A Smart Growth Bibliography:

Brownfields and CERCLA Issues

"State, Counties Must Awaken to Waste of Re-Usable Land: Help Developers Give Old Areas New Vitality," The Buffalo News, July 6, 1994.
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Airst, Randy L. Fair Assessment for Contaminated Properties, Urban Land, June 1994.
Summary: Brief discussion of the failure to account for environmental problems when assessing real estate taxes. Descriptive article (1 page).

Allardice, David R., Richard A. Mattoon, and William A. Testa. Brownfield Redevelopment and Urban Economics, Downloaded off the internet.
Summary: Position paper suggesting state and federal policy initiatives to reduce obstacles to brownfield development.

Austrian, Ziona and Henning Eichler. Urban Brownfields Site Survey: Preliminary Analysis, Cleveland State Univ., Levin Coll. of Urban Affairs, April 28, 1994.
Summary: The survey sought to determine the extent of information available regarding brownfield sites in eleven metropolitan areas. Information obtained from the survey includes: location of brownfield sites (inner city versus suburban), states with brownfield inventories, leading industries generating brownfield sites. Out of 125 surveys distributed, 46 were returned.

Banikowski, J.E., K.E. Thomas and J.L. Zegarelli. Cleaning Up Without Getting Cleaned Out, 48, American City & Country, July 1994.
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Bartsch, Charles, Carol Andress, Deborah Cooney and Jocelyn Seitzman. Revival of Contaminated Industrial Sites: Case Studies, Unknown, 1992.
Summary: Report shows how communities have worked with developers and lenders, packaged incentives, and formed public-private partnerships to successfully revive and reuse contaminated industrial sites.

Bartsch, Charles and Elizabeth Collaton. Coming Clean for Economic Development: A Resource Book on Environmental Cleanup and Economic Development Opportunities, Unknown, for release November, 1995.
Summary: Resource guidebook, targeted to local economic development practitioners, identifies cross-cutting economic development and environmental cleanup opportunities and common environmental rules. It provides practitioners with information on state voluntary cleanup programs and resources needed to make informed decisions when dealing with a variety of environmental considerations.

Bartsch, Charles and Elizabeth Collaton. Industrial Site Reuse, Contamination and Urban Redevelopment: Coping with the Challenges of Brownfields, Unknown, 1994.
Summary: Report analyzes the legal, economic, and environmental challenges associated with brownfields and highlights case studies of successful partnerships that cleaned up polluted sites.

Bartsch, Charles and Dick Munson. Restoring Brownfields, NE-MW Economic Review, 1994.
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Bartsch, Charles, Carol Andress, Deborah Cooney and Jocelyn Seitzman. New Life for Old Buildings: Confronting the Environmental and Economic Issues to Industrial Reuse, Unknown, 1991.
Summary: Examines the scope of the environmental problems plaguing industrial redevelopment and their effects on project finance. It analyzes federal and state liability laws and the uncertainties over what constitutes a clean site. Case studies of 15 communities illustrate successful redevelopment projects.

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Black, J. Thomas, ULI - the Urban Land Institute. Recycling Inactive Urban Industrial Sites, ULI on the Future, Washington, D.C., 1994.
Summary: Background article on brownfields, CERCLA, opportunities for and obstacles to redevelopment of industrial sites. Descriptive article (13 pages).

Boyd, James, Winston Harrington, Molly Macauley and Mary Elizabeth Calhoon. The Impact of Uncertain Liability on Industrial Real Estate Development: Developing a Framework for Analysis. Discussion Paper 94-03 REV, Resources for the Future, January 1994.
Summary: Discussion of the impact of potential environmental liability as imposed under CERCLA on the commercial development of brownfield sites. Discussion Paper - Model (35 pages).

Boyd, James and Molly K. Macauley. The Impact of Environmental Liability on Industrial Real Estate Development, Resources, No. 114, Winter 1994.
Summary: Discussion of the impact of potential environmental liability as imposed under CERCLA on the commercial development of brownfield sites. Article (5 pages).

Bourne, L.S. The Roepke Lecture in Economic Geography - Recycling Urban Systems and Metropolitan Areas: A Geographical Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond, Economic Geography, Vol. 67, No. 3, July 1991.
Summary: How may the urban process respond and adapt to the new realities of the post-recession 1990s and beyond? Discussion of structural changes in five societal domains that shape urban life: Economy/financial; social/demographic; political/institutional; built environment; natural ecosystems. Descriptive paper (25 pages).

Buckles, Rebekah, Gladden, John and Brian Looney. The California Model: A 'Cooperative Solution' for Land Reuse and Environmental Technology Commercialization, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 3149.
Summary: Journal article describing the California Cooperative Solution Program (CSP). CSP emphasizes resolving lender liability issues and brings together stakeholders to negotiate cooperative, risk-shared relationships. The Institute of Environmental Solutions is a non-profit corporation created to facilitate the recycling and reuse of contaminated lands and is responsible for developing the CSP program.

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Carlson, David A. Paving the Way to Economic Revitalization: "Covenant not to Sue" Stimulates Redevelopment in Economic Target Areas, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 9, February 1996.
Summary: Using a former oil distribution center as an example, the article describes how recent revisions to the Massachusetts General Law, particularly the pilot Covenant Not To Sue program and the Massachusetts Contingency Plan, help revitalize previously dormant waste sites.

Chalmers, James A. and Scott A. Roehr. Issues in the Valuation of Contaminated Property, The Appraisal Journal, January 1993: 28-41.
Summary: Journal article presenting a conceptual framework and a general valuation model for contaminated property. The consequences of contamination are segregated into direct costs (e.g. loss of income, remediation, indemnification) and stigma. Journal article (14 pages).

City of Chicago, Richard M. Daley, Mayor. Brownfields Forum - Recycling Land for Chicago's Future. Final Report and Action Plan. November 1995.
Summary: The report consist of two main sections: an overview and a detailed discussion of the Forum's recommendations and action projects. The Forum was conceived as a broad-based, interdisciplinary task force to inform public policy. Its purpose was not only to analyze barriers to brownfield reuse but also to change the way brownfield business is done in Chicago. Report (92 pages).

City of Minneapolis, Environmental Section, Inspections Division, Department of Operations & Regulatory Services. City of Minneapolis Contaminated Sites Strategic Plan, Office of the City Comptroller, June 15, 1994.
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Cox, Robert D. A New Approach to "Brownfields" in Central Massachusetts, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 9, February 1996.
Summary: The article describes a new pilot program for Central Massachusetts, implemented with the creation of the Central Massachusetts Economic Development Authority (CMEDA), that is designed to proactively spur development of contaminated urban sites and preserve open space in the suburbs. CMEDA has the authority to purchase and oversee the clean-up of contaminated properties. It not only eliminates potential liability for pre-existing contamination but also provides a funding source for the clean-up of selected urban properties whose redevelopment is in the best interest or the community.

Curtis, Peter G. and Michael C. Bianchi. Turning 'TOADS' into 'PRINCES': Financing Environmentally Impaired Properties, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 3, August 1995.
Summary: The article explores the issue of financing environmentally impaired commercial properties. Descriptive article (3 pages).

Cuyahoga County Brownfields Strategies Working Group. Executive Summary, Cuyahoga County Planning Commission, August 9, 1993.
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Dickinson, Paul R. The Partnership for Environmental Technology Education (PETE) and Urban Land Reuse, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 83-91.
Summary: The article describes the Partnership for Environmental Technology Education (PETE) and its role in training environmental technicians. PETE is a partnership of the Departments of Energy and Defense, the Environmental Protection Agency, the NASA laboratories, other state and federal agencies, and representatives from private industries and professional societies with participating colleges. It is a national, non-profit organization designed to make available to colleges the technical resources of the agencies in the partnership. Descriptive article (9 pages).

Dinsmore, Clement. Recycling Brownfields: The Legislative Climate, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 920.
Summary: The article discusses legislative aspects of brownfield redevelopment such as states' initiatives, the Superfund Reform Bill, and consequences of the change in control in Congress in the fall of 1994 on brownfields legislation. Descriptive article (12 pages).

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Dixon, Lloyd S. Fixing Superfund: The Effect of the Proposed Superfund Reform Act of 1994 on Transaction Costs, Rand, 1994.
Summary: The report focuses on the possible effects of the proposed Superfund Reform Act of 1994 on transaction costs - costs resulting not from cleanup but from assigning liability for cleanup among the various parties. Report (71 pages).

Drawas, Neal M. Remediation Liability Management, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 3, August 1995.
Summary: The article discusses problems with managing the financial risks of owning contaminated property and innovative remediation liability management programs designed to mitigate these problems by incorporating new insurance coverages. Descriptive article (3 pages).

Environment and Development Seminar. Recycling Industrial Sites in Erie County: Meeting the Challenge of Brownfields Redevelopment, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Law, May 1994.
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Evans, Judith. Cleaning Up the Nation's 'Brownfields', The Washington Post, November 25, 1995.
Summary: Newspaper article about Maryland's proposed brownfields legislation. Descriptive article (2 pages).

Farber, Stephen, PhD. Undesirable Facilities and Property Values: A Summary of Empirical Studies, manuscript, 1995.
Summary: The report summarizes empirical studies that test whether the location of potentially or perceived hazardous land uses, such as waste sites, hazardous manufacturing facilities, or electric utility plants, have adverse effects on residential property values.

Foxen, Robert. Approaching Brownfields: Public, Private Forces Combine to Develop Abandoned Property, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 3, August 1995.
Summary: A brief article summarizing federal and Massachusetts state efforts to promote brownfield redevelopment. Descriptive article (2 pages).

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Greenberg, M. and J. Hughes. The Impact of Hazardous Waste Superfund Sites on the Value of Houses Sold in New Jersey, Annals of Regional Science (1992), 26:147-153.
Summary: Comparison of housing values in communities with and without hazardous waste Superfund sites in New Jersey. Case study (7 pages).

Greenberg, Michael and James Hughes. Impact of Hazardous Waste Sites on Property Value and Land Use: Tax Assessors' Appraisal, The Appraisal Journal, January 1993, pp. 42-51.
Summary: Analysis of survey administered to New Jersey tax assessors in order to determine whether hazardous waste sites have lowered the appreciation of property values, deterred land uses, and affected community plans.

Greenfields Group, The. The Greenfields Report, Volume 2, Issue 2, March 15, 1995.
Summary: The Greenfields Report is a monthly update of federal, state, and local actions regarding innovative state programs that offer an effective alternative to enforcement-based cleanup laws. Newsletter (9 pages).

Hanley, Cassandra M. Developing Brownfields: An Overview, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 18.
Summary: Discussion summarizing the issues that create obstacles to brownfields redevelopment.

Hearing Transcript. "Hearing Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, First Session on S.299 to Amend the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 to Establish a Program to Demonstrate the Benefits and Feasibility of Redeveloping or Reusing Abandoned or Substantially Underutilized Land in Economically and Socially Distressed Communities, and for Other Purposes," May 5, 1993.
Summary:

Iannone, Donald T. Redeveloping Urban Brownfields, Land Lines, Newsletter of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, November 1995.
Summary: The article discusses economic development and environmental implications of brownfields and considers state policy approaches and future knowledge and investment needs. Newsletter article (3 pages).

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Indiana Department of Environmental Management. Remediation and Reuse, Vol. 1, Issue 1, November 1994.
Summary: Monthly newsletter covering brownfields issues such as liability, state programs, voluntary cleanups, and redevelopment examples. Newsletter (8 pages).

Indiana Department of Environmental Management. Remediation and Reuse, Vol. 1, Issue 2, December 1994.
Summary: Monthly newsletter covering brownfields issues such as liability, state programs, voluntary cleanups, and redevelopment examples. Newsletter (8 pages).

Kivell, Philip. Vacant and Derelict Land, Chapter 7 in Kivell, Philip, Land and the City: Patterns and Processes of Urban Change, Routledge, 1993.
Summary: The chapter discusses the extent, nature and causes of vacant, derelict and otherwise unused land in major British cities and gives an overview of British land restoration policies. Chapter from book (27 pages).

Kohlhase, Janet E. The Impact of Toxic Waste Sites on Housing Values, Journal of Urban Economics 30, 1-26 (1991).
Summary: The paper analyzes the impact of a toxic waste sites on the housing market. The study finds that a premium to be located farther away from a waste site appears only after a site has been added to the Superfund list. Paper - Regression analysis (26 pages).

Lederman, Peter B. and William Librizzi. Brownfields Remediation: Available Technologies, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 2129.
Summary: Summary of the technical issues involved in brownfield remediation including a description of the remediation process and basic remediation techniques.

Lee, Charles and William L. Haas. Site Recycling: From Brownfield to Football Field, Environmental Protection, July 1995.
Summary: Example of a successful brownfield redevelopment project. Case study (3 pages).

Lueck, Thomas J. Developers Seek Profits in Polluted Land, New York Times, September 6, 1994.
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Lussenhop, Janet D. et. al. Working Paper Number 19: Union County Land Recycling Inventory. Regional Plan Association, October 1992.
Summary: Provides an inventory of vacant, abandoned or underutilized land available for redevelopment in Union County. The data is intended to be used by municipalities and county and state governments in helping them to identify redevelopment opportunities and plan for growth. (41 pages)

McGrath, Daniel T. An Investigation into the Impact of Hazardous Waste Contamination Liability on Urban Industrial Land Redevelopment in the City of Chicago. Great Cities Institute, The University of Illinois at Chicago, December 5, 1995.
Summary: Provides a theoretical approach for evaluating the impact of contamination risk on redevelopment. (47 pages)

McManus, Maureen, Jones, Keith W., Clesceri, Nicholas L. and Ivor L. Preiss. Renewal of Brooklyn's Gowanus Canal Area, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 5164.
Summary: Case study of the Gowanus Canal area, focusing on the public/private partnership that evolved to remediate the area. (13 pages)

Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Site Reclamation Program - Draft, October 1995.
Summary: Brief summary of the status of projects funded or proposed for funding by the Site Reclamation Program and the Site Assessment Fund. (11 pages)

Minnesota Department of Trade and Economic Development. Contamination Cleanup Grant Application, Business and Community Development Division, St. Paul, MN; contact: Meredith Udoibok.
Summary: Grant application packet for the Minnesota Contamination Cleanup Program. (14 pages)

Morgan, Linda P. From Landfill to Retail Mall: RPA's Union County Land Recycling Project, The Journal of Urban Technology, Volume 2, Number 2 pages 65-82.
Summary: Case study of a municipal landfill that will become a 1.5 million-square-foot retail center focusing on the role that the Union County Land Recycling Project played in fostering the development. (16 pages)

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Murphy, Linda. The Land Market: How is EPA Fostering Redevelopment of Abandoned Urban Properties?, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 9, February 1996.
Summary: The article describes EPA's 1995 Brownfields Initiative, a program intended to encourage brownfields redevelopment by clarifying liability issues, building appropriate reuse assumptions into cleanup requirements, and offering Brownfields grants to government entities interested in redevelopment opportunities.

New York Legislative Commission on Toxic Substances and Hazardous Wastes. The Voluntary Cleanup of New York's Contaminated Property: Barriers and Incentives, October 1994.
Summary: Identifies and examines the issues affecting the cleanup and redevelopment of contaminated property and advocates the development and institution of a legislatively approved voluntary cleanup program. Report (31 pages).

Office of Technology Assessment. State of the States on Brownfields: Programs for Cleanup and Reuse of Contaminated Sites, June 1995.
Summary: Provides a summary of the major issues involved with brownfield development, an overview of the various types of state brownfield programs, and a description of state voluntary programs in Minnesota, California, and Ohio. Report (26 pages).

Ohio EPA, Re-Use News. Vol. 1- Issue 2. Fall 1995.
Summary: Newsletter and fact sheets describing the Ohio EPA's voluntary cleanup program. (20 pages)

Probst, Katherine N., Don Fullerton, Robert E. Litan, and Paul R. Portney. Footing the Bill for Superfund Cleanups: Who Pays and How? (Chap. 3: Liability Alternatives: Who Pays?), The Brookings Institution and Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
Summary: The chapter examines two major proposals for changing Superfund's liability scheme discussed in the 1994 congressional debate, and discusses the key elements of five liability options. The authors then present the resulting estimates of the incidence of cleanup and transaction costs across key sectors of the economy under each of the five lability schemes. Chapter from book.

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Reisch, Mark. Brownfields Program: Clean Up Urban Industrial Sites, CRS Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress 95-454 ENR, April 3, 1995.
Summary: Provides background information on EPA's Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative, a pilote project to return idle or underused industrial and commercial facilities back to productive use. Short summary document (4 pages).

ReTec. Brownfield Redevelopment: The Cleanup Logjam, Newsletter, Volume IX No. 1, February 1995.
Summary: Newsletter discussing the barriers to remediating the Duwamish Industrial Area in the city of Seattle. (6 pages)

ReTec. Brownfields Restoration: Redevelopment of Industrial Sites, Newsletter, Volume IX No. 2, June 1995.
Summary: Newsletter emphasizing the importance of forming alliances among stakeholders when restoring contaminated industrial sites. (4 pages)

RMT Incorporated. Brownfields Redevelopment Offers Companies More Options for Site Expansions, Network, Vol. 10, No. 3, October 1995.
Summary: State by state summary of programs to encourage brownfield redevelopment. (3 pages)

Rosenthal, Stuart S. and Helsley, Robert W. Redevelopment and the Urban Land Price Gradient, Journal of Urban Economics, 35, 182-200 (1994).
Summary: Proposes a new methodology for estimating vacant urban land prices. (19 pages)

Ruben, Barbara. Field of Dreams? Revitalizing Industrial Brownfields, Environmental Action Magazine, January 1995.
Summary: Discussion of brownfields issues in the Midwest and Bridgeport, Connecticut. Descriptive article (8 pages).

Russell, Peter. Brownfield Redevelopment: A Developer's Nightmare or a Dream Come True?, Massachusetts' Environment, Volume 1, No. 9, February 1996.
Summary: The article (Part 1 of a two part series), presents a case study that shows how insurance products can mitigate potential liability pitfalls of brownfields remediation and significantly enhance the viability of redevelopment packages for all parties involved.

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State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. Connecticut's Urban Sites Remedial Action Program, Program description, 1994.
Summary: Short description of the Connecticut Urban Sites Remedial Action Program, including a list of program participants. (2 pages)

United States General Accounting Office. Report to the Chair, Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives: Community Development: Reuse of Urban Industrial Sites, United States General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-95-172, June 1995.
Summary: The report addresses two issues: 1) What is known of the extent and nature of abandoned industrial sites, and 2) What federal initiatives are in place to help communities overcome the obstacles to reusing brownfields.

United States General Accounting Office. Superfund: Extent of Nation's Potential Hazardous Waste Problem Still Unknown, United States General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-88-44, Dec. 17, 1987.
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The Urban Industrial Property Revitalization Task Force. Removing Barriers to the Redevelopment of Ohio's Abandoned Urban Industrial Property, February 1993.
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Vogel, Mike. UB Group Urges 'Recycling' of Urban Sites, The Buffalo News, May 13, 1994.
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