approach, and progress by
the City of Boulder in restoring its stream corridors.
Colby, B.G. 1990. Enhancing Instream Flow Benefits in an Era of Water
Marketing. Water Resources Research, Vol. 26, No. 6, p 1113-1120,
June 1990. Summary: Growing populations in the western United States
demand water not only for residential use and to support urban development
but also for recreation, water quality enhancement, improvement of fish
and wildlife habitat and to preserve the aesthetics of riparian areas. Instream
flows contribute substantial economic benefits, and emerging pressure to
reserve water instream comes at a time when markets are evolving to reallocate
water among offstream uses such as agriculture, industry and municipal expansion.
Current instream flow policies in the western states were examined to determined
the economic values generated by stream flows. Instream values were argued
to be high enough to compete in the market for water rights with offstream
uses when important recreation sites and wildlife species are involved.
Alterations to the western state 's policies are suggested to accommodate
instream flow protection within the context of water marketing, with the
objective of improving the efficiency of water allocation among instream
and consumptive users.
Comerio, J.W. 1989. Illinois Department of Conservation 's Changing Role
in the Illinois River Basin. Second Conference on the Management
of the Illinois River System: The 1990s and Beyond. Proceedings of the
Conference held October 3-4, 1989 in Peoria, Illinois. University of Illinois
Water Resources Center Special Report No. 18, 1989. p 15-18. Summary:
The Illinois Water Department (IWD) traditionally has been viewed as
a natural resource conservation and recreation provision agency, with little
impact on the state 's economy. However, the relationship between the Illinois
tourism industry and the state 's quality of life is becoming more obvious.
A $120 million park and conservation program, known as PCII, was appropriated
to improve tourism. PCII includes expansion of overnight accommodations
at department sites with several possible new public-private joint ventures
if economically warranted; development of visitor centers and visitor information
facilities; development of swimming pools and beaches; campground expansion
and the addition of shower buildings; development of day use facilities
and trails; and basic infrastructure improvements. The IWD has also made
some internal changes to strengthen its economic development role. The Office
of Resource Marketing and Education has been formed to better promote conservation
sites, facilities, and programs. Tourism is one of the state 's fastest
growing industries and a vital part of Illinois ' economic development.
Deardorff, H. 1977. A Recall for Greenways. Parks and Recreation,
Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 39a-40a, February 1977. Summary: New opportunities
for greenway development are appearing with regard to water oriented land.
The stereotype of a greenway as a wide, uninterrupted expanse of forest
and meadow does not fit the context of existing waterfronts around the country
where a wide range of landscape and land-use characteristics can be found.
The water, under 201 and 208 water cleanup programs, is scheduled to be
clean by 1983 thus providing water-oriented greenway opportunities. To realize
the opportunities, it should be understood that one of the most significant
values of a greenway is environmental protection. Water-oriented greenways
can provide nonstructural controls to prevent flooding and direct storm
drainage. Industries and wastewater treatment facilities need not be considered
ugly intrusions on the waterfront but should be more carefully sited and
designed so that public will know they exist. In planning a greenway, it
must be realized that water is a shared resource and while more prohibitive
stances are appropriate in undeveloped areas, replacing vital industrial
uses with open space is senseless. Communities must acquire greenway water
frontage now and plan for the future.
Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Taking Advantage of Stormwater Control Basins in
Urban Landscapes. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol.
46, No. 2, p 100-103, March/April 1991. Summary: Flood control, base
flow control, and water quality concerns frequently mandate storage and
treatment of urban runoff. Consequently, urban developers have a new line
item in their construction program. In addition to roads, houses, and parking
lots, there must be some sort of runoff storage basin. It is possible to
mold stormwater basins into integrated components of the urban landscape
in ways that provide aesthetic, recreational, maintenance, economic, and
ecological values. When used positively, stormwater basins can contribute
to the human and natural environment. They can be sculpted, planted, contoured,
and built of the right kinds of material on a site- specific basis. Any
approach to design of stormwater basins must be flexible and creative. The
broad views, intuition, and artistic imagination of urban design must be
considered simultaneously with mathematical derivation of hydraulic and
structural performance. In setting landscape patterns, designers can take
into account the type of expected user; the position of the basin relative
to roads, viewers, and houses; the need for active recreation versus passive
scenery; the amount of space and water available; existing desirable or
objectionable features; and the design character and variety of the overall
site.
Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Urban Stream Reclamation. Journal of Soil
and Water Conservation, Vol. 46, No. 5, p 324-328, September/October
1991. Summary: In urban areas, streams represent potential wildlife
corridors, wetland multipliers of ecosystem integrity, scenic resources,
recreational facilities close to home, and greenway links among neighborhoods
and parks. California's Urban Stream Restoration Program was begun in 1985
to reduce damages from streambank and watershed instability and floods while
restoring streams' aesthetic, recreational, and fish and wildlife values.
The Boulder Creek Corridor Project in Colorado was adopted in 1985 to provide
off-street pedestrian and bicycle transportation, preserve and enhance fish
habitat and riparian wetland, expand recreational use, and maintain and
improve flood-carrying capacity. San Antonio's Riverwalk is an intensely
urban pedestrian commercial corridor, constantly being expanded and refined
through continuing urban development. Urbanization tends to disrupt stream
equilibrium in many ways. Urban clearing and construction temporarily intensify
sediment yield to streams. To enhance stream amenity and ecology, landscape
design provides options in land use designation, earth-forming, vegetation
and use of construction materials through corridor reservation, bank treatment,
geomorphic restoration, or grade control. Flow management has been one of
the principal motivations for designing urban stream corridors in the past.
Downstream flood peaks can be suppressed by reducing throughflow velocity;
flood evaluations laterally adjacent to the stream can be lowered by increasing
throughflow velocity. Any proposal for stream alteration or management should
be investigated for its potential flow and stability effects on upstream,
downstream and laterally adjacent areas.
JAAKSON, R. 1974. A MOSAIC PATTERN OF BALANCED LAND WATER PLANNING FOR
COTTAGE DEVELOPMENT AND LAKE PLANNING. PLAN CANADA (JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN
INSTITUTE OF PLANNERS), VOL 14, NO 1, P 40-45, OCTOBER 1974. Summary:
LAKES ON THE PRE-CAMBRIAN SHIELD IN ONTARIO HAVE COME UNDER INCREASING
PRESSURE FOR DEVELOPMENT FOR LAKE COTTAGES AND RECREATIONAL USES. PAST SOLUTIONS
OF EITHER RIBBON DEVELOPMENT AROUND THE LAKE OR DEVELOPMENT IN DEPTH RECEDING
FROM THE LAKE SIDE HAVE PROVED INEFFICIENT AND UNACCEPTABLE IN MAINTAINING
A HIGH LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. A NEW CONCEPT FOR PLANNING OF LAKES
AND DEVELOPMENT OF COTTAGE SUBDIVISIONS IS OUTLINED. BY REMOVING PRESSURES
FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT AND SUBSEQUENT ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION, THE
SUBDIVISIONS CLUSTER COTTAGES IN THE INTERVENING LAND BETWEEN LAKES, THEREBY
RESERVING THE SHORELINES FOR PUBLIC OWNERSHIP AND USE. UNDER PUBLIC MANAGEMENT,
THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF THE LAKES IS FURTHER ENHANCED BY DETERMINING
SPECIFIC USES FOR THE LAKES, REDUCING NUMBER OF ROAD ACCESSES (DISRUPTING
THE ECOSYSTEM), LOCATING A CENTRAL EFFICIENT DISPOSAL SYSTEM, AND ENFORCEMENT
OF OTHER GENERAL REGULATIONS. THE PLAN IS ALREADY OPERATIVE AT TEMAGAMI
LAKE IN ONTARIO, AND THE SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES IT HAS OPENED TO LOWER INCOME
GROUPS ARE EVIDENT. THIS PHASE MONITORED DEVELOPMENT ALLOWS FOR CONTINUED
PLANNING SO AS TO FURTHER ENHANCE AND ANTICIPATE CHANGES.
Johnson, A.W. 1993. Delaware Estuary Program
Goes Public. Water Environment & Technology, Vol. 5, No.
4, p 25-27, April 1993. Summary: Citizens of the Delaware River and
Bay areas are being encouraged to participate in a plan to preserve and
protect the Delaware Estuary. The plan was produced by the Delaware Estuary
Program, a joint effort of New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania, to develop
solutions to environmental problems in the area. The Delaware estuary is
a transitional area where the freshwater of the Delaware River and its tributaries
mixes with salt water from the Atlantic Ocean. It stretches about 133 miles
from the falls at Trenton, NJ., south to the mouth of Delaware bay between
Cape May, NJ,. and Cape Henlopen, DE. The Program's report, titled 'Preliminary
Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan', includes specific actions
in six categories: habitat conservation, point source compliance, nonpoint
source pollution, sustainable development, estuarine education, and public
access. A large segment of the population places a high value on estuary
access for recreation and livelihood, so the public access issue has been
given a high priority. The preliminary plan calls for an inventory of public
access points within the estuary so that management issues, such as rezoning
and land acquisition, can be clearly identified.
Jolliffe, I.P. n.d. Recreation and Conservation along the Metropolitan
Toronto Waterfront, Lake Ontario, Canada. Ocean & Shoreline Management,
Vol. 11, Nos. 4 & 5, p 341-351. Summary: Toronto, the most rapidly
growing city in North America, is an excellent example of dynamic changes
in its waterfront, involving both urban renewal and revitalization. Two
key authorities are the Toronto Harbour Commissioners and the Metropolitan
Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Both have made a basic assumption
that recreation and conservation go hand-in-hand. One powerful constraint
on early recreational development along the waterfront was the high level
of pollution of both air and water that inevitably accompanied port growth
and industrialization along the central waterfront and in close proximity
to the downtown business district. Industrial relocation has helped, but
the problem of water quality still remains, exacerbated by sluggish circulation.
In spite of a range of physical and other constraints, much of the Metro
Waterfront is now publicly accessible, in particular a series of lake fills
that have involved both public and private participation; and a range of
cultural, scientific, wildlife conservation and recreational opportunities
are now available. Some key problems still needing to be resolved are: severely
eroding shorelines sectors, water quality and associated beach contamination,
sedimentation problems, and shore and island land use management decisions.
Overall, there has been a fairly successful wedding between recreational
and conservation interests.
Kenney, J.A. III. 1985. Problem of People: Critical Areas and Floating
Zones in the Chesapeake. Virginia Journal of Natural Resources Law,
Vol. 4, No. 2, p 209-218, 1985. Summary: Maryland 's Chesapeake Bay
Critical Area Act authorizes local jurisdictions to develop and implement
programs to control the use and development of sensitive shoreline areas,
designated by the act as ' Critical Areas. ' The traditional approach to
zoning involves a constant war for land use flexibility. The ' floating
zone ' concept was developed to permit certain land uses in accordance with
an overall development plan for a designated area of land, without requiring
a legislative determination of ' change or mistake ' at the time of a comprehensive
rezoning. A floating zone is a specialized use district created by ordinance
that ' floats ' over an entire jurisdiction until it attaches to a specific
property upon the petition of the property owner. A site plan, which typically
includes restrictions on maximum building area, minimum green area, and,
in some cases, requires off-site improvements, must be approved by the local
governing body. Plan approval can be revoked if the plan 's provisions,
including restrictions, are not complied with, or if there is no meaningful
development within a reasonable period of time. In one case, a 200-acre
development on the Patuxent River was approved under a floating zone. The
project included a central marina, habitat preservation areas, community
beach areas with restricted access areas, and central sewage; the density
was increased from 1.0 units per acre to 2.83 units per acre as a result
of rezoning. Numerous conditions were imposed, covering such areas as street
design, parking, sediment and stormwater control, and limitations on pleasure
boat mooring and use. The cost of development in this instance were borne
by the private sector, and the costs of maintaining wildlife habitats were
borne by the people with access to them. The floating zone and planned unit
development concept can be an effect means to meet increasing development
pressure in a creative, positive way.
Meeks, G. 1990. Growth Management: A Renewed Agenda for States. Journal
of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 45, No. 6, p 600-604, November/December
1990. Summary: Natural resource managers have long been active in
formulating and administering government policies for environmental conservation.
Typically, states regulate activities through such authorities as forest
practice, wetlands preservation, and groundwater management acts. Local
governments traditionally have used their police powers, such as zoning,
to regulate land use. A new approach being formulated by some states and
regional authorities may involve a much more extensive and comprehensive
means of managing resources. Growth management and comprehensive planning
acts are being enacted that may change not only the nature of land use but
also the decision-making processes that affect our social and economic geography.
Nine states (Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, New Jersey, Rhode Island,
Oregon, Vermont, and Washington) have been identified as having statewide
growth management or comprehensive planning programs. Another seven states
(California, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, and
West Virginia) have gubernatorial growth strategies commissions or have
held conferences focusing on land use issues with the objective of developing
growth management legislation. Goals include economic development, farm
and forest (open space) land preservation, natural resource conservation,
affordable housing, coordinated infrastructure and transportation development,
air and water quality, historic and special areas preservation, natural
hazards mitigation, recreation resource enhancement, and energy conservation.
Autonomy of local land use authority has been the crucial issue in most
debates over state growth management programs. The negotiation process becomes
critical to success or failure of the programs. The tone of many officials
involved in developing these new planning programs may sound like political
frustration in trying to cope with conflicting demands. But to hear state
officials refer to carrying capacity is a dramatic change from previous
years, when the land use debate was on an ideological level that failed
to recognize economic problems imposed by lack of planning.
Miller, M.L. 1993. The rise of coastal and marine tourism. OCEAN
COAST. MANAGE. 1993 vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 181-199. Summary: Marine
tourism has surfaced as a pressing topic in the field of ocean and coastal
management. Neither necessarily good, nor bad, this tourism is inherently
controversial. Today, demand for travel exhibits greater variation and magnitude
than ever in history. In response, the tourism industry has become the largest
business on earth. This, coupled with the respect people profess for marine
environments and local peoples, creates feelings of ambivalence for the
tourist. Sociologically, the activity of tourism may be studied as a symbolic
interaction fostering social solidarity. Ecotourism, a recent phenomenon
attuned to the ideal of sustainable development, is suggested to emerge
through the social construction processes of restoration and enhancement.
The papers in this theme volume add fuel to the proposition that the resolution
of tourism problems in the coastal zone will require the scientific study
of environmental and social conditions, policy analyses, planning, and public
education.
Norrena, E.J. 1994. Stewardship of coastal waters and protected spaces.
Canada's approach. MAR. POLICY 1994 vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 153-160. Summary:
With a coastline of 244,000 km that fronts on three oceans and the Great
Lakes, Canada has a rich diversity of coastal landforms and habitats. Canada
fully appreciates the importance of its stewardship responsibilities for
this magnificent natural resource and recognizes that the rich biological
diversity of these coastal systems must be protected and conserved for now
and the future. Canada is also very aware that, in addition to forming the
basis of many subsistence and recreation-based economies for millions of
Canadians, Canada's coastal resources represent an important part of the
world's marine biodiversity. To protect the integrity of this resource,
we must act decisively in a manner which effectively balances economic and
ecological needs. The traditional approach to protecting coastal resources
in Canada has primarily involved compliance and enforcement action taken
by sectoral departments. However, Canada has recently adopted a broader,
integrated resource management approach to coastal resource stewardship
which is based on addressing issues at the ecosystem level; this strategy
is pursued as a cooperative effort involving all levels of government, the
private sector and the public. Canada's most recent experience has shown
that cooperative approaches ensure that social, economic, environmental
and resource management objectives are best met in ways which facilitate
the sustainable management of coastal resources. Our experience is that
such approaches are effective when delivered at the community level in partnership
with government, the private sector and the public. This paper explains
how Canada is putting this cooperative approach into action. Specifically,
the paper describes Canada's Green Plan, explains how the plan positions
Canada to respond to its UNCED obligations, details some of Canada's key
programmes for protecting and conserving coastal resources, and explains
how various domestic and international strategies for coastal area management
are being integrated on a broad scale.
Spirn, A.W. 1992. Designing With the Land. Journal of Soil and
Water Conservation, Vol. 47, No. 1, p 35-38, January/February 1992.
Summary: If cities are built in accord with nature, many urban problems
of air pollution, water pollution, flooding, increased energy demands and
high construction and maintenance costs can be lessened. The Ecological
Services Laboratory has developed a soil amendment composed of leaf mold
and wood chips from parks and yards in the Washington D.C. district which
are used to sustain the landscape of the city. In 1965, the U.S. Army Corp
of Engineers determined that the most effective and least expensive way
to prevent flooding in the lower basin of the Charles River of Boston was
to acquire wetlands upstream. In 1974 Congress appropriated funds to buy
the wetlands for flood control, and today these lands are also being used
as a recreational area. In Boston and other older American cities, combined
sewer overflow often causes pollution of nearby rivers. To combat this situation,
Denver, Colorado has designed parks with lakes along the South Platte Greenway
to act as detention reservoirs while providing recreational areas. Rooftops,
plazas, and parking lots are used in Denver to detain stormwater while providing
aesthetically pleasing waterways in urban areas. Wet roofs are also used
in many Germany cities to reduce heat load on buildings. The temporary storage
of urban stormwater in parks, plazas, or rooftops reduces the amount of
sewage reaching sewage treatment plants after a storm and makes it possible
to treat the sewage before releasing it into rivers or harbors. Since cities
are already equipped with public transportation, sewers, water and gas and
electricity service, it is suggested that they be renovated and used by
those developers that would try to create new urban areas out of countryside.
Takahashi, M. 1991. Guidelines for Environmental Enhancement in Japan.
Water Science and Technology, Vol. 24, No. 9, p 133- 142, 1991.
Summary: New guidelines for water reuse for environmental enhancement
have been established in Japan. There are two categories of guidelines,
one for esthetic settings without public access, and the other for limited-contact
use including shoreline usage, boating, and fishing. Swimming and bathing
are not considered. So-called 'basic guidelines' are not site-specific,
but are based on public health and visual appeal; this category includes
guidelines for total coliforms, biological oxygen demand, turbidity, and
color. On the other hand, 'type of use' guidelines differ according to the
purpose, climate, and other characteristics of specific sites. Instead of
expressing numerical hydraulic or biological criteria, the latter guidelines
merely explain the state of the art of each constituent. Case studies were
therefore evaluated to establish a tentative manual for reuse. For example,
in the moats of Osaka castle, total phosphorus should be maintained at 0.1
mg/L to keep the chlorophyll a concentration at 100 micrograms/L, thus achieving
a suspended solids concentration of <20 mg/L. Where nitrogen limits algal
growth, nitrogen would have to be <1.5 mg/L to keep the chlorophyll a
concentration at 100 micrograms/L. When reclaimed water is utilized in streams
with waterfalls or fountains, accumulation of foam causes an unpleasant
appearance, presumably due to such surface active substances as methylene
blue active substance (MBAS). An MBAS concentration of <0.3 mg/L and
<10 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand of permanganate is recommended to
prevent foaming.
THE FEDERAL PAGE - ARMY BASE TO BECOME URBAN
PARK. 1995, April 28. Washington Post,
Final Edition, Sec: A SECTION p: 25. Summary: The Department of Defense
will spend $64 million this year to help turn the Presidio into a showplace
urban national park, Vice President Gore said yesterday. Gore, attending
a meeting of the President's Council on Sustainable Development, said the
Presidio Army Base is unique. 'We have an unparalleled opportunity to make
it a beacon for environmental education and sustainable development, and
to invest in the future of California, the future of the United States and
the future of the world. We're not going to pass that by,' he said. The
total includes $52 million for environmental cleanup, $8.6 million for building
repairs and seismic upgrades, and $3.7 million for operating costs. Some
of the base's environmental problems include an estimated 200 buried fuel
storage tanks and three known PCB spill sites, as well as several landfills,
their contents largely unknown. Gore said the money represents a fivefold
increase over spending in previous years at the 1,800- acre property overlooking
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.
Yates, D.; Lormand, J. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort
Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar. Revegetation of highway impacts Provo Canyon,
Utah US 189 Murdock Water Diversion to Upper Falls Park. PROCEEDINGS:
HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.; Nordstrom,-S.K.;
Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORT COLLINS, CO
80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST.. 1992 pp. 281-284. INF.-SER.-COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST.
vol. 71. Summary: This exhibit describes the revegetation design
for the areas affected by highway construction along US 189 through scenic
Provo Canyon, east of the Cities of Provo and Orem, Utah. The landscape
design goal was to establish native plant materials on highway cut and fill
slopes. Grading techniques, such as slope molding and rock cut sculpting
were used to provide a more natural appearance to the impacted terrain.
Wetland permitting and mitigation design for 4.5 acres of wetland was also
included. A separate recreation path was designed from two miles of an abandoned
railroad right-of-way. The public involvement in this project played a critical
role in bringing the design process to a successful conclusion. At the time
Parson's De Leuw, Inc. became involved, the project was shut down under
a court injunction. Parson's De Leuw established the Provo Canyon Design
Advisory Committee (PCDAC), a group of concerned citizens to redevelop the
project with a design that addressed the public's concerns.
Back To Top
Recycling
Bibliography
Landner, L. 1993. ENS (Environment North Seas) '93, Stavanger (Norway),
24 27 Aug 199. How do we know when we have done enough to protect the
environment? PROCEEDINGS OF ENS (ENVIRONMENT NORTH SEAS) '93 CONFERENCE
HELD IN STAVANGER, 24-27 AUGUST 1993. Elliott,-M.; Ducrotoy,-J.-P. (eds.)
1994 pp. 593-598. MAR.- POLLUT.-BULL. 0025-326 vol. 29, no. 6-12. Summary:
The changing concepts and challenges that the process industry has to
face in relation to environmental protection are discussed. The original
requirements on industry to reduce emissions of contaminants through the
installation of filters and waste water treatment facilities or through
process modifications and introduction of 'clean production' strategies
were mainly based on economic and technical considerations rather than on
an effort to avoid environmental impacts. The introduction of concepts such
as 'assimilative capacity of the environment' and 'critical load' provided
useful instruments for setting effect-related emission standards, resulting
in acceptable environmental protection. However, the actual requirement
for 'sustainability' has forced industry to focus not only on controlling
emissions of contaminants and pollutants, but to take a global environmental
approach, including the choice of raw materials and energy sources, recycling
and re-utilization of wastes and to take responsibility for the fate of
their products, during their whole lifecycle.
Ling, J.T. 1988. 3P Program: An Effective Approach to Industrial Pollution.
Toxic Contamination in Large Lakes. Volume IV: Prevention
of Toxic Contamination in Large Lakes. Managing a Large Ecosystem for Sustainable
Development. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan. p 111-118. Summary:
The best way to control toxic substances from industry is at the source.
Since industrial pollution is a visible sign of inefficient use of resources,
3M developed a program to fight pollution by not creating it. Industry 's
traditional approach has been the use of add-on control equipment that changes
the form of pollution but does not eliminate it. The 3M Pollution Prevention
Pays (3P) program eliminates or reduces pollutants, conserves resources,
and encourages innovative technology through product reformulation, process
changes, equipment redesign, and recycling or reuse of process waste. Started
in 1975, the 3P program, involving 3M operations in the United States and
22 other countries and annually prevents more than 40 ,000 tons of pollutants
and 1.6 billion gallons of wastewater. 3P savings to date total $300 million.
3M 's prevention approach has had national and international impact. The
program has received awards from the U.S. EPA and other organizations. Some
states have adopted pollution prevention as environmental policy. Several
world organizations, including the United Nations Environmental Programme
and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, have endorsed
and promoted the concept. Pollution prevention has become government policy
in several countries, including France and Britain. A number of major industrial
companies also started prevention programs. Industry, however, is only one
source of pollution. Other sources also must be effectively addressed. Since
many environmental concerns are international in scope, meaningful government
incentives and expanded international cooperation are vital to the development
and implementation of innovative solutions to environmental problems, including
those of the large lakes.
Shaw, T. 1995, January 5. AN EARTH-FRIENDLY AGENDA IN THE WHITE HOUSE;
UPDATING THE MANSION'S SYSTEMS SAVES MONEY -- AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Washington
Post, Final Edition, Sec: T HOME p: 5.
Smith, A. E.; Oshins, C. 1993. Composting wastes
into resources: A rural/urban framework. J. RESOUR. MANAGE. TECHNOL.
1993 vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 62-68. Summary: The Rodale Institute, a
non-profit research organization, has been focusing on how to convert rural
and urban wastes into sustainable agricultural resources. Farm co-composting
of urban yard wastes and rural animal wastes represents a low cost, proven
technology which can significantly enhance best management practices for
rural/urban waste management, reduce non-point source water pollution, enhance
the quality of soils and crops, and create other social and economic benefits
for rural and urban systems. The article highlights a regionally focused
systems approach which is beginning to influence state and national policy
towards more sustainable practices.
Back To Top
Regulations Bibliography
Amory, W. 1993. Master Water Plan: A Useful
Management Tool. Journal of the New England Water Works Association,
Vol. 107, No.2, p 127-131, June 1993. Summary: Water-utility managers
are faced with many challenges; growing consumer demands must be met from
limited supply sources, watershed and aquifer contamination is a constant
threat, upgrading of water quality is mandated by the Federal government,
and conservation and efficient use of water resources have become water-industry
requirements. The Master Water Plan is intended to serve as a guideline
to assist water- utility managers in dealing with these challenges. The
Plan should address water-supply requirements, source protection, conservation,
water quality, system adequacy (including maintenance procedures), public
relations, and required improvements (including assessment of cost). Evaluation
of water- supply requirements should include consideration of average-day
demand, maximum-day demand, peak-hour demand, and fire-flow requirements.
Source protection can include a combination of utility land ownership and
appropriate land-use zoning. Conservation not only reduces water use but
also reduces the generation of wastewater, which in turn helps reduce the
threat of polluting community water supplies. Evaluation of water quality
is generally based on two considerations: (a) health aspects--the safety
of the water for drinking purposes--and (b) aesthetics. The Master Plan
should include an evaluation of water-system adequacy, identification of
system deficiencies, and recommended improvements. To convince utility customers
that their water bills are reasonable requires an effective public- relations
program; the Plan should address requirements for dealing with the media,
educational programs for elementary and high-school students, speaker bureaus,
video presentations, and public tours of water-system facilities. A carefully
prepared improvement program serves as a useful tool in assisting utility
managers to achieve and maintain an up-to-date system. To update management
on the most cost-effective procedures for meeting current water-service
requirements, the Master Water Plan should be re-evaluated every 5-10 years.
Anonymous. 1995. Citadels of power. Jrnl Group: News; Business,
Vol: 336 Iss: 7925 Date: Jul 29, 1995 p: SS14-SS17 Summary: Discovering
what policies affect cities' productivity and how to improve them is becoming
more important. Policies that are concerned with transport, policing, zoning
and the environment matter most to urban businesses.
Arnold, J. A.; Nevils, F. M.; Smolen, M. D. 1991. North Carolina's Sediment
Control Program. Public Works, Vol. 122, No. 13, p 48-50, December
1991. Summary: The background and operation of North Carolina's erosion
and sediment control program, which have been in operation for over a decade,
are reviewed. The North Carolina Sediment Control Program is based on legislation
referred to as the Sedimentation Pollution Control Act of 1973. The legislation
established a framework stating the intent of the law and a means by which
it could be carried out. The act deals only with land-disturbing activities
associated with construction or land development; forestry activities that
follow best management practices and agriculture are specifically exempted
from the act. The act is directed to those who are financially responsible
for the land disturbing activities and/or landowners. Thus, the full weight
of the law bears on those who benefit financially from the disturbance.
The act established the North Carolina Sedimentation Control Commission
to carry out the law. The Commission is composed of appointed representatives
from academia, industry, state and local government, and various environmental
groups. The Commission's duties include oversight of the act and its administration,
and amending administrative rules. Day-to-day activities are carried out
by a permanent state staff. Two additional duties of the Commission are
(1) to help encourage local governments develop their own erosion and sedimentation
control ordinances; and (2) to recommend practices and develop educational
materials to improve compliance with the law. Specific requirements of the
act such as plan submittal, performance requirements, inspections and administrative
rules, are also reviewed. A weakness of the program is that the regulatory
agency lacks sufficient means to force compliance with the act.
Balco, J. J. 1992. Site Planning for Aquifer Protection. Environmental
Protection ENPRET, Vol. 3, No. 5, p 39-42, June 1992. Summary: Zoning
ordinances designed to protect groundwater sources sometimes can hinder
industrial development when unreasonable restrictions are imposed. However,
totally prohibiting development is not necessarily beneficial to communities
or the economy upon which their residents depend. Rather a resource protection
program designed to manage as opposed to prohibit development has been demonstrated
in recent experience to permit relatively safe industrial and commercial
activities in protected areas. In the area of wellhead zones, the regulatory
focus is on point sources such as underground storage tanks or industrial
septic tanks. A well-established and successful approach to a wellhead protection
program is being implemented by the State of Massachusetts and its local
communities. With appropriate planning, financial commitment, and sensitivity
to resource protection, industries have demonstrated that responsible development
can continue in these areas while still protecting precious natural resources.
The key is to determine early in the planning process whether a site is
within a protection zone, and incorporate that reality into the site design.
Benes, M. E. 1989. Boards of Health Protection for Private Wells and
Groundwater. Protecting Ground Water from the Bottom Up: Local Responses
to Wellhead Protection. Proceedings of the Conference, October 2-3,
1989, Danvers, Massachusetts. Underground Injection Practices Council, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma. 1989. p 303-308. Summary: In Massachusetts, people
depending upon private wells are unprotected against improper siting, poor
installation, and contamination, except where local health boards have adopted
regulations. Effective private well protection depends upon the local board
of health adopting a well protection policy which is consistent with local
needs and conditions. In addition to specific private well regulations,
there are other actions which local boards can take as part of an overall
groundwater protection program. These include hazardous waste pickups, underground
storage tank regulations, subdivision review, regulation of pesticides and
septic tank cleaners, local emergency response planning committees, solid
waste disposal regulations, and others.
Berger, J. J. 1991. The federal mandate to restore: Laws and policies
on environmental restoration. ENVIRON. PROF. 1991 vol. 13, no.
3, pp. 195-206. 1991; Summary: Specific laws and policies discussed
include the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts; the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and Liability Act (Superfund and amendments); the
Endangered Species Act; the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, the
Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act; the Food, Agriculture, Conservation,
and Trade Act; the Water Resources Development Act; and the President's
"No Net Loss of Wetlands" policy and various executive orders.
Statuatory and policy authorizations for the conduct of environmental restoration
by the federal government are so widespread throughout the framework of
the nation's federal natural resource and environmental law that a sound
legal foundation exists for the conduct of major environmental restoration
programs affecting virtually every basic type of natural resource in the
nation.
Caswell, B. 1990. River Recharge. Water
Well Journal WWJOA9, Vol. 44, No. 11, p 34-37, November 1990. 4 fig.
Summary: Important municipal groundwater supply issues today include
delineation of Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs) and differentiation between
'true' groundwater and groundwater that is influenced by surface water.
A Vermont community found itself facing these two issues when it decided
to replace its existing municipal well. State regulations required that
the community undertake a geohydrologic investigation of its aquifer as
an integral part of the proposed new well construction. Delineation of a
Wellhead Protection Area using test boring and test pumping information
clearly showed that this groundwater source induces significant recharge
from the nearby Connecticut River. Using the same information, the brook
that is also adjacent to the well site was shown not to be an important
source of induced recharge. This brook watershed was not recommended to
be included within the Wellhead Protection Area. Because of the high transmissivity
of this glacial stream aquifer and its close hydraulic coupling with the
Connecticut River, the two zones of the Wellhead Protection Area are small,
and thereby, require relatively little land purchase or land-use zoning
by the community. Maintenance of good quality river water , however, should
be addressed at state and federal levels of government. Even if the upstream
Connecticut River basin is included in the Wellhead Protection Area, there
is little that one town can do to control development of the large watershed
and possible cumulative degradation of river water quality over time. Under
current conditions, this riverside aquifer can provide a large volume of
high quality groundwater. These conditions should be preserved.
Cicin, Sain B. 1994. CF, CONFERENCE INFORMATION: Ocean Governance Study
Group Conference, Berkeley, CA, (USA) 10 13 Jan 1993. Essay: A national
ocean governance strategy for the United States is needed now. COAST.
MANAGE. 1994 vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 171-176. Summary: Although the
United States has one of the most complex bodies of ocean law and policy
in place, it has yet to develop a national ocean governance strategy to
achieve sustainable development of the U.S. ocean. The commentary reviews
the need for, goals, and critical elements of such a strategy, outlines
the steps involved in creating the strategy, and reviews various options
for beginning the work on the National Ocean Governance Strategy.
Deardorff, H. 1977. A Recall for Greenways. Parks and Recreation
Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 39a-40a, February 1977. Summary: New opportunities
for greenway development are appearing with regard to water oriented land.
The stereotype of a greenway as a wide, uninterrupted expanse of forest
and meadow does not fit the context of existing waterfronts around the country
where a wide range of landscape and land-use characteristics can be found.
The water, under 201 and 208 water cleanup programs, is scheduled to be
clean by 1983 thus providing water-oriented greenway opportunities. To realize
the opportunities, it should be understood that one of the most significant
values of a greenway is environmental protection. Water-oriented greenways
can provide nonstructural controls to prevent flooding and direct storm
drainage. Industries and wastewater treatment facilities need not be considered
ugly intrusions on the waterfront but should be more carefully sited and
designed so that public will know they exist. In planning a greenway, it
must be realized that water is a shared resource and while more prohibitive
stances are appropriate in undeveloped areas, replacing vital industrial
uses with open space is senseless. Communities must acquire greenway water
frontage now and plan for the future.
Degong, C. 1989. China Inst For Marine Development Strategy Beijing.
Coastal Zone Development, Utilization, Legislation, and Management in
China. Coastal Management CZMJBF Vol. 17, No. 1, p 55-62, 1989. 1 fig,
1 tab. Summary: China is a coastal state with 18,000 kilometers of
continental shoreline and 14,000 kilometers of island shoreline, with over
5 ,000 islands. It has one of the longest national shorelines in the world.
The coastal zone in China spans three climate zones-- tropical, subtropical,
and temperate--and the coast is classified as rocky, sandy and gravel, muddy
and silty, coral reef, and mangrove. From an administrative standpoint,
the coastal zone is situated in nine provinces, an autonomous region , and
two municipalities. Although it occupies only about 15 percent of the country
's area, it holds about 44 percent of the population. The coastal economy
is relatively more developed than in other areas. China has given priority
to the development and management of the coastal zone with a three-stage
project. The first stage is comprehensive investigation to formulate a long-term
program for development and utilization in the coastal area. The second
stage is investigation at selected locations for development measures to
improve reclaimed salty soil, strengthen marine fishing measures, develop
seawater culture, establish a forest protection system, prevent coastal
erosion, regulate the transport routes, and establish natural resources
and environmental protection areas. The third stage is to draft legislation
and management measures for the coastal zone. Tentative national management
regulations on the coastal zone in Jiangsu Province have already been adopted.
Fischer, A. M. 1995. CF, CONFERENCE INFORMATION: 2. Annual Marine And Estuarine
Shallow Water Science And, Management Conference, Atlantic City, NJ (USA)
3. 7. Apr. Area wide jurisdictional planning: Toward comprehensive
and coordinated management typologies. SECOND ANNUAL MARINE AND
ESTUARINE SHALLOW WATER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE. PHILADELPHIA,
PA (USA) U.S. EPA. 1995 p. 44. NT NOTES: Summary: Throughout the
US, complex, sectorized jurisdictional frameworks constrain estuarine watershed
planning. Planners and managers must contend with jurisdictional overlap,
regulatory loopholes, lack of agency coordination and goal conflicts. Under
such conditions, private rights conflict with public trust interests, restoration
programs and urban development lack coordination, and environmental regulations
can adversely affect regional interests. These constraints, an inherent
problem of such a complex, interaction system, prevents area-wide policy
coordination and joint decision-making. The Jurisdictional Restoration Planning
(JRP) model of the Liberty Bay Project is such a system. To address simplification,
the JRP model provides a medium of information sharing and clarified management
roles. Centralized information about jurisdictions in one information system
can more easily alert users to the problems associated with overlap, as
well as identify goal conflicts and the other constraints. The JRP addresses
jurisdictional integration through a dynamic thematic planning process of
assigning values to jurisdictional sets of information or Jurisdictional
Landscape Units. Once regional themes are established, than greater integration
and coordination among the jurisdictions can be formulated into simpler
and more comprehensive planning strategies.
Hopen, R. M. 1994. Wetlands mitigation banking: Giving entrepreneurs
a chance to build better wetlands. ENVIRON. LAW 1994 vol. 2,
no. 3, pp. 32-37. ISSN: 1070-0757. Summary: As policymakers struggle
to find an acceptable wetland definition and to decide whether or not to
compensate landowners for regulatory takings, a new crop of wetland entrepreneurs,
known as wetland mitigation bankers, are building high quality wetlands.
The future is unclear for wetland bankers until the regulatory agencies
determine how to impose adequate safeguards to ensure ecological success
of wetland banks without discouraging private sector investment.
Jaakson, R. 1974. A mosaic pattern of balanced land water plnning
for cottage development and lake planning. PLAN CANADA (JOURNAL
OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNERS), Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 40-45, October
1974. Summary: Lakes on the pre-cambrian shield in ontario have come
under increasing pressure for development for lake cottages and recreational
uses. Past solutions of either ribbon development around the lake or development
in depth receding from the lake side have proved inefficient and unacceptable
in maintaining a high level of environmental quality. A new concept for
planning of lakes and development of cottage subdivisions is outlined. By
removing pressures for private development and subsequent environmental
deterioration, the subdivisions cluster cottages in the intervening land
between lakes, thereby reserving the shorelines for public ownership and
use. Under public management, the environmental quality of the lakes is
further enhanced by determining specific uses for the lakes, reducing number
of road accesses (disrupting the ecosystem), locating a central efficient
disposal system, and enforcement of other general regulations. The plan
is already operative at Temagami Lake in ontario, and the social opportunities
it has opened to lower income groups are evident. This phase monitored development
allows for continued planning so as to further enhance and anticipate changes.
King, L. A.; Harris, G. R. 1990. Local Land Use Planning for Rural
Groundwater Protection in Vermont and Northern New York. Journal
of Soil and Water Conservation JSWCA3, Vol. 45, No. 2, p 310-314, 1990.
29 ref. 1990. Summary: An exploratory survey was conducted of land
use planning for rural ground-water protection in 41 towns in Vermont and
northern New York. Most communities have experienced contamination and/or
supply problems but lack the information necessary to take action to prevent
problems in the future. Federal and state governments should improve communication
with local governments in rural areas and provide more usable groundwater
information. Planning officials perceive existing regulations to be ineffective
for protecting groundwater. In view of local resistance to state intervention
and new regulations, an incremental approach is recommended, incorporating
groundwater protection provisions into existing zoning or site plan review
ordinances.
Konvitz, Josef, W. 1996. Mexico City: Metaphor for the world's urban
future. Jrnl Group: Socio/Environmental; Sci/Tech Vol: 38 Iss: 2
Date: Mar 1996 p:3-4 Summary: Konvitz comments on Mexico City, which
is considered a megacity. It is uncertain whether political reform and social
solidarity can provide the basis for an environmental agenda that is equal
to the challenges Mexico City faces.
Mauro, Tony. 1992. Court Gives Some Property Rights. USA TODAY
[USA] ISSN: 0734-7456 Jrnl Group: News Date: Jun 30, 1992 Sec: A p: 3 col:
6 Summary: The Supreme Court has ruled that property owners deserve
to be paid when zoning and environmental regulations leave them without
any use for their land.
Mazich, J. P.; Pysher, T. R.; Mather, M. N.; Kibler, D. F. 1990. Municipal
Stormwater Management Ordinance Development and Implementation in Pennsylvania.
IN: Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1990 National Conference.
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. 1990. p 500-505, 3 ref.
Summary: Successful implementation of a basin-wide stormwater management
strategy can only be accomplished by paying careful attention to the content
of a new basin-wide stormwater management ordinance, and by uniformly and
rigorously enforcing the regulations contained in that ordinance. The elements/provisions
that should be included in the ordinance are: applicability and compatibility
with other municipal regulations; statement of purpose; definitions; general
drainage plan requirements; performance standards; design criteria; acceptable
calculation methodology; drainage plan contents; plan submission, review,
and approval processes; inspection and as-built survey requirements; municipal
fees; and maintenance requirements. The developers of an ordinance must
be specific enough in defining allowable approaches to preparing drainage
plans that there is no question over the intent of the regulations or the
means used to implement them. The relationship between the requirements
of the ordinance and those of outside approving agencies must be delineated.
Three major problems can develop during implementation of a basin-wide stormwater
management ordinance: non-uniformity of application, role of authority in
issuing approvals, and non-uniformity of release rates. It is important
that these problems be foreseen and addressed within the ordinance. While
basin-wide stormwater management can bring new administrative headaches,
it is critical to insuring sound water resources management.
Mertes, J. D. 1989. Trends in Government Control of Erosion and Sedimentation
in Urban Development. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation JSWCA3
Vol. 44, No. 6, p 550-554, November/December 1989. Summary: Soil
erosion from land clearing and development, as well as stream channel erosion,
contributes an estimated 600 million tons of sediment to streams annually.
The visual and ecological results of this pollution, along with the social
and economic costs, have resulted in the enactment of many stringent regulations
governing land-disturbing activities. Through a variety of statutory requirements,
persons engaged in land clearing must, with few exceptions, secure a development
permit and/or prepare and have approved an erosion and sediment control
plan before work begins. A range of exemplary federal, state, and local
statutory models and implementation manuals now exist for those seeking
new approaches to erosion and sedimentation control affecting urban land
development. The statutes emphasize site planning, installation of erosion
control structures, and site restoration. Many provide for stop-work orders
and criminal penalties, including fines, along with bond forfeiture for
violating code provisions. However, it appears that enforcement of stringent
local rules to some extent depends upon the linkage of those rules to a
strong state water quality statute, as well as the extent to which the local
governing body provides the staff and backing to enforce these rules.
Murphy, J. 1990. Coordinated Groundwater Protection in Hebron, Connecticut.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation JSWCA3, Vol. 45, No. 2, p
272-273, 1990. Summary: In the early 1980's, Hebron was undergoing
rapid and unanticipated expansion of residential and commercial development.
The Planning and Zoning Commission recognized the potential water supply
and waste disposal impacts of this growth and initiated a review of the
town's zoning and subdivision regulations, zoning districts and plan of
development. In response, new zoning regulations and zoning districts were
adopted including addition of an aquifer protection overlay zone to protect
a future water supply site, performance standards for high risk land uses,
rezoning sensitive areas to lower risk categories and adoption of minimum
buildable land criteria for new residential lots in unsewered areas. The
Water Pollution Authority developed a sewer service plan that incorporates
the minimum buildable land criteria for areas that will not be sewered and
directed sewer service to the community 's existing and potential commercial
and industrial districts. A conservation plan is being prepared that will
be incorporated by reference into the zoning commission's plan of development.
A household hazardous waste collection day and a hazardous material storage
ordinance is in the process of development.
Pearthree, M. S.; Wise, J. S. 1988. Living with Floodplains: Land
Development in Arizona. Floodplain Harmony. The Natural Hazards
Research and Applications Information Center Institute of Behavioral Science
No. 6, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 1988. p 260-267, 1 fig. Summary:
Flood hazards in southern Arizona, where the Phoenix and Tuscon metropolitan
areas are located, occur in two distinct riverine settings: (1) overbank
inundation and channel meandering along major watercourses; and (2) shallow
sheet flooding of alluvial fan areas and of low-lying areas dominated by
braided channel systems. High population growth has necessitated rapid development
of flood plain management regulatory policies and drainage design criteria.
Flood plain encroachment, channel stabilization, and maintenance of natural
flood plain methods have been successfully employed in areas of overbank
inundation and channel meandering along major watercourses. Flood plain
encroachment, channel/parkway schemes, and maintenance of existing wildlife
corridors and riparian habitats within flood plain regions have been successfully
employed in alluvial fan areas and braided channel systems. The projects
cited have been developed with the idea of managing floodwaters while enhancing
existing environmental and water resources. The coordination and interaction
required between the public, agencies, developers, and engineers throughout
the planning and design phases of these projects were of major importance.
Quinlan, B.; Simmons, C. 1993. Exploring land use alternatives.
WATER ENVIRON. TECHNOL. 1993 vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 44-50. ISSN: 1044-9493.
Summary: An urban catchment model was used by the Raleigh and Wake County
(N.C.) Department of Public Utilities to calculate nonpoint source (NPS)
pollutant loadings for a critical watershed area. The model also evaluated
how zoning alternatives and structural best management practices (BMPs)
could affect the area as development increases. Annual loadings of total
suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus, nitrogen, lead, copper, and zinc
were estimated for existing conditions, buildout at current zoning regulations,
and three future development scenarios. Wet detention basins and grass swales,
the structural BMPs selected, were evaluated in terms of effectiveness in
improving water quality, ease of implementation, operation and maintenance
requirement, and cost.
Roesner, L. A.; Hobel, M. A. 1992. Stopping Stormwater Pollution at
Its Source. Public Works PUWOAH, Vol. 123, No. 13, p 55-56, December
1992. 6 ref. Summary: Under the new federal stormwater regulations
released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in late 1990,
stormwater management must also address the water quality impacts of stormwater
runoff. During and immediately after a storm, stormwater runoff washes pollutants
from the land and carries them to water bodies. Source control strategies
are practices that prevent or minimize contact between pollutants and stormwater
runoff. Elimination of 'inappropriate connections' to the storm drainage
system directly excludes these pollutants from the system. Commercial and
industrial businesses can control rainfall from contacting any potential
pollutants used or stored at their facilities. By preventing common household
pollutants from entering the stormwater runoff that leaves their property,
residents can also help reduce stormwater pollution. Restricting soils and
sediments from undeveloped land, parkland, and construction sites from entering
the stormwater system makes erosion control an important part of runoff
management. Appropriate zoning ordinances may be used to limit development
immediately adjacent to sensitive receiving waters. Although street sweeping
is widely practiced in densely populated areas, its effectiveness as a stormwater
pollution control practice is still being debated. The source control requirement
of the federal permitting program for stormwater systems should produce
some hard data of their effectiveness, although it will be five to ten years
before useful information is obtained.
Vollers, Maryanne. 1995. Everyone has got to breathe. Jrnl
Group: Socio/Environmental Vol: 97 Iss: 2 Date: Mar 1995 p: 64- 73 Summary:
Pollution has long plagued the residents of Chester PA, a small, depressed
and predominantly black industrial city on the Delaware River. After their
children began to get sick, Chester residents began a grassroots effort
that has improved their environment and resulted in the first local zoning
law aimed at controlling polluting industries.
Back To Top
Return
Bibliography
Carlisle, T.; Mulamoottil, G.; Mitchell, B. 1991. Attitudes Towards Artificial
Wetlands in Ontario for Stormwater Control and Waterfowl Habitat. Water
Resources Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 3, p 419-427, June 1991. Summary:
Individuals from several interest groups in Ontario were surveyed to
ascertain attitudes towards the use of artificial wetlands for stormwater
management and to provide waterfowl habitat. In total, 166 questionnaires
were distributed and 124 completed returns were received. The results of
the survey show that the provision of wetlands as waterfowl habitats in
the context of stormwater impoundments is severely limited and is not considered
an important management option. The overwhelming rejection of this integrated
approach seems to be due to a lack of understanding and its comparative
newness. Some of the perceived problems and concerns could be addressed
by improvements in the design of the artificial wetlands. The design and
implementation of an artificial wetland prototype as part of an educational
program in Ontario is recommended.
Kadlec, R. H.; Hey, D. L. 1994. IAWQ 3. Int Specialist Conf On Wetland Systems
In Water, Pollution Con. Constructed wetlands for river water quality
improvement. WETLAND SYSTEMS IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. Bavor,-H.J.;
Mitchell,-D.S. (eds.) 1994 pp. 159-168. WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL. vol. 29, no.
4. Summary: The Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project
has reconstructed four wetlands in Wadsworth, Illinois, USA. The river drains
an agricultural and urban watershed, and carries a non-point source contaminant
load of sediment, nutrients and agricultural chemicals. Up to 40% of the
average stream flow is pumped to the wetlands, and allowed to return from
the wetlands to the river through control structures followed by vegetated
channels. Native wetland plant species have been established, ranging from
cattail, bulrushes, water lilies, and arrowhead to duckweed and algae. Pumping
began in the summer of 1989, and has continued during the ensuing spring,
summer and fall periods. The experimental design provides for different
hydraulic loading rates, ranging from 5 to 60 cm/week. Intensive wetland
research began in late summer 1989, and continues to present. Detailed hydrology
is measured for each wetland. Sediment removal efficiencies ranged from
86-100% for the four cells during summer, and from 38-95% during winter.
Phosphorus removal efficiencies ranged from 60-100% in summer and 27-100%
in winter. The river contains both old, persistent and modern, degradable
agricultural chemicals. The principal modern pollutant is atrazine, of which
the wetlands remove approximately half. The project is successfully illustrating
the potential of constructed wetlands for controlling non-point source pollution
at an intermediate position in the watershed.
Back To Top
Value/Valuation
Bibliography
Floyd, C.F. 1982. Valuation and Acquisition of Floodplain Lands for
Stream Valley Parks. Available from the National Technical Information
Service, Springfield VA 22161. Georgia Institute of Technology, Environmental
Resources Center Report Number ERC 01-82, Atlanta, June 1982. 75 p, 4 Maps,
5 Plats, 30 Ref. OWRT B-127-GA(1), 14-34-0001-7100. 1982. Summary: As
more and more communities have become aware of the economic and environmental
benefits arising from the protection of floodplains, interest has risen
in the concept of stream valley parks. Acquisition of land for these parks
can take several forms, including purchase and gifts, fee simple acquisition
or easements. No matter what the method of acquisition, an appraisal of
the real estate interests being acquired will almost always be required.
The appraisal of floodplain lands for recreational purposes raises many
questions and problems for appraisers. Among these are (1) basic conflicts
between public and private benefits in the appraisal concept of highest
and best use; (2) a lack of comparable sales for floodplain land and difficulties
in adjusting to adequately reflect the value of floodplain lands; (3) the
necessity to consider the impact of floodplain, mandatory dedication of
parkland, and other land use controls, and; (4) the absence of data concerning
the impact on value of remaining lands from the acquisition of trail easements.
Forgey, B. 1995, June 10. CITYSCAPE - SPREADING THE WORD ON URBAN SPRAWL;
EXHIBIT OFFERS ROUGH SKETCH OF WAYS TO PRESERVE LAND. Washington Post,
Final Edition. Sec: B STYLE p: 1. Summary: Benjamin Forgey discusses
the 'Sprawl' exhibition at the District of Columbia Arts Center in Washington
DC'sAdams-Morgan area, which examines the phenomenon of urban sprawl.
Moglen, G.E.; McCuen, R. 1990. Economic Framework for Flood and Sediment
Control with Detention Basins. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol.
26, No. 1, p 145-156, February 1990. Summary: A framework for combining
economic factors and the hydrology of detention basins is provided. The
general development of economic production functions for water quality (sediment)
and flood control is examined. Example production functions are generated
to compare water quality (sediment control only) and flood control. For
the given example, the design of a detention basin for downstream sediment
control is economically unwarranted. When compared to onsite detention facilities,
regional detention structures appear to be more practical from an economic
standpoint for water quality control. Since sediment was the only water
quality parameter assessed, it is entirely possible that the design of a
detention basin for water quality control would be justified if the effects
of all pollutants of concern could be quantified. The benefits that result
from trapping pollutants, including sediment, are one of the most difficult
elements of the water quality production function to assess. The estimation
of benefits of instream flow is a relatively new area of investigation.
Public goods, or non- marketed resources, are difficult to assess, in part,
because of the many beneficiaries involved and because many of the benefits
are value-based. The benefits are also a function of the flow level, with
greater water quality benefits accruing during low flows, which compounds
the problem of estimation.
Paterson, R. G.; Luger, M. I.; Burby, R. J.; Kaiser, E. J. Malcolm, H. R.
1993. Costs and Benefits of Urban Erosion and Sediment Control: The NorthCarolina
Experience. Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, p 167-178,
March/April 1993. Summary: The Environmental Protection Agency's
new nonpoint source pollution control requirements will soon institutionalize
urban erosion and sediment pollution control practices nationwide. The public
and private sector costs and social benefits associated with North Carolina's
program were examined to provide general policy guidance on questions relating
to the likely burden the new best management practices will have on the
development industry, the likely costs and benefits of such a program, and
the feasibility of running a program on a cost recovery basis. The results
of this study indicate that urban erosion and sediment control requirements
were not particularly burdensome to the development industry, only adding
approximately 4% to development costs. Public-sector program costs ranged
between $2.4 and 4.8 million in fiscal year 1989. The contingent valuation
survey suggests that urban households in North Carolina are willing to spend
between $7.1 and 14.2 million per year to maintain current levels of sediment
pollution control. The cost-benefit analysis determined in this study suggested
that the overall ratio is likely to be positive, although a definitive figure
is elusive. Lastly, it was discovered that several North Carolina localities
have cost recovery fee systems that are at least partially self-financing.
Scodari, P.F. 1990. Wetlands Protection: The Role of Economics. ELI
Monograph Series. Environmental Law Institute, Washington. 1990. 89p.
Summary: Despite the mounting evidence of their high value, wetlands
in the United States continue to be lost at the rate of 200,000 to 400,000
acres a year to agriculture, urban development, vacation homes, and water-resource
development projects. Part water, part land, wetlands nurture a rich system
of plant and animal life, recharge groundwater, and cushion rivers and lakes
from flooding in heavy rainfall. At the same time, wetlands are fragile,
often located where developers most want to build, and easily disturbed
by construction projects. By law, government water- resource development
projects can be funded only after publication of economic analyses (cost/benefit
studies), but current economic-assessment approaches do not meaningfully
account for the wetland values being destroyed by development. The role
of economics in wetland-development decision-making is explained, and the
barriers to adequate economic valuation of wetlands are highlighted. Balancing
wetlands preservation with economic growth is introduced in Chapter 1. Chapter
2 provides a working definition of wetlands and outlines the major causes
of wetland loss in the United States. Chapter 3 addresses the economic concepts
underlying the valuation of nonmarket wetland goods, reviews the economic
methodologies currently available for valuing wetlands, and outlines the
existing barriers to broader application of those methodologies. Chapter
4 surveys federal laws and guidelines on the use of economics in wetland-
development decision-making. Chapter 5 examines the federal system for calculating
natural-resource damages. Chapter 6 recommends actions and research projects
designed to encourage more thorough accounting of the environmental costs
of federal water-resource development. If the advice presented here is heeded,
both environmental economics and wetlands protection will be advanced.
Back To Top
Water
Quality Bibliography
Aldrich, J.; Walker, M. 1993. Promoting
Consistent Stormwater Management. Water Environment & Technology,
Vol. 5, No. 7, p 38- 39, August 1993. Summary: The California Stormwater
Quality Task Force recently released a best management practices (BMP) handbook
to help the regulated community select control measures to reduce stormwater
pollutant discharges. The handbook provides general guidance for municipalities,
industries, and construction sites to develop and implement BMPs in stormwater
management programs. The handbook consists of three volumes, each directed
towards a specific audience: municipal stormwater quality management as
required under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
municipal permit program; stormwater quality management for facilities that
currently are covered, that eventually will be covered, or that are similar
to facilities covered by an NPDES general permit for construction activities;
and erosion control and other stormwater quality management plans required
under an NPDES general permit for construction activities. Each volume of
the handbook includes chapters on: pertinent regulations regarding the NPDES
permit; how to develop a stormwater management program; guidance on the
selection of BMPs for the plan; details of source control BMPs; details
of treatment control BMPs; and guidelines for measuring BMP performance.
The handbook incorporates the following user- friendly concepts: volumes
directed towards a particular audience, standard format, fact sheets, and
a three-ring notebook format to allow for changes and expansion.
Argue, J.R. 1994. 17 Biennial Conference Of The International Association,
On Water. A new streetscape for stormwater management in Mediterranean
climate cities: The concept explored. WATER QUALITY INTERNATIONAL '94.
PART 1: COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS AND URBAN STORM DRAINAGE. Ballay,-D.; Asano,-T.;
Bhamidimarri,-R.; Chin,-K.K.; Dahlberg,-A.G.; Grabow,-W.O.K.; Ohgaki,-S.;
Zotter,-K.; Milburn,-A.; Izod,-E.J.; Nagle,-P.T. (eds.) 1994 pp. 23-32.
WATER-SCI.-TECHNOL. vol. 30, no. 1. Summary: The water resources
crisis facing countries of the Mediterranean Basin is reflected, in diminished
form, in the semi-arid, "Mediterranean-climate" zone of Australia.
Some creative solutions involving the collection, treatment, storage, retrieval
and use of storm runoff to replace the component of mains-supplied water
presently used for "second quality" purposes, are emerging in
Adelaide, capital city of South Australia. The paper describes one initiative
being taken to achieve source control of stormwater - quantity and quality
- in mixed-density residential streets. The resulting streetscape is suitable
for use in both "greenfields" and re-development projects. The
paper explores the hydrological/hydraulic performance of the system and
shows that it satisfies all theoretical requirements for safety in the full
range of flooding up to and including the "once in 100-years"
event. The new streetscape holds the following advantages over conventional
streetscapes: reduced peak outflows, greatly improved effluent water quality,
aids "greening" of the landscape, potential for aquifer recharge
where appropriate, aquifer-retrieved groundwater can replace mains water
used for irrigation, "nuisance" flows are fully contained (no
surface appearance), major flows only occupy the swale, street residences
are less flood prone and the streetscape fits more harmoniously into undulating
terrain.
Barnett, J.L.; Windell, J.T. 1992. 10 High Altitude Revegetation Workshop,
Fort Collins, CO (USA) 4. 6. Mar 1992. Stream restoration in Boulder,
Colorado. PROCEEDINGS: HIGH ALTITUDE REVEGETATION WORKSHOP NO. 10. Hassell,-W.G.;Nordstrom,-
S.K.; Keammerer,-W.R.; Todd,-J. (eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIV., FORTCOLLINS,
CO 80523 (USA) COLORADO WATER RESOUR. RES. INST.. 1992 p. 171. Summary:
Urbanization, gravel mining, and channelization cause major impacts
to stream corridors. Flooding characteristics, water quality, aquatic and
terrestrial habitat values, and stream channel stability are adversely affected
by these activities. Like other cities, the City of Boulder, Colorado contains
many reaches of altered stream channels. Numerous stream reaches pass through
the city's busiest commercial areas and most densely developed residential
neighborhoods, while other reaches remain relatively pristine. The City
of Boulder has recognized that these streams provide unique opportunities
for creating a comprehensive greenway system for the community. They can
be creatively developed to function as storm drainage and flood channels,
efficient bicycle and pedestrian transportation systems, open space and
wildlife corridors, and attractive recreation areas. Sensitivity designed
improvements enhance the value of each stream corridor as wildlife habitat,
as a place for in-town opportunities for both active and passive recreation,
as major links in both existing and proposed trails and bikeways, and as
improved flood carrying channels. This paper describes the rationale, approach,
and progress by the City of Boulder in restoring its stream corridors.
Box, J.D.; Walker, G.J. 1994. Conservation of the Blythe, a high quality
river in a major urban area in England. AQUAT. CONSERV. MAR. FRESHWAT.
ECOSYST. 1994 vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 75-85. Summary: The Blyth River
lies between the cities of Birmingham and Coventry. It has been notified
recently as a statutory Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and is
one of the few whole- river SSSIs in Britain. It possesses a combination
of natural course and structure which is a rare feature of lowland rivers
in England. There is a clear succession of plant communities from its source
to its confluence with the River Tame. Botanically it is one of the richest
rivers in England. A study in 1982 recorded 159 macroinvertebrate taxa from
the river. A notable feature is the species richness of the molluscs, oligochaetes
and caddis-flies. The Blyth is subject to a range of pressures including
land drainage, recreation and development (buildings and infrastructure).
The appropriate option for its conservation management is limitation of
catchment development. In order that this nationally important resource
is conserved for future generations, a strategic approach to catchment management
is needed combined with urban and infrastructure developments which are
environmentally sustainable. The preparation of a catchment management strategy
needs to be given a priority. The success of such a strategy will be dependent
on cooperation between English Nature, the National Rivers Authority, the
local planning authorities and the many riparian owners and occupiers. English
Nature is cooperating with the National Rivers Authority to produce a 'special
ecosystem' classification so that statutory Water Quality Objectives can
be set to protect river SSSIs like the Blyth. The goodwill of the riparian
owners and occupiers is needed for the protection and enhancement of wildlife
habitats along the river.
Dodds, A.A.; Fisher, P.J.; Paull, A.J.; Sears,
J.R. 1993. Developing an Appropriate Wastewater Management Strategy for
Sydney's Future Urban Development. Water Science and Technology,
Vol. 27, No. 1, p 19-29, 1993. Summary: Over the next 20 years, Sydney
Australia's population is expected to increase by about one million, with
most of this growth proposed to be within the already environmentally stressed
Hawkesbury-Nepean River catchment. The Water Board is providing infrastructure
for the future urban development using a combination of conventional and
innovative structural and non- structural solutions within an integrated
river basin planning approach. For the Rouse Hill Development Area the Board
has implemented a comprehensive, coordinated pollution control package which
includes: integrated management of water supply, drainage and wastewater
for the catchment; urban runoff management which aims to maintain present
river quality and quantity through the use of detention basins, sediment
traps and constructed wetlands, and advanced treatment of sewage with nutrient
removal and disinfection using the best current technology; use of reclaimed
effluent for non-potable domestic purposes; use of water efficient toilets
and domestic appliances; promotion of the use of phosphate-free detergents;
and, adoption of economically effective new technology as it is developed.
The Board's servicing strategies for Rouse Hill, and similar strategies
which can be applied to South Creek Valley, Macarthur South and other developments
in the catchment, will be integrated into the broader Strategic Water Management
Plan for the Hawkesbury-Nepean basin. The Board is developing a computer-
based water quality and quantity model of the total Hawkesbury- Nepean River
system as well as a computer-based geographic information system to store
data on existing conditions such as basin and sub-basin boundaries, channel
routes, floodplains, existing and projected land uses and environmentally
sensitive areas.
Ferguson, B.K. 1991. Taking Advantage of Stormwater Control Basins in
Urban Landscapes. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol.
46, No. 2, p 100-103, March/April 1991. Summary: Flood control, base
flow control, and water quality concerns frequently mandate storage and
treatment of urban runoff. Consequently, urban developers have a new line
item in their construction program. In addition to roads, houses, and parking
lots, there must be some sort of runoff storage basin. It is possible to
mold stormwater basins into integrated components of the urban landscape
in ways that provide aesthetic, recreational, maintenance, economic, and
ecological values. When used positively, stormwater basins can contribute
to the human and natural environment. They can be sculpted, planted, contoured,
and built of the right kinds of material on a site- specific basis. Any
approach to design of stormwater basins must be flexible and creative. The
broad views, intuition, and artistic imagination of urban design must be
considered simultaneously with mathematical derivation of hydraulic and
structural performance. In setting landscape patterns, designers can take
into account the type of expected user; the position of the basin relative
to roads, viewers, and houses; the need for active recreation versus passive
scenery; the amount of space and water available; existing desirable or
objectionable features; and the design character and variety of the overall
site.
Houlahan, J.; Marcus, W.A.; Shirmohammadi, A. 1992. Estimating Maryland
Critical Area Act's Impact on Future Nonpoint Pollution Along the Rhode
River Estuary. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 3, p 553-567,
May/June 1992. Summary: A significant and continuous decline in Chesapeake
Bay water quality, fish and wildlife habitat, and commercial fisheries and
waterfowl has occurred over the last 35 yrs. Nutrient over- enrichment,
excessive sediment loadings, and toxic pollutants from increased urbanization
and changing agricultural practices are responsible for many of the Bay's
problems. The Maryland Critical Area Act was passed in 1984 in order to
improve Chesapeake Bay water quality and natural resources while still accommodating
population growth. Modeling methods were utilized to evaluate the effects
of the Maryland Critical Area Act on generation of nonpoint source loads
of P, N, and sediment to the Rhode River estuary. Results indicate that
the Critical Area Act can reduce the present generation of nonpoint nutrient
and sediment loadings 20-30% from the regulated area. These reductions can
occur while preserving agricultural lands and allowing limited residential
and urban development. The decrease in nutrient loadings is primarily dependent
upon implementation and enforcement of agricultural best management practices
(BMPs). The BMPs could reduce present agricultural nutrient loadings by
90% to a level comparable to loadings from residential areas. The estimated
effectiveness of the Critical Area Act is even greater when compared to
potential future nutrient loadings if development in the area remains unregulated.
Unrestricted residential and urban development could increase nutrient loadings
by 200% to 1000% as compared to controlled development under Critical Area
Act guidelines. The Critical Area Act primarily prevents these future increases
by severely limiting woodland cutting, with lesser results obtained by requiring
urban BMPs.
House, M.A.; Ellis, J.B.; Herricks, E.E.; Hvitved, Jacobsen T. Seager, J.;
Lijklema, L.; Aalderink, H.; Clifforde, I.T. 1993. INTERURBA '92, The IAWPRC
Workshop On Interactions B. Urban drainage impacts on receiving water
quality. INTERURBA -- INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SEWERS, TREATMENT PLANTS
AND RECEIVING WATERS IN URBAN AREAS. Lijklema,-L.; Tyson,-J.M.; LeSouef,-A.;
Harremoees,-P.; House,-M.A.; Marsalek,-J. (eds.) 1993 pp. 117- 158. Jolliffe,
I. P. Royal Holloway And Bedford New Coll Egham (England) Dept Of Geography.
Recreation and Conservation along the Metropolitan Toronto Waterfront, Lake
Ontario, Canada. Ocean & Shoreline Management Vol. 11, Nos. 4 &
5, p 341-351. Summary: Toronto, the most rapidly growing city in
North America, is an excellent example of dynamic changes in its waterfront,
involving both urban renewal and revitalization. Two key authorities are
the Toronto Harbour Commissioners and the Metropolitan Toronto and Region
Conservation Authority. Both have made a basic assumption that recreation
and conservation go hand-in-hand. One powerful constraint on early recreational
development along the waterfront was the high level of pollution of both
air and water that inevitably accompanied port growth and industrialization
along the central waterfront and in close proximity to the downtown business
district. Industrial relocation has helped, but the problem of water quality
still remains, exacerbated by sluggish circulation. In spite of a range
of physical and other constraints, much of the Metro Waterfront is now publicly
accessible, in particular a series of lake fills that have involved both
public and private participation; and a range of cultural, scientific, wildlife
conservation and recreational opportunities are now available. Some key
problems still needing to be resolved are: severely eroding shorelines sectors,
water quality and associated beach contamination, sedimentation problems,
and shore and island land use management decisions. Overall, there has been
a fairly successful wedding between recreational and conservation interests.
Jones, J.E. 1990. Multipurpose Stormwater Detention Ponds. Public
Works, Vol. 121, No. 13, p 52-53, December 1990. Summary: Multipurpose
detention pond concepts for both ' wet ' ponds (those that maintain water
permanently) and ' dry ' ponds (those that retain stormwater briefly during
and after floods) are summarized. Regardless of the specific functions that
the designer attempts to fulfill, the pond must be: (1) safe, from the standpoint
of public visitors or users of the facility; (2) hydrologically and hydraulically
sound; (3) maintainable at low cost; (4) structurally sound if a severe
flood occurs, possibly up to the probable maximum flood; and (5) pleasant
to view; considered an asset rather than a nuisance. Specific purposes for
stormwater detention ponds other than runoff containment include: (a) water
quality enhancement; (b) enhanced property values and community focal points;
(c) wildlife habitat enhancement; and (d) active recreational potential.
Unfortunately, many ponds are built because a developer had to demonstrate
that ' post- development discharges will not exceed pre-development discharges.
' Detention pond design needs to be for more than this. It is incumbent
upon the drainage designer to evaluate multiple purpose objectives for wet
and dry stormwater detention ponds.
Kansas urban conservation handbook. 1990. Kansas Soil Conservation
Service. 1990 May; Urban conservation.
Kuo, Chin Y. 1987. Effectiveness of BMPs for stormwater management
in urbanized watersheds. Virginia, Water Resources Research Center.
1987; Blacksburg : Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, 1987 Bulletin (Virginia Water Resources
Research Center).
Liebmann, G.W. 1991. The Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Law: The Evolution
of a Statute. Coastal Management, Vol. 19, No. 4, p 451-468,
October/December 1991. Summary: By Chapter 794 of the Acts of 1984,
the Maryland General Assembly enacted the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Act
(Act), a far-reaching effort to control future land use development pressure
in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The state decided to regulate
local zoning and subdivision approval powers, in preference to other approaches
that would have mandated elaborate planning exercises or directly involved
the state government in approving particular development applications. In
the initial stages of drafting the Act, a review was conducted of prior
legislative activity in Maryland, including the 1974 Maryland Land Use Bill,
the Patuxet River Plan, and the Coastal Zone Management Plan, which relate
to state government regulation of land use. Also, legislation made in a
number of other states, including the San Francisco Bay Commission Legislation,
the California Coastal Zone Act, the Adirondack Park Agency, and North Carolina
Legislation, were reviewed to evaluate state controls upon local land use
planning for specialized purposes. The purposes of the Act are to: (1) minimize
adverse impacts on water quality; (2) conserve fish, wildlife, and plant
habitat; and (3) promote sensitive land use policies for development in
the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area which accommodate growth in recognition
of the fact that even if pollution is controlled, the number, movement and
activities of persons in that area can create adverse impacts. The progress
of the statute toward enactment includes a description of the definition
of the corridor, plan amendments, grandfather rights, transitional provisions,
and procedural provisions. The primary aim of the Act is to guard against
piecemeal erosion of local plans in local government's quest for economic
development by providing for: (1) review of proposals for piecemeal amendments;
(2) intervention power with respect to project approvals; and (3) power
of approval over state and local public projects within the Critical Area.
Since enactment of the Act, counties and municipalities have been required
to divide their critical areas into: intensely developed, limited development,
and resource conservation areas, mainly to restrict density on resource
conservation areas to one unit per 20 acres.
McKenzie, Donald J.; Irwin, G. A. 1988. Effects of two stormwater
management methods on the quality of water in the upper Biscayne aquifer
at two commercial areas in Dade County, Florida. Prepared in cooperation
with the South Florida Water Management District. South, Florida Water Management
District; Geological, Survey U. S. ). 1988 Mar 22; Tallahassee, Fla : U.S.
Geological Survey, 1988 Water-resources investigations report, 88-4069 Bibliography:
p. 21-22.
Mohorjy, A.M. 1989. Multidisciplinary Planning and Managing of Water
Reuse. Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 2, p 433- 442.
April 1989. 4 fig, 10 ref. Summary: Water reclamation and reuse are
rapidly expanding areas of water supplies. A comprehensive planning methodology
for developing and evaluating water reuse alternatives uses five phases:
(1) goal setting, (2) identification of reuse opportunities, (3)development
and evaluation of planning alternatives, (4) assessment of water reuse linkages,
and (5) making decisions and recommendations. A tool called ' input-output
modeling ' is used in the third phase to present numerical data and choices.
The methodology seeks to integrate the hydrologic and socio-economic aspects
of water resources planning in the area of study. Water reuse may satisfy
some of the increasing demands for water, but water quality, economics,
public attitudes, and legal and institutional constraints may impose limits
on the extent to which it can be employed. An analysis of proposed and existing
water reuse practices worldwide indicates that reused water, if it is prepared
using appropriate technology, can be as safe as, or safer than, other conventional
systems for providing the water needed for municipal, agricultural, industrial,
and recreational uses. As in any other system, failure is possible, and
safeguards to protect the public must be built in from the start. Since
technically proven processes exist to prepare water of almost any quality
desired, reuse has a rightful place in planning the optimal use of water.
The cost of treatment may make it difficult for small communities or small
cities to reuse water. However, large water supply by 50% or more by reusing
wastewater.
Philadelphia/Camden Port environmental enhancement plan. 1983.
United States Environmental Protection Agency Region III; Wapora, Inc. 1983
May; Philadelphia, Pa.
Preston, L.A. 1989. New Horizon for Water Quality in Japan. Journal
Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 61, No. 5, p 578-583, May 1989.
Summary: The intense land reclamation for industry and urban development,
and the use of manufacturing processes without appropriate regulatory statutes,
have caused rapid deterioration of forests, farmland, rivers, and coastal
waters in Japan. Chemical discharges to coastal areas have created serious
health problems, and changes in national land use have threatened the quality
of water areas in both urban and rural areas, so that waste treatment and
disposal have become critical issues. A consequence of Japan 's rapid economic
expansion during the years 1965-1975 was the disappearance of over 90% of
the forested areas surrounding the major urban areas. The depletion of farmland
has been even more severe, with 20% of the 15% total available farmland
lost to development. Another major area of concern is the loss of inner
harbors and seashores to development. The government has actively pursued
conservation programs and public education as to the cause and effects of
environmental pollution, and efforts have been made to protect plant and
animal species in danger of extinction. An intensive 5- year program to
expend and improve Japan 's sewerage systems was initiated in 1986. This
program has focused mainly on promoting environmental pollution control
programs, total pollutant loading controls, and conservation of water quality
in lakes and reservoirs. Specific plans have been developed in order to
ensure the quality of Japan 's future water resources: (1) establish stricter
limits on effluents discharged from industrial and small-scale plants; (2)
improve and extend pollution prevention facilities; (3) promote more treatment
of household effluents; (4) establish water purification measures; (5) institute
urban development guidelines; (6) implement regulations for chemical contamination.
Quick, A.J.R. 1995. Issues facing water resource managers and scientists
in a rapidly growing coastal city: Cape Town, South Africa. S. AFR.
J. SCI. S. AFR. TYDSKR. WET. 1995 vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 175-183. Summary:
Rapid urban growth in metropolitan Cape Town is subjecting the inland
and coastal waters in the region to stress. Increasing extractive demands
are being made on inland water systems to provide potable water. Larger
volumes of liquid and solid waste, and increased stormwater runoff, are
influencing negatively the nutrient and microbiological quality of inland
and coastal water systems. Urban sprawl and informal housing are detracting
from the aesthetics of river catchments, and are also detrimental to river
and stormwater quality. These stresses have particularly serious implications
for Cape Town because the future economic growth of the area is dependent
on a high-quality environment. Constraints to the sustainable management
of water resources are discussed under the broad themes of institutions,
law and regulation, finance and economics, and lack of information, public
awareness, holism, and realism. These can only be adequately addressed if
there is a fundamental change in approach from scientists and water resource
managers. Strategies to facilitate this change of approach should be embodied
in a policy on development and the environment, and implemented using an
environmental management system. An appreciation of the key environmental
and developmental issues and the severe constraints to sustainable development
in rapidly growing cities will enable scientists and water resource managers
to incorporate their expertise into the planning and development process
at a metropolitan and regional scale.
Quinlan, B.; Simmons, C. 1993. Exploring land use alternatives. WATER
ENVIRON. TECHNOL. 1993 vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 44-50. Summary: An urban
catchment model was used by the Raleigh and Wake County (N.C.) Department
of Public Utilities to calculate nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loadings
for a critical watershed area. The model also evaluated how zoning alternatives
and structural best management practices (BMPs) could affect the area as
development increases. Annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS),
total phosphorus, nitrogen, lead, copper, and zinc were estimated for existing
conditions, buildout at current zoning regulations, and three future development
scenarios. Wet detention basins and grass swales, the structural BMPs selected,
were evaluated in terms of effectiveness in improving water quality, ease
of implementation, operation and maintenance requirement, and cost.
Rogers, J.W. 1992. Sustainable Development Patterns: The Chesapeake Bay
Region. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 26, No. 12, p 2711-2721,
1992. Summary: The attractive quality of the Chesapeake Bay region
on the eastern seaboard of the U.S. as a place to live is both a boon and
a curse, illustrating the relationship between a de sirable environment
and a good economy; the regional economy depends to great degree on whether
or not the Bay remains a natural amenity. Those who decide how land is developed
need to understand the concept of 'nodes and corridors' for human development
patterns as well as 'nodes and corridors' for sustainable biological diversity
and natural processes. Human activity has dramatically changed the landscape
and has subtly altered the balance of nature. Each land use creates a host
of environmental quality issues. For each choice of location development
types, density, construction methods, or ways of conducting day-to-day domestic
and business practices, there seems to be unintended environmental consequences.
Studies have shown how land use densities and landscape patterns are fundamental
to achieving sustainable environmental quality, lifestyles, and economies.
Sustainable economic vitality requires sustainable environmental quality.
By maintaining landscape patterns of large woodlan ds and wetlands (nodes)
and wooded stream valleys and drainage-ways (corridors), significant natural
functions are protected. Biologists and managers have been aware since Darwin's
work on the biology of islands that a relationship exists between habitat
size and its composition. Today, forests, wetlands, and other sensitive
ecosystems are often 'islands' in a sea of disturbed land. The patterns
and sizes of these island ecosystems must be managed to prevent extinction
of plants and animals and loss of functions such as those that prevent flooding
and enhance water quality.
Sear, T.R. Howard. 1989. Water Resources Management in a Small Central
Florida Community: Tavares, Florida. Water: Laws and Management.
American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland, 1989. p 12A-19--12A-26.
Summary: The City of Tavares is a small Central Florida community of
approximately 7,300 people, located in Lake County. The city is fortunate
to be located adjacent to three major lakes and contain within its borders
numerous small water bodies and wetland areas, contributing to its accelerated
growth in recent years. The City began a program of stormwater management
in the Fall of 1986 with the creation of a Stormwater Management Committee.
The committee assisted the City in the creation of a Stormwater Utility
that began operation in the Fall of 1987. The utility has since funded the
hiring of two full-time maintenance workers, and the completion of a Master
Stormwater Management Study. The City is now conducting a positive program
of stormwater facility maintenance, wetland purchase, water quality monitoring,
and facility construction, which will allow them to better preserve their
water resources in the future. Water resources preservation at the local
level can only succeed when a long- term commitment is made to maintenance,
monitoring, stormwater management, and wetland preservation. To their credit,
the City of Tavares has made this commitment to their future.
Simmons, B.L.; Trengove, S.L. 1989. Impact of Catchment Urbanisation
on Lake Macquarie (Australia). Water Science and Technology,
Vol. 21, No. 2, p 205-210, 1989. Summary: Increasing urbanization
of coastal areas is leading to impacts on coastal lakes which decrease their
amenity for recreation and tourism. Runoff and wastewater discharge cause
siltation, impact seagrass beds and change the characteristics of open waters,
affecting boating, swimming, fishing and the aesthetic quality of the locale.
Management of urban development and wastewater disposal is required to minimize
sedimentation and nutrient enrichment. This could include development restrictions,
runoff controls and a strategy for wastewater treatment and discharge. The
catchment of Lake Macquarie, a marine coastal lake, has been progressively
urbanized since 1945. Urbanization, through increased stormwater runoff
and point source discharges, has caused a major impact on the lake in terms
of sedimentation and nutrient enrichment. Losses of lake area and navigable
waters have occurred. Accompanying problems include change in the distribution
of seagrass beds and nuisance growths of benthic algae. Since the 1950's,
dry weather nutrient concentrations have increased and mean water clarity
has decreased. Severe problems, as observed in other New South Wales coastal
lakes, e.g. benthic algae in Lake Illawarra and Tuggerah Lakes, have not
yet developed. Because of the lead time taken to implement policies and
controls, trends should be identified and policies developed now so as to
avoid nutrient buildup and development of sustained problems.
Somlyody, L. 1995. International Conference On Integrated Water Resources,
Management, Amsterdam (N. Water quality management: Can we improve integration
to face future problems? INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. Hosper,-S.H.;
Gulati,- R.D.; Van-Liere,-L.; Rooijackers,-R.M.M. (eds.) 1995 pp. 249- 259.
Summary: Water (and its deteriorating quality) may be the most severe
stress on the exponentially growing human population in the next century.
Problems are becoming increasingly complex and diverse and require more
and more specific knowledge, and efficient integration across various disciplines,
sectors, countries, and societies. The major challenge addressed is whether
we are prepared to realize the desired integration and to resolve the large
amount of existing gaps and barriers. The paper analyzes major past and
desired future trends in water quality management. A number of issues are
selected such as the identification, occurrence, and perception of various
problems (e.g. eutrophication, acidification, global warming), pollution
control types, wastewater treatment, modeling and monitoring, planning and
environmental impact assessment, legislation and institutions, the notion
of sustainable development, and the role of science and engineering. The
past two decades showed tremendous developments in water quality management.
In spite of these, the focus of the present discussion lies mostly on pitfalls
to disseminate lessons and questions which are crucial to likely future
problems and desired improvements.
Tabor, M. 1992. South Platte Research Conference, Fort Collins, CO (USA)
27 28 Oct 1992. Issues of the urban river interface. PROCEEDINGS
OF THE 1992 SOUTH PLATTE RESEARCH CONFERENCE. Woodring,-R.C.;Roberts,-J.
(eds.) COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, FORT COLLINS, CO 80523 (USA)COLORADO WATER
RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Summary: The Urban Design Forum (UDF)
is a non-profit organization of planners, designers, and private citizens
that are concerned with the issues of urban design in the Denver metropolitan
area. Within UDF, a subcommittee has been formed, called the Urban Ecology
Subcommittee, to explore the relationships between urban development and
a healthy, functioning and sustainable local ecology. This inquiry is focused
on the role of natural resources, their use, abuse, protection and enhancement
within our 'built' environment. The premise of this organization is that
human systems in general and cities in particular, must develop a harmonious
relationship with the natural environment to remain healthy and viable over
time. Given that one of the most important and limited natural resources
in the Rocky Mountain region is water, it seems logical that we begin our
inquiry of urban ecology with the role that surface water plays in our urban
environment. Historically, the South Platte River has given form and orientation
to our urban landscape. The Urban Design Forum seeks to be a catalyst for
discussion of the future of urbanized sections of the South Platte River.
We feel that all the diversified interests of our metropolitan areas as
well as the downstream neighbors in agriculture and water supply must be
part of this discourse as well.
Takahashi, M. 1991. Guidelines for Environmental Enhancement in Japan.
Water Science and Technology, Vol. 24, No. 9, p 133- 142. Summary:
New guidelines for water reuse for environmental enhancement have been
established in Japan. There are two categories of guidelines, one for esthetic
settings without public access, and the other for limited-contact use including
shoreline usage, boating, and fishing. Swimming and bathing are not considered.
So-called 'basic guidelines' are not site-specific, but are based on public
health and visual appeal; this category includes guidelines for total coliforms,
biological oxygen demand, turbidity, and color. On the other hand, 'type
of use' guidelines differ according to the purpose, climate, and other characteristics
of specific sites. Instead of expressing numerical hydraulic or biological
criteria, the latter guidelines merely explain the state of the art of each
constituent. Case studies were therefore evaluated to establish a tentative
manual for reuse. For example, in the moats of Osaka castle, total phosphorus
should be maintained at 0.1 mg/L to keep the chlorophyll a concentration
at 100 micrograms/L, thus achieving a suspended solids concentration of
<20 mg/L. Where nitrogen limits algal growth, nitrogen would have to
be <1.5 mg/L to keep the chlorophyll a concentration at 100 micrograms/L.
When reclaimed water is utilized in streams with waterfalls or fountains,
accumulation of foam causes an unpleasant appearance, presumably due to
such surface active substances as methylene blue active substance (MBAS).
An MBAS concentration of <0.3 mg/L and <10 mg/L of chemical oxygen
demand of permanganate is recommended to prevent foaming. The primary impetus
for the control of urban drainage is to protect the quality and habitat
of receiving waters. It is therefore the case that any specific urban runoff
control programme (and associated stormwater management planning options
and catchment plans) must be evaluated in terms of how they will reduce
receiving water problems and restore or maintain a beneficial use or a targeted
Water Quality Objective.
Thompson, T. R. E.; Bullock, P. n.d. 50Th Annual
Meeting Of The Soil And Water Conservation, Society, Des Moine. The introduction
of sustainable development into land resource policies in the United Kingdom.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 50th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
SOCIETY 7515 NORTHEAST ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 (USA) SOIL AND WATER
CONSERVATION SOCIETY.pp. 7-8. Summary: Since the United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development in 1992, the United Kingdom Government has
published a national strategy for sustainable development and introduced
the principle into policy guidance for environmental protection agencies
and local planning authorities. This, and the imminent creation of a single
Environment agency, are having a fundamental influence on the policies governing
development planning and the control of pollution. Land use policies, set
at County and District levels through the publication of statutory Development
Plans but influenced by national policy guidance, are now beginning to address
protection of the environmental and ecological functions of soil. For the
first time, factors other than agricultural quality are to influence patterns
of urban and industrial development. Policies will seek to protect vulnerable
aquifers, identified on the properties of overlying strata and soils, from
potentially polluting or disturbing forms of development and land use. Catchment
management plans are being produced for all sensitive and important river
basins in order to address existing quality and flow problems and to direct
land use and management in ways that seek to achieve river quality standards.
The European Directive on Nitrate from Agriculture, with which the UK must
comply, will necessitate the identification of sensitive rivers and aquifers
with high nitrate concentrations. Agricultural practices in these catchments
will have to meet the requirements of lower nitrate leaching targets. This
paper will describe the recent developments in the UK of relevance to soil
and water conservation and draw conclusions as to the future of sustainable
development policy and practice in this field.
Vujnovic, R. 1990. Urban Development in the
Danubian Basin and its Effects on Water Quality Aspects and Trends.
Water Science and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 5, p 281-286. Summary:
The fate and future of urbanization in the Danube Basin is linked to
the processes of urban agglomerations in Europe and it can be expected that
increased urban concentrations will develop along the Danube and its main
tributaries, just as other regional urban systems develop in Europe. The
natural potential of the Danube Basin is limited from the point of view
of future agglomerations. The main limitations come from the availability
of natural water resources, and further, from the limited spaces for specific
uses. The deterioration of water quality by pollution may additionally restrict
the limits of urbanization; improvement or deterioration of the situation
would depend on the location and character of the sources of pollution.
The idea that urban development in the Danube Basin must be jointly planned
by all Danube countries (in the form of a water master plan or a physical
plan of the basin) is becoming increasingly appreciated. The general objective
of the plans would be to make the best use of the Danube and tributaries,
for the benefit of the people living in the basin.
Walmsley, J.J. 1995. Market forces and the management of water for the
environment. WATER S.A. 1995 vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 43-50. Summary:
Development and the environment are no longer considered mutually exclusive,
and economic and social considerations are included in the allocation and
management of resources such as water and air. As water resources grow more
scarce in South Africa, more efficient methods of water allocation for all
sectors need to be investigated. An important sector that requires consideration
is the natural environment. In 1970 the Department of Environment Affairs
recognised the need for the allocation of water for the maintenance of water
ecosystems. Of particular interest in this paper is the allocation of water
to river ecosystems. At the moment much research is being done on the water
requirements of river ecosystems in South Africa, although there is still
insufficient information to ensure good management. Theoretically two mechanisms
are available for the allocation of water resources: government control
and a free- market system. In reality there is a gradation between the two
that includes various levels of mixed economies. The present system relies
heavily on government control, although in the long run it may be more beneficial
for the environment if water markets are set up in South Africa. This would
also promote the sustainable development of water resources. The problems
that are faced in setting up water markets include the allocation of property
rights and initial pricing of water so as to benefit the environment, as
well as the requirements of the poor, especially those in rural areas. All
these need to be taken into consideration, and further research needs to
be carried out on various aspects of water markets and water requirements
of river ecosystems. This paper discusses aspects of water management for
environmental conservation with particular reference to allocation strategies
using market forces and pricing mechanisms. Special emphasis is given to
river ecosystems, due to their value as water sources and the critical relationship
between catchment processes, land use and these systems.
Wanielista, Martin P.; Yousef, Yousef A. 1993. Stormwater management.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Whalen, Paul J.; Cullum, Michael G. 1988. An assessment of urban land
use/stormwater runoff quality relationships and treatment efficiencies of
selected stormwater management systems. South, Florida Water Management
District Resource Planning Dept. 1988 Nov; Department
Green Development Literature Search: Summary
and Benefits Associated with Alternative Development Approaches. Presented
to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans,
and Watersheds; Rod Frederick, Work Assignment Manager; in conjunction with
Oceans and Coastal Protection Division; Margherita Pryor, Jessica Cogan;
September 30, 1996; Prepared by--Tetra Tech, Inc., 10306 Eaton Place, Suite
340, Fairfax, VA 22030; Under EPA Contract #68-C3-0303; Work Assignment
#3-112
Back To Top
This site is
best viewed with Netscape Navigator 4.0 or higher, or Internet Explorer 5.0 with monitor set at 800x600
Text-Based Table of Contents
HOME:
Home Page |
About the SGN |
Mission |
Principles |
Partners |
MEMBERS:
Members' Area |
About Membership |
Join Today |
RESOURCES:
Tool Catalogue |
Bibliographies |
Presentations |
NEWS:
News Index |
Smart Growth State by State | Press Releases |
ANNOUNCEMENTS:
Calendar | Suggest an Event |
Calls for... |
Jobs |
BOOKSTORE:
SGN Bookstore |
LIBRARY:
Document Index |
Case Studies |
PDF Index |
Bibliographies |
Bibliography Database |
SITE MAP: Table of Contents |
ARCHIVE: Overview |
Calendar | Ballot Watch |
Governors |
Databases |
SEARCH:
General Site |
News |
Databases |
COMMENTS:
Guest Book |
Suggest a Resource
URL: http://www.smartgrowth.org/
Smart Growth Network
This web site is a subset of http://www.sustainable.org, developed and maintained by the
Sustainable Communities
Network (SCN)
Revised February 25, 2000
Webmaster: info@smartgrowth.org
|