A Smart Growth Bibliography:

A Bibliography of Fiscal, Economic, Environmental,
and Social Impact Methodologies and Models

Alphabetical Version

Back to Smart Growth Bibliography Table of Contents



A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L
M - N - O - P - Q - R - S- T - U - V - W - XYZ

1000 Friends of Oregon. The LUTRAQ Alternative/Analysis of Alternatives - An Interim Report, October 1992.
Summary:In response to a proposed freeway, 1000 Friends of Oregon constructed an alternative land use pattern for the future of Washington County. The alternative plan focuses on moderate density, pedestrian designed neighborhoods along a regional transit network, rather than the segregated land use pattern that had been the norm.

1000 Friends of Oregon. LUTRAQ Reports, Volume 5: Analysis of Alternatives, May 1996.
Summary:Presents updated data on the transportation and air quality impacts of the LUTRAQ Alternative.

Divided We Sprawl: Kansas City's Flight From The Core Leaves In Its Wake a Fractured Community and a Faded Sense of Spirit. The Kansas City Star. December 17, 1995 (Reprint Dec 17 through Dec. 22, 1995).
Summary:Six part story that examines the character and cost of sprawl. Newspaper article (20 pages).

"Sprawl versus Traditional Town Development - How Do They Compare?" Nonpoint Source News-Notes, April/May 1996, Issue #44.
Summary:Short article explaining the use of a computer model to determine runoff loadings associated with two different prototype developments - one representing sprawl and one representing the traditional town. The traditional town scenario was found to perform better than the sprawl scenario across the board. Article (1 page).

"State, Counties Must Awaken to Waste of Re-Usable Land: Help Developers Give Old Areas New Vitality," The Buffalo News, July 6, 1994.
Summary:

"Urban Runoff Notes - Preventing Urban Sprawl Requires New Models for Community Development," Nonpoint Source News-Notes, October/November 1995, Issue #43.
Summary:The article discusses Woodsong, a high-density village project in North Carolina envisioned to be an alternative to the usual suburban development. The article focuses on the efforts of the project to minimize adverse impacts on water quality. Article (2 pages).

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Airst, Randy L. Fair Assessment for Contaminated Properties, Urban Land, June 1994.
Summary:Brief discussion of the failure to account for environmental problems when assessing real estate taxes. Descriptive article (1 page).

Allardice, David R., Richard A. Mattoon, and William A. Testa. Brownfield Redevelopment and Urban Economics, Downloaded off the internet.
Summary:Position paper suggesting state and federal policy initiatives to reduce obstacles to brownfield development.

Altschuler, Alan A. and Jose A Gomez-Ibanez, with Arnold M. Howitt. Regulation for Revenue: The Political Economy of Land Use Exactions, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC and The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Summary:The chapter discusses analytic problems in conventional, predominantly pre-1980 fiscal impact analyses, which often concluded that development pays its own way. Issues discussed include exclusion of capital costs, focus on average instead of marginal costs, and problems in the determination of the baseline. The authors provide two examples of how different approaches to fiscal impact studies can yield different results by examining competing studies conducted in Montgomery County, Maryland, and San Francisco, California, respectively. Chapter from book (20 pages).

American Farmland Trust. Alternatives for Future Urban Growth in California's Central Valley: The Bottom Line for Agriculture and Taxpayers, October 1995.
Summary:The report projects and analyzes the impact of future growth on agriculture and taxpayers under two scenarios: 1) low-density urban sprawl, and 2) more compact, efficient growth pattern at a higher density. Environmental impacts were not considered. Study (61 pages)

American Farmland Trust. Is Farmland Protection A Community Investment? - How to Do a Cost of Community Services Study, American Farmland Trust, Spring 1993.
Summary:Guidance for conducting a cost of community services study which uses existing town financial data to show the demand for services by different land uses. Provides a snapshot of current demand for services and not a prediction of future demand. Guidebook (24 pages).

American Lives, Inc. New Urbanism Report. San Francisco, CA, 1995.
Summary:

American Planning Association. Planners Bookstore - 1995 Catalog, APA, Chicago, IL.
Summary:Not applicable

American Public Transit Association. Access to Opportunity: Linking Inner-City Workers to Suburban Jobs, May 1994.
Summary:Research report on reverse commuting (i.e., from city to suburb). This report focuses on the provision of transportation service by government agencies, transit systems and private providers rather than the social service aspects of reverse commuting. Based upon a reverse commuting workshop held by the American Public Transit Association (APTA). Report - Study (62 pages)

American Public Transit Association. Access to Opportunity: A Study of Reverse Commute Programs. September, 1993.
Summary:Abstracts of about two dozen reports, articles and other documents. Provides a basic list of resources regarding the reverse commute phenomenon, its causes and possible solutions. Literature review (55 pages).

Audirac, Ivonne, Anne H. Shermyen, and Marc T. Smith. Ideal Urban Form and Visions of the Good Life - Florida's Growth Management Dilemma. APA Journal, Autumn 1990.
Summary:The paper contends that the notion of a fiscally efficient and livable compact urban form is part of a nostalgic urban imagery which runs counter to residential preference for low density lifestyles. The authors argue that there is too little empirical evidence to substantiate claims of economic and fiscal benefit of compact form. Paper (13 pages).

Audirac, Ivonne, and Maria Zifou. Urban Development Issues: What is Controversial in Urban Sprawl? An Annotated Bibliography of Often Overlooked Sources. CPL Bibliography 247. Chicago, IL: Council of Planning Librarians.
Summary:The bibliography contains an often-overlooked literature which the authors believe to be indispensable for a more objective and critical appraisal of the thinking surrounding the concept of urban sprawl and the policies designed to contain it. Bibliography with 4 pages of introduction.

Austrian, Ziona and Henning Eichler. Urban Brownfields Site Survey: Preliminary Analysis, Cleveland State Univ., Levin Coll. of Urban Affairs, April 28, 1994.
Summary:The survey sought to determine the extent of information available regarding brownfield sites in eleven metropolitan areas. Information obtained from the survey includes: location of brownfield sites (inner city versus suburban), states with brownfield inventories, leading industries generating brownfield sites. Out of 125 surveys distributed, 46 were returned.

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Bae, Chang-Hee Christine, and Harry W. Richardson. Automobiles, the Environment, and Metropolitan Spatial Structure, 1994.
Summary:Qualitative discussion piece that examines the "decentralization implies more pollution" hypothesis with regard to auto related air pollution. Also, the authors discuss the job-housing balance concluding that JHB strategies produce marginal air quality benefits and require significant institutional and political changes. Paper (18 pages)

Bank of America, Greenbelt Alliance, California Resources Agency, and Low Income Housing Fund . Beyond Sprawl: New Patterns of Growth to Fit the New California, 1995.
Summary:The report discusses phenomenon of sprawl in California, as well as its causes and its costs. It is meant to make a meaningful contribution to the public dialogue about the quality and direction of California's growth in the 21st century, and is a call for California to move beyond sprawl and rethink the way it will grow in the future. Descriptive report (11 pages).

Banikowski, J.E., K.E. Thomas and J.L. Zegarelli. Cleaning Up Without Getting Cleaned Out, 48, American City & Country, July 1994.
Summary:

Barnett, Jonathan, The Fractured Metropolis: Improving the New City, Restoring the Old City, Reshaping the Region, New York: IconEditions, 1995.
Summary:The paper explores suburban development and the psychological and social disjoint between "old" (central) and "new" (edge) cities that has been the result. The author strongly emphasizes the role of a sitespecific transportation system to reintegrate the two. Barnett feels new transportation investments (as well as other reintegrating measures) can be funded from the savings inherent in abandoning inefficient sprawl development and can work in combination with higher density, neotraditional development and innovative policy approaches to recreate a sense of "community".

Bartsch, Charles, Carol Andress, Deborah Cooney and Jocelyn Seitzman. Revival of Contaminated Industrial Sites: Case Studies, Unknown, 1992.
Summary:Report shows how communities have worked with developers and lenders, packaged incentives, and formed public-private partnerships to successfully revive and reuse contaminated industrial sites.

Bartsch, Charles and Elizabeth Collaton. Coming Clean for Economic Development: A Resource Book on Environmental Cleanup and Economic Development Opportunities, Unknown, for release November, 1995.
Summary:Resource guidebook, targeted to local economic development practitioners, identifies cross-cutting economic development and environmental cleanup opportunities and common environmental rules. It provides practitioners with information on state voluntary cleanup programs and resources needed to make informed decisions when dealing with a variety of environmental considerations.

Bartsch, Charles and Elizabeth Collaton. Industrial Site Reuse, Contamination and Urban Redevelopment: Coping with the Challenges of Brownfields, Unknown, 1994.
Summary:Report analyzes the legal, economic, and environmental challenges associated with brownfields and highlights case studies of successful partnerships that cleaned up polluted sites.

Bartsch, Charles and Dick Munson. Restoring Brownfields, NE-MW Economic Review, 1994.
Summary:

Bartsch, Charles, Carol Andress, Deborah Cooney and Jocelyn Seitzman. New Life for Old Buildings: Confronting the Environmental and Economic Issues to Industrial Reuse, Unknown, 1991.
Summary:Examines the scope of the environmental problems plaguing industrial redevelopment and their effects on project finance. It analyzes federal and state liability laws and the uncertainties over what constitutes a clean site. Case studies of 15 communities illustrate successful redevelopment projects.

Beatley, Timothy. Habitat Conservation Plans: A New Tool to Resolve Land Use Conflicts, Land Lines, Newsletter of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, September 1995.
Summary:The article discusses Habitat Conservation Plans as a viable and constructive mechanism for resolving species-development conflicts. Descriptive article (2 pages).

Binger, Gary and Janet McBride. Beyond Polemics: A Discussion of 'The Case for Suburban Development' and 'Beyond Sprawl: New Patterns of Growth to Fit the New California,' Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG), May 1996.
Summary:The paper outlines the competing conclusions from two reports: The Case for Suburban Development and Beyond Sprawl: New Patterns of Growth to Fit the New California. It considers whether current ABAG policies and initiatives should be abandoned or revisited in the light of the findings particularly of the Case report. The authors conclude that the Case report does not make a compelling case to abandon either advocacy of ABAG's adopted policies, or of its approach to collaborative subregional planning. Paper (7 pages).

Black, J. Thomas, ULI - the Urban Land Institute. Recycling Inactive Urban Industrial Sites, ULI on the Future, Washington, D.C., 1994.
Summary:Background article on brownfields, CERCLA, opportunities for and obstacles to redevelopment of industrial sites. Descriptive article (13 pages).

Black, J. Thomas and Rita Curtis. The Local Fiscal Effects of Growth and Commercial Development Over Time, Urban Land, January 1993, pp. 18-21.
Summary:Brief article that explores the question of whether growth pays for itself by reviewing several studies. The authors focus on the short-comings of standard fiscal impact analysis that do not consider the interdependence of land uses over time. Journal article (4 pages).

Blackley, Paul R. The Demand for Industrial Sites in a Metropolitan Area: Theory, Empirical Evidence, and Policy Implications, Journal of Urban Economics, 17, 247-261 (1985).
Summary:Model of urban manufacturing location. Explains the demand for industrial sites in a metropolitan area based on firm characteristics. Paper - Regression analysis (15 pages).

Blakely, Edward J. Shaping the American Dream: Land Use Choices for Americas Future, Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Working Paper, 1993.
Summary:The paper discusses the different forces that are vying for status as land use determinants in America: 1) globalization of metropolitan economies, 2) mounting environmental and transportation concerns which drive new calls for national land use controls, 3) foreign investment in housing and real estate, 4) immigration, changing demographics, smaller households, 5) urbanization of land (rural and open space). Blakely notes that proximity becomes less of an important determinant because the region develops specialized nodes resulting in decentralization. Some of these nodes are technospaces which reflect the growing importance of the information economy in shaping urban form and transportation needs.

Blomquist, R. Gordon, Nancy J. Hanson, and Sam Sadler. PLACE3S: Using Energy as a Yardstick to Measure Sustainability. In Energy, a quarterly magazine, distributed by the Pennsylvania Energy Office Public Information Office, vol.8 no. 2, Fall 1994.
Summary:The article discusses how PLACE3S (PLAnning for Community Energy, Economic and Environmental Sustainability - discussed in the "Models, Handbooks, and Planning Guides" section) can enable communities to use energy as a yardstick to measure the sustainability of their urban design and growth management plans. Article (5 pages).

Bookout, Lloyd W. Inner-City Retail Opportunities, Urban Land, May 1993.
Summary:Discussion of retail and other forms of commercial development to revitalize inner-cities. Descriptive article (4 pages).

Bookout, L.W. Value by Design - Landscape, Site Planning, and Amenities. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute, 1994.
Summary:The book uses 11 case studies - seven residential projects, two office ventures, one mixed-use development, and one shopping center - to evaluate the value that good design offers the developer, the owner, and the community. Each case study has a value analysis that includes development and construction costs and operating expenses. Book (154 pages).

Boyd, James, Winston Harrington, Molly Macauley and Mary Elizabeth Calhoon. The Impact of Uncertain Liability on Industrial Real Estate Development: Developing a Framework for Analysis. Discussion Paper 94-03 REV, Resources for the Future, January 1994.
Summary:Discussion of the impact of potential environmental liability as imposed under CERCLA on the commercial development of brownfield sites. Discussion Paper - Model (35 pages).

Boyd, James and Molly K. Macauley. The Impact of Environmental Liability on Industrial Real Estate Development, Resources, No. 114, Winter 1994.
Summary:Discussion of the impact of potential environmental liability as imposed under CERCLA on the commercial development of brownfield sites. Article (5 pages).

Bourne, L.S. The Roepke Lecture in Economic Geography - Recycling Urban Systems and Metropolitan Areas: A Geographical Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond, Economic Geography, Vol. 67, No. 3, July 1991.
Summary:How may the urban process respond and adapt to the new realities of the post-recession 1990s and beyond? Discussion of structural changes in five societal domains that shape urban life: Economy/financial; social/demographic; political/institutional; built environment; natural ecosystems. Descriptive paper (25 pages).

Brand, Daniel. Research Needs for Analyzing the Impacts of Transportation on Land Use, Transportation, Urban Form, and the Environment, Washington DC: Federal Highway Administration, 1991,
Summary:The paper offers a new paradigm for examining the interaction between transportation and land use that incorporates individual behavior. This paradigm inserts available resources and individual needs into the equation of individual land use and transportation consumption. Because of this "third variable", Brand argues that simply offering alternative development schemes as an attempt to reduce travel may be ineffective and that shifting some of the costs incurred by travel choices to individuals may be necessary. The paper concludes by offering seven options for future urban mobility that reduce congestion and environmental impacts, focusing on information access and technology improvements.

Breheny, M.J. The Contradictions of the Compact City: A Review, in Sustainable Development and Urban Form, M.J. Breheny (ed.), London: Pion, 1992.
Summary:Discussion piece that challenges the presumption that compact development lowers energy consumption and pollution emissions. Several macro-level studies are reviewed. Analysis - Literature Review (8 pages).

Breslaw, Jon A. Density and Urban Sprawl: Comment, Land Economics, Vol. 66, No.43, November 1990.
Summary:This paper is a response to Richard Peiser's study Density and Urban Sprawl. The paper demonstrates that Peiser's conclusion that policies which restrict discontinuous development may reduce efficiency in the land market and lead to lower, rather than higher, overall urban density is not true. Paper (5 pages).

Brueckner, Jan K. Infrastructure Financing and Urban Development: The Economics of Impact Fees, Institute of Government and Public Affairs, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, October 1995.
Summary:The paper investigates three different schemes for financing incremental infrastructure within an urban growth model. The analysis compares an impact-fee scheme to two types of cost-sharing schemes and derives the effects on urban growth and land values of switching to the impact-fee scheme. The study concludes that impact fees are the efficient financing scheme. Paper (29 pages).

Bryant, Bunyan, and Paul Mohai (eds.). Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse, 1992.
Summary:

Buckles, Rebekah, Gladden, John and Brian Looney. The California Model: A 'Cooperative Solution' for Land Reuse and Environmental Technology Commercialization, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 3149.
Summary:Journal article describing the California Cooperative Solution Program (CSP). CSP emphasizes resolving lender liability issues and brings together stakeholders to negotiate cooperative, risk-shared relationships. The Institute of Environmental Solutions is a non-profit corporation created to facilitate the recycling and reuse of contaminated lands and is responsible for developing the CSP program.

Building Industry Association of Northern California. Striking at the Heart of Beyond Sprawl, BIA News, Volume 5, No. 1, March 1996.
Summary:The article summarizes the findings of Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson's paper The Case for Suburban Development. It examines some of the crucial claims of the 1995 Beyond Sprawl Report and compares them to the findings of the work by Gordon and Richardson. Article (10 pages).

Bullard, Robert D. Essays on Environmental Justice: Environmental Racism and 'Invisible' Communities, 96 W. VA. L. Rev. 1037, 1994.
Summary:

Burchell, Robert W. et al. Development Impact Assessment Handbook, the Urban Land Institute, 1994. With Development Impact Assessment Model.
Summary:The electronic model uses a combination of user provided inputs, national multipliers, and model calculations to evaluate the impacts of a new development. Impacts considered include: market; social; environmental; economic; fiscal; traffic; and shared infrastructure. The Handbook explains development impact analyses in general, provides examples, and gives instructions on how to use the electronic model. Handbook (326 pages) and Model on 3.5" diskette (Lotus 1-2-3 and Excel versions).

Burchell, Robert W. (Principal investigator). Impact Assessment of The New Jersey Interim State Development and Redevelopment Plan, Report II: Research Findings, prepared by Rutgers University Center for Urban Policy Research for the New Jersey Office of State Planning, February 28, 1992.
Summary:The Impact Assessment evaluates the effects of the Interim Plan (IPLAN) on multiple aspects of the economy, environment, and public infrastructure in New Jersey over the period 1990-2010. This evaluation is in relation to the potential impacts of a continuation of present trends (TREND). Although the IPLAN contains no references to specific densities, it aims at a concentration of development in Centers and a redevelopment of Urban centers. In comparison, growth patterns under TREND are characterized by a sprawling development. Report in two volumes: 1. Research strategy (481 pages) and Appendix: Case studies (229 pages); 2. Research findings (321 pages).

Burchell, Robert W., et al. The New Practitioner's Guide to Fiscal Impact Analysis, Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 1985.
Summary:The handbook provides post-1980 multipliers for projecting households and school children by single-family unit, garden condominium, townhouse, high-rise apartment, mobile homes, and duplex/triplex/quadruplex structures. Handbook (82 pages).

Burchell, Robert W. and David Listokin. Fiscal Impact Analysis: A Manual and Software for Builders and Developers, NAHB, Land Development Services Dept., Washington, DC, 1991.
Summary: Software package that determines bottom-line impacts of project proposals, zoning changes, and land-use rules. Manual and related computer software.

Burchell, Robert W. and David Listokin. Land, Infrastructure, Housing Costs and Fiscal Impacts Associated with Growth: The Literature on the Impacts of Sprawl versus Managed Growth, 1995.
Summary: Burchell and Listokin describe the incentives for and consequences of sprawling development, both residential and non-residential. Several studies are briefly reviewed that have attempted to estimate the infrastructure costs of development. (25 pages)

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California Energy Commission. Energy Aware - Planning Guide, State of California, January 1993.
Summary: Guide for the production of a community wide energy plan. Provides a methodology for identifying the type and magnitude of energy issues in a particular jurisdiction, followed by a discussion of actions that can be taken by communities to address the issues identified. Planning guide (50 pages)

California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board. Land Use - Air Quality Linkage: How Land Use and Transportation Affect Air Quality, 1994.
Summary: Short report describing the land use/air quality linkage. Also, discusses community level and neighborhood level strategies for improving air quality. Literature review (18 pages).

California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board. Transportation-Related Land Use Strategies to Minimize Motor Vehicle Emissions: An Indirect Source Research Study, June 1995.
Summary: Research project to examine the potential benefits of land use planning and development in conjunction with multimodal transportation facilities. The information is intended to be used in developing land use-related programs that can increase the rate of walking, bicycling and transit use. The report also suggests community-level performance goals that can reasonably be attained in urban, suburban and rural/exurban communities by implementing packages of transportation-related land use strategies in coordination with a multimodal transportation system. Case studies, literature review (150 pages).

Calzonetti, F.J. and Robert T. Walker. Factors Affecting Industrial Location Decisions: A Survey Approach. In Herzog, Henry W. Jr., and Alan M. Schlottmann, eds. Industry Location and Public Policy. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1991.
Summary: The chapter provides an overview of factors that influence industrial location decisions in the U.S., considers the approaches used in identifying these factors and their role in the location decision, and presents the results of a recent national study rating factors that influence industrial location decisions. The authors also suggest how this knowledge can be helpful to policy makers involved in stimulating regional growth and development. Paper (20 pages).

Canter, Larry, et al. Impact of Growth: A Guide for Socio-Economic Impact Assessment and Planning, Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1986.
Summary: Delineation of a systematic approach which can be used in addressing potential socio-economic impacts resulting from major development projects. A step-by-step guide including factors and examples with emphasis on the project level. Book - Impact Assessment Model (533 pages).

Cao, T.V. and D.C. Cory. Mixed Land Uses, Land-Use Externalities, and Residential Property Values: A Reevaluation, Annals of Regional Science, 16: 1-24, 1981.
Summary: The paper examines the effect of the proximity of non-residential land-uses on residential property values. The authors construct a theoretical model of consumer behavior and test the generalized model empirically, using the city of Tuscon, Arizona. The model results indicate that the effect of non-residential activity on property value is a priori indeterminate and depends on the relative strength of positive and negative external effects generated. The empirical test showed that over low ranges, increasing the amount of economic activity tends to increase surrounding property values. Paper (24 pages).

Carlson, David A. Paving the Way to Economic Revitalization: "Covenant not to Sue" Stimulates Redevelopment in Economic Target Areas, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 9, February 1996.
Summary: Using a former oil distribution center as an example, the article describes how recent revisions to the Massachusetts General Law, particularly the pilot Covenant Not To Sue program and the Massachusetts Contingency Plan, help revitalize previously dormant waste sites.

Cartwright, Timothy J. Modeling the World in a Spreadsheet - Environmental Simulation on a Microcomputer, Johns Hopkins Press, 1993.
Summary: The book presents 14 spreadsheet simulation models of natural, social, and artificial systems. Examples include smoke dispersion, groundwater pollution transportation, and tree survival; traffic planning, waste management, and environmental impact assessment; and simulations of different games. Each chapter begins with a discussion of the purpose of the model and its conceptual basis. Next, there is a review of the data required to run the model and the results that can be expected from it. The detailed working of the model is examined, and there is an assessment of how the model might be used in practice, how reliable its results might be, and how it might be adapted or extended to other uses and contexts. Two appendices contain a technical discussion of spreadsheet programming and a complete set of "recipes" for building the models discussed in the book. Book (419 pages).

Center for Public Interest Polling, Rutgers University. Housing Preferences - Results of a Poll, Urban Land, 47, 5:32-3, 1988.
Summary: The 1987 survey asked New Jerseyans about their attitudes about homeownership, housing location, and travel to work. The results show that an overwhelming majority of New Jerseyans would prefer owning their own houses, in particular detached houses. Living in a city was considered not very desirable by two thirds of the people polled, and access to transit was not considered important in choosing housing. Survey (2 pages).

Center for Urban Policy Research. CUPR Books, Winter 1996, CUPR, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
Summary: Not applicable

Cervero, Robert. Land Uses and Travel at Suburban Activity Centers, Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 4, October 1991 (479-491).
Summary: Examination of the influence of project size, density, land-use mixing, and parking facilities on three measures of transportation demand: trip generation rates, work trip mode splits, and automobile occupancy levels. Paper - Model (13 pages).

Cervero, Robert, Transportation Research Board. An Evaluation of the Relationships Between Transit and Urban Form. June 1995.
Summary: Review of the existing literature on transit and urban form relations. Also identifies gaps in current knowledge and develops a research plan for the remainder of the research project. Literature review (55 pages).

Cervero, Robert and Roger Gorham. Commuting in Transit Versus Automobile Neighborhoods, Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 61, No. 2, Spring 1995.
Summary: The article compares commuting characteristics of transit-oriented and auto-oriented suburban neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area and in Southern California. The authors found that, by and large, transit neighborhoods showed lower drive-alone modal shares and trip generation rates, and higher walking and bicycling modal shares and generation rates than did their automobile counterparts. Article (16 pages).

Chalmers, James A. and Scott A. Roehr. Issues in the Valuation of Contaminated Property, The Appraisal Journal, January 1993: 28-41.
Summary: Journal article presenting a conceptual framework and a general valuation model for contaminated property. The consequences of contamination are segregated into direct costs (e.g. loss of income, remediation, indemnification) and stigma. Journal article (14 pages).

Chapman, Keith and David Walker. Industrial Location: Principles and Policies, Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1987.
Summary: The book describes general location factors and location decisions with reference to Townroe's critical elements for locational choice. It considers effects of other firms such as scale economies, agglomeration, and linkages, and discusses the spatial evolution of industries. Book - Descriptive/empirical (305 pages).

Chesapeake Bay Program. Cost of Providing Government Services to Alternative Residential Patterns, prepared for the Chesapeake Bay Program's Subcommittee on Population Growth and Development, produced under Contract No. 68-WO-0043 to the EPA, May 1993.
Summary: A literature review to determine how the capital cost of providing services and infrastructure varies according to the characteristics of residential development. Study and literature review (100 pages).

City of Chicago, Richard M. Daley, Mayor. Brownfields Forum - Recycling Land for Chicago's Future. Final Report and Action Plan. November 1995.
Summary: The report consist of two main sections: an overview and a detailed discussion of the Forum's recommendations and action projects. The Forum was conceived as a broad-based, interdisciplinary task force to inform public policy. Its purpose was not only to analyze barriers to brownfield reuse but also to change the way brownfield business is done in Chicago. Report (92 pages).

City of Minneapolis, Environmental Section, Inspections Division, Department of Operations & Regulatory Services. City of Minneapolis Contaminated Sites Strategic Plan, Office of the City Comptroller, June 15, 1994.
Summary:

City of Olympia. Impervious Surface Reduction Study: Final Report, May 1995.
Summary: Research effort undertaken by the City of Olympia to identify possible strategies for impervious surface reduction. Study (207 pages)

Chicagoland Transportation and Air Quality Commission. The $650 Billion Decision, The Citizen Transportation Plan for Northeastern Illinois , Center for Neighborhood Technology, October 1995.
Summary: Presents a series of goals that are required to "recreate" transportation policy in the Chicago region. Each goal is accompanied by policy recommendations, providing the framework within which specific transportation projects and investments can be made. The recommendations are based on the premise that existing investment patterns are creating a drag on the regional economy by encouraging reliance on automobiles and encouraging urban sprawl. Transportation plan (35 pages).
The Conservation Foundation. Michael A. Mantell, Stephen F. Harper, Luther Propst. Creating Successful Communities: A Guidebook to Growth Management Strategies, Island Press, 1990.
Summary: The guidebook introduces growth management techniques, provides illustrative examples of how specific communities have successfully used these techniques, and directs the reader to more detailed sources of information. The techniques discussed are used to influence or guide the amount, pace, type, density, location, costs, impacts, and quality of local development.

Constantine, J. Design by Democracy, Land Development, 5, 1: 11-15, 1992.
Summary:

Cook, The Competitive Metropolis: Do Americas Growth Patterns Work? Developments Vol. 1, No. 3, The National Growth Management Leadership Conference, December 1990.
Summary: The article contends that areas that are well integrated to include highpriced and moderatelypriced housing are more likely to remain competitive and robust than other areas. The author details the lack of affordable housing available to those working in the suburban office park and how this has contributed to longer commutes, growing congestion, and increased air pollution. Beyond quality of life factors, Cook explains how the biggest challenge posed by spatial mismatch may be economic: Postindustrial America has been developed on the metropolitan fringe, away from reasonably priced labor. Without nearby affordable housing for the changing face of Americas labor force, the inputs necessary to make these enterprises viable may be unaccessible.

Correll, M.R., J.H. Lillydahl and L.D. Singell. The Effects of Greenbelts on Residential Property Values: Some Findings on the Political Economy of Open Space, Land Economics, 54: 207-17, 1978.
Summary: The paper examines the benefit which is associated with the increased property values adjacent to greenbelts in Boulder, Colorado. In addition to a theoretical model, empirical data from three greenbelt areas is examined, and policy implications of the findings are discussed. The analysis suggests that the existence of greenbelts may have a significant impact on adjacent property values. Paper (11 pages).

Cox, Robert D. A New Approach to "Brownfields" in Central Massachusetts, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 9, February 1996.
Summary: The article describes a new pilot program for Central Massachusetts, implemented with the creation of the Central Massachusetts Economic Development Authority (CMEDA), that is designed to proactively spur development of contaminated urban sites and preserve open space in the suburbs. CMEDA has the authority to purchase and oversee the clean-up of contaminated properties. It not only eliminates potential liability for pre-existing contamination but also provides a funding source for the clean-up of selected urban properties whose redevelopment is in the best interest or the community.

Crane, Randall. Cars and Drivers in the New Suburbs - Linking Access to Travel in Neotraditional Planning, Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 62, No. 1, Winter 1996.
Summary: The paper examines the conventional wisdom that a return to a grid circulation pattern has unambiguous transportation benefits. It demonstrates that such benefits are not self-evident but depend on the particular mix of features in each development. Article (15 pages).

Criterion Inc. Bibliography, September 1995.
Summary: Not applicable

Criterion Inc. INDEX - INtegrated Design Efficiency eXamination. Geographic Accounting Software for Measuring Urban Livability, Criterion Inc., Portland, OR, December 1995.
Summary: A customizable GIS template designed to produce spatial accounting of integrated urban resource efficiencies. INDEX runs in ArcView 2. INDEX is based upon the PLACE3S methodology, with some improvements. Computer software.

Criterion Inc. Integration of Transportation and Land-Use Efficiency with Growth Management: Application of the PLACE3S Methodology in the Eugene-Springfield Metro Area, Criterion Inc., Portland, OR, January 1996.
Summary: The project developed a computer model for estimating the energy efficiency of the land-use and transportation plans of metropolitan Eugene-Springfield. The model is based on the PLACE3S planning methodology which compares the energy performance of alternative urban plans as a means of encouraging more sustainable community development. Report - Model (95 pages).

Criterion Inc. PLACE3S - PLAnning for Community Energy, Environmental, and Economic Sustainability, Criterion Inc., Portland, OR, 1995.
Summary: Planning methodology that compares the energy performance of alternative urban plans as a means of encouraging more sustainable community development.

Curtis, Peter G. and Michael C. Bianchi. Turning 'TOADS' into 'PRINCES': Financing Environmentally Impaired Properties, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 3, August 1995.
Summary: The article explores the issue of financing environmentally impaired commercial properties. Descriptive article (3 pages).

Cuyahoga County Brownfields Strategies Working Group. Executive Summary, Cuyahoga County Planning Commission, August 9, 1993.
Summary:

Czerniak, R.J. and P. DeCorla-Souza. Toledo, Ohio: Alternative Transportation and Land Use Structures, ITE 1992 Compendium of Technical Papers, 1992, pp. 330-335.
Summary:

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D

Deakin, Elizabeth A. Jobs, Housing and Transportation: Theory and Evidence on Interactions Between Land Use and Transportation, Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1991.
Summary: Deakin asserts that transportation planners are "in the land use business" and have a potentially major impact on the quality of metropolitan structure and life. She explains the inverse relationship between transportation costs and land value and the centralization of economic activity/dispersion of housing that results. Deakin concludes from empirical analysis that transportation development decisions have a major (but not the only) role to play in spurring economic growth, reducing pollution, and improving social equity.

De Witt, Karen. Older Suburbs Struggle to Compete with New: Aging Towns Gain Cities Problems, The New York Times, 26 February 1995.
Summary: The article discusses how some of Cleveland's grand old suburbs are now experiencing decline, as efforts to maintain infrastructure, schools, and other services get increasingly more expensive and competition for homebuyers grows from new suburbs. The article argues that outmigration will not cease, unless strong steps are taken to promote development near the central city.

Dickinson, Paul R. The Partnership for Environmental Technology Education (PETE) and Urban Land Reuse, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 83-91.
Summary: The article describes the Partnership for Environmental Technology Education (PETE) and its role in training environmental technicians. PETE is a partnership of the Departments of Energy and Defense, the Environmental Protection Agency, the NASA laboratories, other state and federal agencies, and representatives from private industries and professional societies with participating colleges. It is a national, non-profit organization designed to make available to colleges the technical resources of the agencies in the partnership. Descriptive article (9 pages).

Dinsmore, Clement. Recycling Brownfields: The Legislative Climate, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 920.
Summary: The article discusses legislative aspects of brownfield redevelopment such as states' initiatives, the Superfund Reform Bill, and consequences of the change in control in Congress in the fall of 1994 on brownfields legislation. Descriptive article (12 pages).

Dixon, Lloyd S. Fixing Superfund: The Effect of the Proposed Superfund Reform Act of 1994 on Transaction Costs, Rand, 1994.
Summary: The report focuses on the possible effects of the proposed Superfund Reform Act of 1994 on transaction costs - costs resulting not from cleanup but from assigning liability for cleanup among the various parties. Report (71 pages).

Dougharty, Laurence, Sandra Tapella, and Gerald Sumner. Municipal Service Pricing: Impact on Fiscal Position. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand. 1975.
Summary: Estimates the costs of expected growth in Gilroy, California under three alternative scenarios: compact, scatteration, and leapfrog.

Downing, Paul B., and Richard D. Gustely. The Public Service Costs of Alternative Development Patterns: A Review of the Evidence. In Local Service Pricing Policies and Their Effect on Urban Spatial Structure, edited by Paul B. Downing. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 1977.
Summary: Examines the distance-related costs for police and fire services, sanitation, schools, water supply, storm drainage, and sanitary sewers using the detailed cost data from The Costs of Sprawl as well as their own material.

Downs, Anthony. New Visions for Metropolitan America, The Brookings Institution and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1994.
Summary: Qualitative discussion of why America needs "a new vision" of how metropolitan areas grow and develop. (183 pages)

Drawas, Neal M. Remediation Liability Management, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 3, August 1995.
Summary: The article discusses problems with managing the financial risks of owning contaminated property and innovative remediation liability management programs designed to mitigate these problems by incorporating new insurance coverages. Descriptive article (3 pages).

Duncan, James and Associates. The Search for Efficient Urban Growth Patterns: A Study of the Fiscal Impacts of Development in Florida, presented to the Governor's Task Force on Urban Growth Patterns and the Florida Department of Community Affairs, July 1989.
Summary: The study was conducted to identify the public service costs of land development patterns in Florida, as represented by eight case study areas, and the savings which could result from the adoption of policies, regulations and other public actions designed to reduce the amount of sprawling, inefficient development. Report (147 pages plus extensive technical appendices).

Dunphy, Robert T. Understanding the Decision Makers: Policy Requirements for Land Use Modeling. Land Use Model Conference, February 22, 1995, Dallas, Texas.
Summary: The speech describes the process of land use decision making from the developer's point of view. Script of speech at conference (7 pages).

DuPage County Regional Planning Commission. Impacts of Development on DuPage County Property Taxes. Wheaton, Ill. 1991.
Summary: Measurement of the empirical relationship between both residential and nonresidential growth rates, the cost of providing local services, and the accompanying increases in local property taxes. The study is not a typical impact assessment study but uses a multiple regression analysis with an equation in the form of a production function. Report (12 pages) and six sections of comments by different interest groups and public citizens.

Durkin, John T., Jr. and Robert W. Wassmer. Public Infrastructure Spending and Private Income Generation in Large U.S. Cities, 1994.
Summary: The study examines the influence of local infrastructure spending on two measures of private production in large U.S. cities and investigates whether large U.S. cities have been investing in infrastructure at a level that is desirable. Paper (26 pages).

Dyett, Michael V. Site Design and its Relation to Urban Form, Transportation, Urban Form, and the Environment, Washington DC: Federal Highway Administration, 1991.
Summary: This paper stresses the necessity of incorporating sitespecific transportation plans into community development. Dyett offers that planners need to make mixeduse communities work at various scales, with appropriate design objectives, to strike the right balance with the existing environment, both natural and built.

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Economic & Planning Systems, Inc. San Jose 2020 General Plan Update, Fiscal Impact Analysis - Final Report, prepared for the City of San Jose, April 1993.
Summary: The study evaluates the fiscal implications of three alternative land use scenarios. The fiscal analysis estimates the annual service costs and corresponding revenues generated by future land uses under the different scenarios. The community facilities analysis compares infrastructure or capital facilities requirements under each alternative with potential funding sources. Report (77 pages plus appendices).

Edwards, John D., Jr. Traffic and Land Use Planning, and the Decline of the Central Business Districts, ITE Journal, December 1991.
Summary: The article sites several cases in which the construction of a bypass facility, with little or no control of land development adjacent to and along the artery, has resulted in the deterioration of downtown areas. Article - Discussion piece (5 pages).

Ellwood, David T. The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Are There Teenage Jobs Missing in the Ghetto? In Richard B. Freeman and Harry J. Holzer, eds., The Black Youth Employment Crisis, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Summary:

Environment and Development Seminar. Recycling Industrial Sites in Erie County: Meeting the Challenge of Brownfields Redevelopment, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Law, May 1994.
Summary:

Epstein, Lee R. Transportation Planning Redux: Once More Into the Breach, Urban Land, January 1992.
Summary: Summarizes the history of transportation control measures (TCMs) as required by the Clean Air Act, including a discussion of their potential impacts on land use. Article (4 pages).

Erickson, Rodney A. and Michael Wasylenko. Firm Relocation and Site Selection in Suburban Municipalities, Journal of Urban Economics, 8, 69-85 (1980).
Summary: Model of intrametropolitan firm location for seven industry sectors. Paper - Model (17 pages).

Ernst & Young and Nacore International. Reshaping America - The Migration of Corporate Jobs and Facilities, Survey by Ernst & Young and Nacore International, 1992.
Summary: A survey of approximately 700 corporate real estate executives nationwide to determine preferred location sites and factors. Survey (82 pages).

Evans, Judith. Cleaning Up the Nation's 'Brownfields', The Washington Post, November 25, 1995.
Summary: Newspaper article about Maryland's proposed brownfields legislation. Descriptive article (2 pages).

Ewing, Reid. Best Development Practices - Doing the Right Thing and Making Money at the Same Time, Chicago, IL: American Planning Association (in cooperation with the Urban Land Institute), 1996.
Summary:

Ewing, Reid. Beyond Density, Mode Choice, and Single-Purpose Trips. Transportation Quarterly, 49, 4: 15-24, 1995.
Summary: The study investigates the independent effects of land use on household travel behavior, controlling for sociodemographic differences among households. The study concludes that development patterns have a significant effect on household travel behavior, with accessibility to regional activities being a more important determinant than density or land use mix. Paper (10 pages).

Ewing, Reid H. Characteristics, Causes, and Effects of Sprawl: A Literature Review, Environmental and Urban Issues, Winter 1994, FAU/FIU Joint Center.
Summary: The study reviews the literature on the dimensions, causes, and costs of sprawl between 1957 and 1994. (15 pages).

Ewing, Reid. TDM, Growth Management and the other Four Out of Five Trips, Transportation Quarterly. July 1993.
Summary: The article reviews the existing literature to determine whether TDM actions are effective. Only before/after studies were reviewed. The article includes some discussion of land use and its impact on vehicular travel. Article - Analysis (24 pages).

Ewing, Reid, Padma Haliyur, and G. William Page. Getting Around a Traditional City, a Suburban Planned Unit Development, and Everything in Between, Transportation Research Record, 1466, Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 1994, pp. 5362.
Summary: This study presents findings from the statistical analysis of data from six communities to see if there are relationships between location and land use, and household travel patterns. Conclusion: Sprawl areas generate nearly twothirds more vehicle hours of travel per person than traditional city designs.

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Fannie Mae. National Housing Survey, Washington, D.C. 27, 1996.
Summary:

Farber, Stephen, PhD. Undesirable Facilities and Property Values: A Summary of Empirical Studies, manuscript, 1995.
Summary: The report summarizes empirical studies that test whether the location of potentially or perceived hazardous land uses, such as waste sites, hazardous manufacturing facilities, or electric utility plants, have adverse effects on residential property values.

Farley, J. Disproportionate Black and Hispanic Unemployment in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 46:129-150 (1987).
Summary: The study tests three common hypotheses about disproportionate black and Hispanic unemployment among metropolitan males: 1. Segregation and job decentralization explanation; 2. White gains explanation; 3. Social class explanation. Paper - Regression analysis (22 pages).

Fernandez, Roberto M. Race, Space, and Job Accessibility: Evidence from a Plant Relocation, Economic Geography, vol. 70, No. 4, 1994, pp. 390-416.
Summary: The study tests the spatial mismatch hypothesis: Regression to determine differential effects with respect to race of a Milwaukee food-processing plant that is moving from the city's Central Business District to the suburban ring. Case Study (26 pages).

Fischel, W.A. Do Growth Controls Matter: A Review of Empirical Evidence on the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Local Government Land Use Regulation, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy: Cambridge, MA , 1990.
Summary: The paper presents a review of studies that examine costs and benefits of local land use regulation. Growth control devices examined include the tightening of traditional zoning laws, moratoriums on the extension of water and sewer lines, nonprice rationing of building permits, and tying development permits to the provision of new public facilities. The author concludes that empirical economic research is ambiguous regarding arguments that land use controls are ineffective and unnecessary, but that most growth controls do in fact impose a net cost on society. Paper (67 pages).

Fitts, Michael D. and John Holtzclaw. Response to 'The Case for Suburban Development,' Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), May 1996.
Summary: The paper is a response to Peter Gordon and Harry Richardson's report The Case for Suburban Development. The authors state that the report's conclusions ignore scientific opinion on key issues and selectively disregard essential variables. The paper further contends that the Case report assumes away the problem of suburban growth and fails to articulate a vision of how California's cities should accommodate the anticipated population increase of the next 45 years. Paper (17 pages).

Flachsbart, P.G. Residential Site Planning and Perceived Densities, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 105: 103-117, 1979.
Summary:

Foxen, Robert. Approaching Brownfields: Public, Private Forces Combine to Develop Abandoned Property, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 3, August 1995.
Summary: A brief article summarizing federal and Massachusetts state efforts to promote brownfield redevelopment. Descriptive article (2 pages).

Frank, James E., The Costs of Alternative Development Patterns: A Review of the Literature, ULI - The Urban Land Institute, Washington, DC, 1989
Summary: Frank reviews nine studies that have attempted to estimate the costs of alternative development patterns. In addition, a single summary table is generated indicating the capital and operating costs associated with various residential densities, locations, and housing types. Literature review and analysis (46 pages).

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Gakenheimer, Ralph. Land Use/ Transportation Planning: New Possibilities for Developing and Developed Countries, Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 47 No. 2, April 1993 (311-322).
Summary: Reviews the history of land use/transportation planning in the United States in order to provide lessons for planning in developing nations. Journal article (12 pages).

Gallagher, Mary Lou. HUD's Geography of Opportunity, Planning, July 1994.
Summary: The article describes the U.S. Department of Housing's program "Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing", a program which is meant to reduce concentrations of poverty. Descriptive article (2 pages).

Galli, John, Anacostia Restoration Team. Thermal Impacts Associated with Urbanization and Stormwater Management Best Management Practices, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, December 1990.
Summary: The study evaluates thermal and dissolved oxygen impacts to aquatic life associated with urbanization and various representative stormwater management best management practices. The streams studied in the Anacostia River basin spanned the entire watershed imperviousness spectrum and featured undeveloped as well as 60 percent impervious sites. In addition, a comprehensive literature review was performed to evaluate potential temperature and dissolved oxygen impacts at major levels of the aquatic food chain.

Gersh, Jeff. The Rocky Mountain West at Risk, Urban Land, March 1995.
Summary: The article provides an overview of the demographics of the Rocky Mountain West's new boom, its major socioeconomic and environmental implications, and an alternative to sprawl. Descriptive article (4 pages).

Ghosh, Avijit and Gerard Rushton. Spatial Analysis and Location-Allocation Models, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company (New York), 1987.
Summary: The book presents a multitude of fairly technical location-allocation models. Book - Models (360 pages).

Goodchild, Michael F. Environmental Modeling with GIS, Oxford University Press, 1993.
Summary: The book brings together a collection of interdisciplinary perspectives on the topic of environmental modeling with geographic information systems (GIS). Chapters by leading authorities introduce GIS technology and a broad range of environmental simulation models, while additional chapters illustrate current levels of integration and suggest opportunities for future research. The focus is on contemporary modeling in natural science as related to global change research, land and water resource management, and environmental risk assessment. Book (488 pages).

Gordon, Peter and Harry W. Richardson. The Case for Suburban Development, Report prepared for the Building Industry Association of Northern California and the Home Ownership Advancement Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, March 1996.
Summary: The paper, commissioned by the Building Industry Association of Northern Californiato review issues raised by Beyond Sprawl: New Patterns of Growth to Fit the New California, examines several issues that help to evaluate whether or not the promotion of compact development is a worthwhile planning goal. The conclusion is that an evaluation of the examined issues does not establish the case for promoting compact cities, and that pejorative descriptions of suburban development as sprawl are unjustified and perhaps unfair. Paper (23 pages).

Gordon, Steven I. Computer Models in Environmental Planning, Routledge, 1985.
Summary: The guide shows how to apply a wide range of computer models to environmental issues such as water quality, air quality, stormwater runoff, land capability/land information systems, and hazardous waste disposal. Review and critique of models in each of these areas and explanations on how to use various computer programs. Book - Guide (222 pages).

Gray, Robert J., and Joanne Dann. Development in Wright County, Minnesota: The Revenue/Cost Relationship. Washington, DC: Resource Management Consultants, Inc. April 3, 1989.
Summary: Assessment of the revenues and costs associated with various development densities. The study highlights the cost/revenue relationship of growth near existing infrastructure and of development in rural areas lacking infrastructure. Study - No information on length.

Gray, Robert, Joanne Dann, and Lucy Vinis, Resource Management Consultants, Inc. Development in Richmond County - The Revenue/Cost Relationship, December 1988.
Summary: Assessment of the revenue-cost impacts of varying residential densities on Richmond County's budget. The study includes a discussion of environmental concerns related to effects of septic systems on water quality in the Rappahannock River. The intent of the study was to assist the county in making long- and short-term land use and fiscal planning decisions. Study (56 pages).

Greenberg, M. and J. Hughes. The Impact of Hazardous Waste Superfund Sites on the Value of Houses Sold in New Jersey, Annals of Regional Science (1992), 26:147-153.
Summary: Comparison of housing values in communities with and without hazardous waste Superfund sites in New Jersey. Case study (7 pages).

Greenberg, Michael and James Hughes. Impact of Hazardous Waste Sites on Property Value and Land Use: Tax Assessors' Appraisal, The Appraisal Journal, January 1993, pp. 42-51.
Summary: Analysis of survey administered to New Jersey tax assessors in order to determine whether hazardous waste sites have lowered the appreciation of property values, deterred land uses, and affected community plans.

Greenfields Group, The. The Greenfields Report, Volume 2, Issue 2, March 15, 1995.
Summary: The Greenfields Report is a monthly update of federal, state, and local actions regarding innovative state programs that offer an effective alternative to enforcement-based cleanup laws. Newsletter (9 pages).

Grether, D.M. and P. Mieszkowski. The Effects of Nonresidential Land Uses on the Prices of Adjacent Housing: Some Estimates of Proximity Effects. Journal of Urban Economics, 8, 1: 1-15, 1980.
Summary: The paper reports the results of 16 market experiments in the New Haven metropolitan area, designed to produce measures of the effects of nonresidential land uses on the prices of nearby dwellings. Each experiment consists of a sample of home sales in a homogeneous neighborhood located near a single nonresidential use, e.g. industry, commercial, high-density dwellings, and highways. No systematic relationship between nonresidential land use per se and housing prices was found. (Paper 15 pages).

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Haines, Valerie A. Energy and Urban Form: A Human Ecological Critique. Urban Affairs Quarterly, Vol. 21 No. 3, March 1986, 337-353.
Summary: The article develops a human ecological critique of studies on the relationship between energy and urban form. Empirical tests of the importance of energy as a determinant of urban spatial structure. Study (21 pages).

Hamer, Andrew Marshall. Industrial Exodus from Central City: Public Policy and the Comparative Costs of Location, Lexington Books, DC Heath & Company, 1973.
Summary: Framework for analyzing the relevant costs of locating manufacturing firms at different sites in an urban area: Operational model of intrametropolitan location. Book - Descriptive/model (107 pages).

Handy, Susan. A Cycle of Dependence: Automobiles, Accessibility, and the Evolution of the Transportation and Retail Hierarchies, Berkeley Planning Journal, Vol.8, 1993, pp.2143.
Summary: The study discusses the cyclical relationship between choice of transportation mode and retail accessibility; namely that automobiles were at some point chosen as the primary means of transit, after which retail and commercial facilities were designed with auto access in mind, which reinforces the initial transit choice. A further implications of this cycle is the decline of the central business district. This cycle of dependency also threatens to stamp out other means of transit, excluding those without access to autos, by the sheer amount of infrastructural resources devoted to it. Handy warns of the unsustainability of current accessibility patterns, and concludes with a mention of neotraditional development and higher density settlement patterns as a way to combat current trends.

Hanley, Cassandra M. Developing Brownfields: An Overview, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 18.
Summary: Discussion summarizing the issues that create obstacles to brownfields redevelopment.

Hanousek, Donna et al. Project Infrastructure Development Handbook, 1989.
Summary: Focuses on the physical infrastructure of new residential and commercial developments that the private developer has traditionally been responsible for providing. The handbook provides a description of the basic infrastructure systems, reviews the infrastructure planning process from the public and private perspective, and reviews infrastructure design considerations, infrastructure financing, and infrastructure construction and management. Handbook (152 pages).

Hanson, Mark E. Automobile Subsidies and Land Use: Estimates and Policy Responses, APA Journal, Vol. 58, No. 1, Winter 1992, pp. 6071.
Summary: The author discusses the variety of social costs, automobilerelated subsidies, and other factors that drive land use development (also known as sprawl). He contends that the federal governments direct subsidy of an automobileoriented transportation system has blocked out other transportation opportunities. He also makes recommendations for reforming pricing policies to better reflect true social costs.

Hanson, Susan. Dimensions of the Urban Transportation Problem, in The Geography of Urban Transportation, Susan Hanson, ed., New York: The Guilford Press, 1986.
Summary: This introductory chapter explains how access and mobility lead to a symbiotic relationship between land use and transportation, with increased access necessary because land uses are spatially disjoint. The author finds that while motor vehicle ownership and trip frequency and length have increased, there has been a rise in people with special transportation needs that have frequently not been met. Hanson also explains how the decentralization of workplaces has led to residential segregation, pollution, overburdened transportation systems, and problems of accessability and opportunities to jobs for the urban poor.

Hanson, Susan, and Geraldine Prat. Spatial Dimensions of the Gender Division of Labor in a Local Labor Market, Urban Geography, 1988, 9, 2, pp. 180-202.
Summary: The paper examines the extent of spatial segmentation of labor opportunities along gender lines in the Worcester, Massachusetts metropolitan area. Empirical paper (22 pages).

Harris, Curtis C., Jr. The Urban Economies, 1985: A Multiregional Multi-Industry Forecasting Model, Lexington Books, DC Heath & Company, 1985.
Summary: Multiregional, multi-industry forecasting model used to forecast the location of each industry. Applications of the model include the economic effects of firms locating in a depressed area due to business loans. Book - Model (230 pages).

Hearing Transcript. "Hearing Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, First Session on S.299 to Amend the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 to Establish a Program to Demonstrate the Benefits and Feasibility of Redeveloping or Reusing Abandoned or Substantially Underutilized Land in Economically and Socially Distressed Communities, and for Other Purposes," May 5, 1993.
Summary:

Herzog, Henry W. Jr., and Alan M. Schlottmann, eds. Industry Location and Public Policy. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1991.
Summary:

Holtzclaw, John. Using Residential Patterns and Transit to Decrease Auto Dependence and Costs, San Francisco, CA: Natural Resources Defense Council, June 1994.
Summary: Holtzclaw analyzes data from communities in Northern California to derive equations governing the relationship between density, transit accessibility, and household travel. He concludes that there is a strong relationship between these factors, and argues that his findings support the case for locationefficient mortgages. LEMs enable homebuyers to amortize larger mortgages if they buy in locationefficient areas.

Holzer, H.J. The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has Evidence Shown? Urban Studies, 28:105-22 (1991).
Summary: Review of 20 years of empirical evidence on the spatial mismatch hypothesis. Literature Review (18 pages).

Holzer, Harry J., Keith R. Ihlanfeldt and David L. Sjoquist. Work, Search, and Travel Among White and Black Youth, Journal of Urban Economics 35, 320-345 (1994).
Summary: The study investigates the relationships between job search, commutes to work, and metropolitan decentralization of employment among young whites and blacks. Paper - Regression analysis (26 pages).

Howe, D.A. and W.A. Rabiega. Beyond Strips and Centers - The Ideal Commercial Form, Journal of the American Planning Association, 57, 3: 288-98, 1992.
Summary: Two surveys of members of the Oregon chapter of the American Planning Association and consumers in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area, respectively, revealed that both groups prefer shopping centers over strip malls. Survey (11 pages).

Hulsey, Brett. Sprawl - How Uncontrolled Sprawl Increases Your Property Taxes and Threatens Your Quality of Life, February 1996.
Summary: Position paper supporting legislation to require the preparation of property tax impact statements. Article (12 pages).

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Iannone, Donald T. Redeveloping Urban Brownfields, Land Lines, Newsletter of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, November 1995.
Summary: The article discusses economic development and environmental implications of brownfields and considers state policy approaches and future knowledge and investment needs. Newsletter article (3 pages).

IBI Group. Greater Toronto Area Urban Structure Concepts Study: Background Report No. 7, Comparison of Urban Structure Concepts. Prepared for The Greater Toronto Coordinating Committee, June 1990.
Summary: The study develops and compares three generic urban structure concepts for the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) over the period 1990-2021. The three concepts are: Spread - a status quo concept, including low density suburban population growth and a concentration of office development downtown; Central - a concept with substantial population growth/intensification within the central, built-up parts of the GTA; Nodal - an intermediate concept in which growth occurs primarily in and around existing communities in compact form. A wide variety of impacts, both quantitative and qualitative, are considered. Report No. 7 from a series of eight background reports (56 pages).

Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. Intra-urban Job Accessibility and Hispanic Youth Employment Rates, Journal of Urban Economics 33, 254-271 (1993).
Summary: The study investigates the validity of the spatial mismatch hypothesis as an explanation for the relatively low employment rates of Hispanic youth. Use of travel time as the measure of job access. Paper - Regression analysis (18 pages).

Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. and D.L. Sjoquist. The Effect of Job Access on Black and White Youth Employment: A Cross-sectional Analysis, Urban Studies, 28:255-65 (1991).
Summary: The study measures the effect of job access, as measured by predicted commuting times, on the employment probability of central city teenagers. Paper - Regression analysis (11 pages).

Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. and D.L. Sjoquist. The Impact of Job Decentralization on the Economic Welfare of Central-city Blacks, Journal of Urban Economics, 26:110-30 (1989).
Summary: The study explores the effect of job decentralization on both black and white low-skill workers residing in the central cities. Earnings (net of commuting costs) of central city workers across metropolitan areas which have experienced differential amounts of blue-collar job decentralization are compared. Paper - Regression analysis (21 pages).

Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. and D.L. Sjoquist. Job Accessibility and Racial Differences in Youth Employment Rates, American Economic Review, 80:267-276 (1990).
Summary: The study investigates the relationship between the nearness of jobs and youth job probability. Tests for Philadelphia, and Chicago and Los Angeles. Paper - Regression analysis (10 pages).

Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. and D.L. Sjoquist. The Role of Space in Determining the Occupations of Black and White Workers, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 21:295-315 (1991).
Summary: The paper explores the effect of characteristics of work locations on the occupations held by black and white workers. Paper - Regression analysis (21 pages).

Indiana Department of Environmental Management. Remediation and Reuse, Vol. 1, Issue 1, November 1994.
Summary: Monthly newsletter covering brownfields issues such as liability, state programs, voluntary cleanups, and redevelopment examples. Newsletter (8 pages).

Indiana Department of Environmental Management. Remediation and Reuse, Vol. 1, Issue 2, December 1994.
Summary: Monthly newsletter covering brownfields issues such as liability, state programs, voluntary cleanups, and redevelopment examples. Newsletter (8 pages).

Inman, Robert P. Can Philadelphia Escape Its Fiscal Crisis With Another Tax Increase?, Business Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Sept.-Oct. 1992, 5-20.
Summary: The article examines Philadelphia's ability to raise tax rates as one means to close its current deficits, and estimates from historical data the past effects of changes in city tax rates on the tax base for property, business, and wage taxes. Paper - Regression analysis (16 pages).

InterAcademy Panel on International Issues. Science and Technology and the Future of Cities - A Statement by the World's Scientific Academies. June 1996.
Summary: A policy statement by the world's science academies on how the range of existing technological and scientific research findings can be translated into actions at the national, regional, and local levels. Paper (15 pages).

International City/County Management Association. Publications & Services Catalog, 1995/1996, ICMA, Washington, DC.
Summary: Not applicable

Isard, Walter, and Robert E. Coughlin. Municipal Costs and Revenues Resulting from Growth. Wellesley, Mass.: Chandler-Davis. 1957.
Summary: Estimates the costs associated with roads, sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and schools for developments of one, four, and 16 dwelling units per acre.

Island Press. 1996 Annual Environmental Sourcebook: Books for Better Conservation and Management, Covelo, CA.
Summary: Not applicable

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K

Kain, John F. Urban Form and the Costs of Urban Services. Mimeographed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT - Harvard Joint Center for Urban Studies. 1967.
Summary: Draft monograph (never formally published) that examines the interneighborhood, intraneighborhood, lot, and structure costs of residential developments. Kain analyzes determinants of development costs including density, lot size, and urban form.

Kasarda, John D. Industrial Restructuring and the Changing Location of Jobs. From Farley, Reynolds, State of the Union, 1995.
Summary:

Kasarda, J.D. Urban Industrial Transition and the Underclass, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501:26-47 (1989).
Summary: The study examines the implications of interactions among race, space, and urban industrial change. Reasons for the success of recent Asian immigrants in transforming cities are considered, and policies are suggested to rekindle social mobility in the black underclass. Paper (22 pages).

Kasowski, Kevin. The Costs of Sprawl Revisited, Developments, September 1992.
Summary: Brief discussion piece. The article cites several articles that have estimated sprawl-related costs: The New Jersey economic impact analysis of the State Plan and James Frank's monograph The Costs of Alternative Development Patterns. Article (5 pages).

King, D.A., J.L. White and W.W. Shaw. Influence of Urban Wildlife Habitats on the Value of Residential Properties. In Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments, edited by L.W. Adams and D.L. Leedy, Columbia, MD: National Institute for Urban Wildlife, 165-9, 1991.
Summary: The study investigates the influence of proximity to wildlife habitat on the value of single family residential properties in the Tucson, Arizona urban area. The study results present evidence of a positive influence of natural open space and some kinds of wildlife habitats on property values. Paper (5 pages).

Kinsley Michael J. and L. Hunter Lovins. Paying for Growth, Prospering from Development, Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1995.
Summary: The article argues that sprawl is not the only solution to economic growth for communities and that communities need not grow geographically to have a robust, sustainable economy. The authors note that communities often are willing to subsidize sprawl in anticipation that in the long term the economy will be buoyed by development. Impact and user fees are one way to remedy this, but only capture some of the social costs of sprawl. The authors then introduce the Institute's vision of sustainable community development, which emphasizes the role of natural resources, compatible business opportunities, equity, economic and resource efficiency, and other measures.
Kitamura, R., P.L. Mokhtarian and L. Laidet. A Micro-Analysis of Land Use and Travel in Five Neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area. Paper presented at the 74th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1995.
Summary:

Kivell, Philip. Vacant and Derelict Land, Chapter 7 in Kivell, Philip, Land and the City: Patterns and Processes of Urban Change, Routledge, 1993.
Summary: The chapter discusses the extent, nature and causes of vacant, derelict and otherwise unused land in major British cities and gives an overview of British land restoration policies. Chapter from book (27 pages).

Klosterman, Richard E., Richard K. Brail, and Earl G. Brossard (eds.). Spreadsheet Models for Urban and Regional Analysis, Center for Urban Policy Research, 1992.
Summary: The software package provides help using spreadsheet models for demographic forecasting, economic analysis, environmental modeling, planning, management, and decision making. 19 spreadsheet models with dozens of applications are featured. The book contains advice on how to use the models, collect and enter data, interpret findings, and develop applications. Handbook (451 pages) and Model on IBM-compatible diskette (Lotus 1-2-3).

Kohlhase, Janet E. The Impact of Toxic Waste Sites on Housing Values, Journal of Urban Economics 30, 1-26 (1991).
Summary: The paper analyzes the impact of a toxic waste sites on the housing market. The study finds that a premium to be located farther away from a waste site appears only after a site has been added to the Superfund list. Paper - Regression analysis (26 pages).

Kurish, J. B. and Patricia Tigue. An Elected Officials Guide to Debt Issuance, Government Finance Officers Association of the United States and Canada, 1993.
Summary: Short guidance document that summarizes the major issues related to local government debt issuance. Intended for local officials. (77 pages)

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Lacy, J. An Examination of Market Appreciation for Clustered Housing with Permanent Open Space, Amherst, MA: Center for Rural Massachusetts, University of Massachusetts, 1990.
Summary:

Ladd, Helen F. and William Wheaton. Causes and Consequences of the Changing Urban Form - Introduction, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 21, 157-162, 1991.
Summary: Journal article discussing improvements in the monocentric city model. (7 pages)

Lansing, J.B. R.W. Marans and R.B. Zehner. Planned Residential Environments, Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, 117, 1970.
Summary: The book present a study of people's responses to residential environments which differ in the extent to which they are planned. 1,253 interviews of single family house and townhouse residents were conducted in ten communities, which were selected to represent three different levels of planning: highly, moderately, and less planned. In addition, transportation requirements of the people living in these communities were investigated. Book (269 pages).

Lawrence, David M. Assessment and Verification of Urban Non-Point Pollutant Load Estimation Techniques, Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin, Draft, August 1991.
Summary: The report discusses the problems of watersheds caused by urbanization, and the types of techniques used to estimate pollutant loads. The results of the application of three estimation techniques to hypothetical and actual watersheds are also discussed. Report (55 pages).

Lederman, Peter B. and William Librizzi. Brownfields Remediation: Available Technologies, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 2129.
Summary: Summary of the technical issues involved in brownfield remediation including a description of the remediation process and basic remediation techniques.

Lee, Charles and William L. Haas. Site Recycling: From Brownfield to Football Field, Environmental Protection, July 1995.
Summary: Example of a successful brownfield redevelopment project. Case study (3 pages).

Leland Consulting Group. Smart Development Projects, Leland Consulting Group, August 1995.
Summary: List of 70 development project adhering to "smart development" principles. The list includes the following information on each project: location, description, construction start, primary developer, project size, number of units, location description, use, and project principals.

Levinson, H. S. And H. E. Strate. Land Use and Energy Intensity, Transportation Research Record 812. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, (1981).
Summary: The article summarizes the energy implications of various land uses in the metropolitan Toronto area and seeks to address two primary issues: 1) What are the energy requirements of various types of urban land?, and 2) How does development density affect both transportation and non-transportation energy consumption? Article - Study (8 pages)

Lewis, Robert M. Economic Impact Studies for Development Decisions, Development Strategies Review, Winter/Spring 1995, pp. 4-5, 9.
Summary:

Li, M.M. and H.J. Brown. Micro-Neighborhood Externalities and Hedonic Housing Prices, Land Economics, 56, 2: 125-41, 1980.
Summary: The paper tests the impacts of micro-neighborhood variables on housing value. Three types of micro-neighborhood variables are examined: aesthetic attributes, pollution levels, and proximity. The empirical findings suggest that proximity to certain non-residential land uses affects housing prices by having a positive value for accessibility and a negative value for external diseconomies (congestion, pollution, and unsightliness). Paper (17 pages).

Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. The Influences of New Urbanism: Design, Development, and Behavior. Papers presented at the Research and Policy Seminar sponsored by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, December 8-9, 1995.
Summary: Collection of papers presented at a December 1995 Lincoln Institute of Land Policy conference on The Influence of New Urbanism: Design, Development, and Behavior. 11 papers presented in three sessions. Session 1: What is the New Urbanism? Session 2: The Power of Design to Alter Behavior. Session 3: The New Urbanism Meets the Market and Regulators.

Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Publications Catalog 1995-96, Cambridge, MA.
Summary: Not applicable

Lockeretz, William. Secondary Effects on Midwestern Agriculture of Metropolitan Development and Decreases in Farmland, Land Economics, Vol. 65 No. 3, August 1989.
Summary: The study uses multiple regression analysis to determine how metropolitan expansion has affected farming. The study considers two measures: loss in farmland; and change in the intensiveness of farming. Paper - Model (12 pages).

Luce, Thomas F., Jr. Local Taxes, Public Services, and The Intrametropolitan Location of Firms and Households, Public Finance Quarterly, Vol. 22 No. 2, April 1994, 139-167.
Summary: Examination of the effects of local public sector tax and spending decisions on the intrametropolitan location of jobs and workers. Literature review, model, empirical results (29 pages).

Lueck, Thomas J. Developers Seek Profits in Polluted Land, New York Times, September 6, 1994.
Summary:

Lussenhop, Janet D. et. al. Working Paper Number 19: Union County Land Recycling Inventory. Regional Plan Association, October 1992.
Summary: Provides an inventory of vacant, abandoned or underutilized land available for redevelopment in Union County. The data is intended to be used by municipalities and county and state governments in helping them to identify redevelopment opportunities and plan for growth. (41 pages)

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Mace, Ruth L. and Warren J. Wicker. "Do Single-Family Homes Pay Their Way?" - A Comparative Analysis of Costs and Revenues for Public Services, Research Monograph 15, Urban Land Institute, 1968.
Summary:

Massey, D. and N. Denton. Suburbanization and Segregation in US Metropolitan areas, American Journal of Sociology, 94:592-626 (1988).
Summary: The article examines trends in suburbanization for blacks, Hispanics, and Asians from 1970 to 1980 in 59 U.S. metropolitan areas and considers the effect of suburbanization on segregation in 1980. Paper - Regression analysis (35 pages).

McGrath, Daniel T. An Investigation into the Impact of Hazardous Waste Contamination Liability on Urban Industrial Land Redevelopment in the City of Chicago. Great Cities Institute, The University of Illinois at Chicago, December 5, 1995.
Summary: Provides a theoretical approach for evaluating the impact of contamination risk on redevelopment. (47 pages)

McLean, Mary L. and Kenneth P. Voytek. Understanding Your Economy, APA Planners Press, 1992.
Summary: The book shows how to conduct local economic analysis to support strategic planning decisions and determine which clusters of industry to strengthen. It explains how to use basic economic analysis techniques to analyze changes in the local economy and to evaluate the significance of these changes for economic development policy. Book (245 pages).

McManus, Maureen, Jones, Keith W., Clesceri, Nicholas L. and Ivor L. Preiss. Renewal of Brooklyn's Gowanus Canal Area, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 5164.
Summary: Case study of the Gowanus Canal area, focusing on the public/private partnership that evolved to remediate the area. (13 pages)

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. 1995 Publications, Washington D.C.
Summary: Not applicable

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. Cluster Development Strategies for Urban Watersheds, Environmental Land Planning Series, 1995.
Summary: The report describes alternative site planning and design techniques to reduce impacts of land development. It explains how cluster development may reduce non-point source pollution by creating pervious surface and minimizing land disturbance, in addition to enhancing a sense of community.

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. Residential Street Strategies for Urban Watersheds, Environmental Land Planning Series, 1995.
Summary: The report reviews environmental impacts of roadways and recommends site planning solutions to protect environmental resources, especially water quality.

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. Site Planning for Urban Stream Protection, Environmental Land Planning Series, 1995.
Summary: This guide represents the culmination of a four-year effort to examine new ways to reduce pollutant loads and protect aquatic resources through nonstructural and improved construction site planning. The guide describes a new approach to site planning and recommends how it can be implemented at the local level. Chapter 4, Stream Protection Clusters, examines a series of alternative development patterns that can sharply reduce the amount of impervious cover created at a site. These development patterns concentrate on cluster development in a smaller area served by a shorter road network.

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. Transportation Demand Impacts of Alternative Land Use Scenarios, Final Report. Washington, D.C., 1991.
Summary: The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) contracted with the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments to develop and analyze regional growth alternatives in the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area. The purpose of this report is to compare the differences in travel by mode and transportation system performance between the land use alternatives selected.

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Anacostia Restoration Team, and Department of Environmental Programs. Watershed Restoration Sourcebook. Collected Papers Presented at the Conference: "Restoring Our Home River: Water Quality and Habitat in the Anacostia", held November 6 & 7, 1991 in College Park, MD, 1992.
Summary: Paper 2 (Mitigating the Adverse Impacts of Urbanization on Streams: A comprehensive Strategy for Local Governments) by Thomas R. Schueler reviews the major impacts to streams associated with urban land development. The key role of watershed imperviousness in determining the severity of impacts to stream hydrology, morphology, water quality, and ecology are noted. Paper 3 (Developing Effective BMP Systems for Urban Watersheds) by Thomas R. Schueler et al. builds on the principles set forth in Paper 2 and presents a systems approach to the design of urban Best Management Practices (BMPs).

Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Site Reclamation Program - Draft, October 1995.
Summary: Brief summary of the status of projects funded or proposed for funding by the Site Reclamation Program and the Site Assessment Fund. (11 pages)

Mid-America Regional Council. Metropolitan Kansas City's Urban Core: What's Occurring, Why it's Important and What We Can Do. Kansas City, MO: Mid-America Regional Council, 1993.
Summary: Provides a summary of the status of the Kansas City urban core, the causes of its decline, the importance of the core relative to the region, and suggests policies to reverse the decline. Report (56 pages).

Middlesex Somerset Mercer Regional Council. The Impact of Various Land Use Strategies on Suburban Mobility, Final Report. Princeton, N.J., 1991.
Summary: The study tested the traffic impact of locating the region's new employees in Trenton and New Brunswick, as well as in tightly clustered suburban employment centers. Under scenarios proposed in the study, new residents would work and shop closer to their homes, their living environment would be more conducive to walking and reduced auto use, opportunities for transit and ridesharing would be available to commuters, and a significant number of people would take advantage of these choices because of incentives provided by regional demand management policies. The study demonstrates that this approach to land use would create a significant reduction in the growth in traffic. Report (150 pages).

Mills, Edwin S. and John F. McDonald. Sources of Metropolitan Growth, New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, 1992.
Summary: A collection of papers presented at a symposium on metropolitan growth and development held in 1989. This diverse collection represents economists, geographers, and public administrators, with a common emphasis on spatial orientation.

Minnesota Department of Trade and Economic Development. Contamination Cleanup Grant Application, Business and Community Development Division, St. Paul, MN; contact: Meredith Udoibok.
Summary: Grant application packet for the Minnesota Contamination Cleanup Program. (14 pages)

Moe, Richard. Growing Wiser: Finding Alternatives to Sprawl, Speech prepared for the Alternatives to Sprawl Conference, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Lincoln Land Institute, 22 March 1995.
Summary: This speech discusses sprawl in the context of historic preservation. Moe touches upon federal and state subsidies of sprawl, its social costs, the types of spaces created in sprawl, and the fact that communities have choices when it comes to development. He discusses instruments to fight sprawl, including tax policy, urban growth boundaries, smart growth, and zoning.

Moffet, John. The Price of Mobility, Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, CA, 1992.
Summary: The article describes effects of urban sprawl and the role of the states in mandating and coordinating land use planning activities. The importance of three factors - density, designation, and design - in achieving a community that is walkable, bikable and servicable by transit is explained. The article further gives examples of programs and policies implemented by states to solve transportation problems caused by sprawl.

Moore, Terry and Paul Thorsnes. The Transportation/Land Use Connection: A Framework for Political Policy, 1994.
Summary: Presents a framework for evaluating integrated land use/transportation policies, going beyond traditional engineering solutions. The discussion focuses on regional policies. Report (129 pages).

Morgan, Linda P. From Landfill to Retail Mall: RPA's Union County Land Recycling Project, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 65-82.
Summary: Case study of a municipal landfill that will become a 1.5 million-square-foot retail center focusing on the role that the Union County Land Recycling Project played in fostering the development. (16 pages)

Muller, Thomas. Fiscal Impacts of Land Development - A Critique of Methods and Review of Issues, The Urban Institute, 1975.
Summary:

Murphy, Linda. The Land Market: How is EPA Fostering Redevelopment of Abandoned Urban Properties?, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 9, February 1996.
Summary:The article describes EPA's 1995 Brownfields Initiative, a program intended to encourage brownfields redevelopment by clarifying liability issues, building appropriate reuse assumptions into cleanup requirements, and offering Brownfields grants to government entities interested in redevelopment opportunities.

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NAHB, National Association of Home Builders. Cost-Effective Site Planning. Washington, DC: NAHB. 1976 (updated 1982 and 1986).
Summary:Estimates on-site development costs for roads, sewers, water and drainage, clearing, grading, driveways, and street trees in an attempt to demonstrate, among other things, that cluster design of low-density residential sites can achieve a savings in lot development costs compared to conventional design.

Nelessen, A.C. Visions for a New American Dream, Chicago, IL: American Planning Association, 1994.
Summary:The book shows planners how to combine the best design principles of the past with the technological advances of the present to achieve a more satisfying environment. A seven-step planning and design process for creating three types of traditional communities - hamlets, villages, and neighborhoods - is outlined. The author first introduces techniques planners can use to involve citizens in the creation of a common community vision. He then presents 10 design principles that will help planners translate this vision into design standards for a community's master plan. Book (374 pages).

Nelson, A.C. Preserving Prime Farmland in the Face of Urbanization - Lessons from Oregon. Journal of the American Planning Association, 58, 4: 467-88, 1992.
Summary:The article reviews the reasons for farmland preservation near urban areas and the economic impacts of urbanization on farmland. It proposes a comprehensive scheme for farmland preservation that expands on the experience of Oregon, including its mistakes. Article (22 pages).

New York Legislative Commission on Toxic Substances and Hazardous Wastes. The Voluntary Cleanup of New York's Contaminated Property: Barriers and Incentives, October 1994.
Summary:Identifies and examines the issues affecting the cleanup and redevelopment of contaminated property and advocates the development and institution of a legislatively approved voluntary cleanup program. Report (31 pages).

Novotny, Vladimir, and Gordon Chester. Handbook of Nonpoint Pollution - Sources and Management, Environmental Engineering Series, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1981.
Summary:Chapter 8 (Pollution from Impervious Urban Areas) discusses factors of nonpoint water pollution that are specific to urban areas. Chapter 10 (Land Use and Nonpoint Pollution) discusses the effects of different forms of land-use on nonpoint pollution, including unit loads of several pollutants of concern for a range of different land-uses.

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Oakland, William H. And William A. Testa. Does Business Development Raise Taxes: An Empirical Appraisal, Metropolitan Planning Council and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, January, 1995.
Summary:The report examines the issue of whether commercial and industrial property development pays for itself . The authors also consider whether over time, even if the commercial development does result in a direct fiscal surplus, does the associated labor force growth offset the fiscal gains that were made by the initial development. Study (50 pages).

Office of Technology Assessment. State of the States on Brownfields: Programs for Cleanup and Reuse of Contaminated Sites, June 1995.
Summary:Provides a summary of the major issues involved with brownfield development, an overview of the various types of state brownfield programs, and a description of state voluntary programs in Minnesota, California, and Ohio. Report (26 pages).

Ohio EPA, Re-Use News. Vol. 1- Issue 2. Fall 1995.
Summary:Newsletter and fact sheets describing the Ohio EPA's voluntary cleanup program. (20 pages)

Omernik, James M. The Influence of Land Use on Stream Nutrient Levels, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, January 1976.
Summary:The study examines National Eutrophication Survey data for 473 non-point type drainage areas in the eastern United States for relationships between drainage area characteristics (particularly land use) and nutrient levels in streams. Both the total and inorganic forms of phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations and loads in streams were considered. Land uses examined were: forest (other types negligible); mostly forest (other types present); agriculture (other types negligible); mostly agriculture (other types present); mostly urban (other types present); and mixed. (68 pages plus 38 pages of appendix).

Omernik, James M. Nonpoint Source - Stream Nutrient Level Relationships: A Nationwide Study, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, September 1977.
Summary:The study examines National Eutrophication Survey data from a nationwide network of 928 nonpoint-source watersheds for relationships between drainage area characteristics (particularly land use) and nutrient levels in streams. Both the total and inorganic forms of phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations and loads in streams were considered. 13 different land use categories with different percentages of forest, argricultural, urban and mixed uses were examined. For both nationwide and regional data sets, good correlations were found between general land use and nutrient concentrations in streams.

O'Regan, K. and J. Quigley. Labor market access and labor market outcomes for urban youth, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 21:277-93 (1991).
Summary:The paper examines the importance of job access in explaining labor market outcomes for youth. The work sets forth a broader definition of "access" which emphasizes the information links provided by social networks. Paper - Regression analysis (17 pages).

Orfield, Myron. The Promise and Politics of Regional Tax-Base Sharing, Public Investment, APA, December 1995.
Summary:The article argues for a property tax-base sharing scheme for the following six interrelated purposes: 1) It creates equity in the provision of public services; 2) it breaks the intensifying metropolitan mismatch between social needs and property tax-base resources; 3) it undermines local fiscal incentives that support exclusive zoning; 4) it undermines local fiscal incentives that support sprawl; 5) it ends intrametropolitan competition for tax base; and 6) it makes regional land-use policies possible. Article (4 pages).

Orfield, Myron. Metropolitics: A Regional Agenda for Community and Stability, Working Paper.
Summary:The paper argues that the increasing polarization occurring in the Twin Cities region needs a strong, multifaceted, regional response. The author suggests six substantive and one structural reform to stabilize the central cities and older suburbs and prevent metropolitan polarization. These inter-related reforms are: 1) fair housing; 2) property tax-base sharing; 3) reinvestment; 4) land planning/growth control; 5) welfare reform/public works; and 6) transportation/transit reform. In addition a panoply of tax and public finance reforms should occur to overcome incentives for sprawl. Working paper (109 pages).

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Papke, Leslie E. Tax Policy and Urban Development: Evidence from the Indiana Enterprise Zone Program. National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Reprint No. 1919. Originally in the Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 54 No. 1 (1994), pp. 37-49.
Summary:The paper analyzes the effect of the Indiana enterprise zone program on local employment and investment. It estimates that zone designation initially reduces the value of depreciable personal property by about 13%, but also reduces unemployment claims in the zone and surrounding community by 19%. The value of inventory is estimated to be 8% higher than without the program. Paper - Regression analysis (13 pages).

PAS. Local Economic Development Planning: From Goals to Projects. PAS 353, 1980.
Summary:The report presents a model planning process that a community can use to examine local resources and set economic development goals. It shows how to identify programs that can be used to achieve development goals; evaluate alternate programs according to their costs and benefits; design a plan to implement the chosen program; and evaluate the success of the total plan and its implementation. Report (34 pages).

PAS. Planning Software Survey, 1990, PAS 427/428, 1990.
Summary:The report describes microcomputer software for the core planning functions of analysis, projection, and evaluation. The survey provides information on 88 software packages, including a brief description, program cost, vendor name, and hardware and software requirements. Bibliography of planning software (55 pages).

Parker, Terry. The Link Between Transportation, Land Use and Air Quality, Paper for Presentation at the American Society of Civil Engineers' Conference, San Diego, October 1995, on ARB Research Projects.
Summary:Summarizes the results of two California Air Resources Board research projects on travel behavior in relation to land-use (9 pages).

Peiser, Richard B. Density and Urban Sprawl, Land Economics, Vol. 65, No. 3, August 1989.
Summary:Empirical test of whether sprawl, characterized as "the lack of continuity in expansion", is inefficient. The paper concludes that policies which restrict discontinuous development may reduce efficiency in the land market and lead to lower, rather than higher, overall urban density. Paper - Model (13 pages).

Persky, Joseph, Daniel McGrath and Wim Wievel. Brownfields, Greenfields: A Research Agenda, manuscript.
Summary:The study examines the impacts of location choice for two development projects - an electrical equipment plant and a business service/office building. The three alternative sites are the Central City, the Inner Suburbs, and the Outer Suburbs. Differential impacts considered are: externalities; costs to the public sector; and private benefits. Draft of study (113 pages).

Peterson, Paul E., ed. The New Urban Reality, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1985.
Summary:

Pflum, John E. Traffic Impact Studies, Land Development, Fall 1993, pp. 3-4.
Summary:

Pisarski, A.E. Travel Behavior Issues in the 90s, Washington, D.C.: Office of Highway Information Management, Federal Highway Administration, 1992.
Summary:The study presents a preliminary examination of the most recent personal travel data relating to key questions of interest to transportation planners and policymakers. Drawing on data from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) and the 1985 and 1989 American Housing Surveys (AHS), it provides a selective review of changes in the amount, purpose, and mode of personal travel, as related to various demographic and geographic factors. Study (74 pages).

Porter, Michael. " The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City". Harvard Business Review, May/June 1995.
Summary:The economic distress of America's inner cities may be the most pressing issue facing the nation. Past efforts to revitalize inner cities have failed. The author asks how inner-city-based businesses and nearby employment opportunities for inner city residents can proliferate and grow and proposes a new approach to revitalizing inner cities. Paper - model (16 pages).

Potter, S. The Transport Versus Land Use Dilemma, Transportation Research Record 964. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC (1985) pp. 10-17.
Summary:The paper examines the degree of land use conflict between alternative modes of travel in a case study of the British new towns which have been built to a wide variety of land use and transport designs. The paper concludes that equitable and energy-efficient land use policies are entirely feasible, but that the political status of planning is too weak for them to be implemented. Paper (8 pages).

Prastacos, P. Urban Development Models for the San Francisco Region: From PLUM to POLIS, Transportation Research Record 1046. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC (1985) pp.37-44.
Summary:The authors describe the short comings of past urban development models and present the Projective Optimization Land Use Information System (POLIS) as a better alternative. POLIS is a land use-transportation model that allocates employment and housing at the subregional level and estimates commuting flows and shopping trips for the San Francisco Bay Area. Article (8 pages).

Price, R. and E. Mills. Race and residence in earnings determination, Journal of Urban Economics, 17:1-18 (1985).
Summary:The paper is a contribution to the classification and measurement of effects of discrimination on earnings. Earnings differences resulting from differences in qualification, differences in market valuation of qualifications, and differences in accessibility are estimated. Paper - Regression analysis (18 pages).

Probst, Katherine N., Don Fullerton, Robert E. Litan, and Paul R. Portney. Footing the Bill for Superfund Cleanups: Who Pays and How? (Chap. 3: Liability Alternatives: Who Pays?), The Brookings Institution and Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
Summary:The chapter examines two major proposals for changing Superfund's liability scheme discussed in the 1994 congressional debate, and discusses the key elements of five liability options. The authors then present the resulting estimates of the incidence of cleanup and transaction costs across key sectors of the economy under each of the five lability schemes. Chapter from book.

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Real Estate Research Corporation. The Costs of Sprawl,