A Smart Growth Bibliography:

Equity Impacts

Bryant, Bunyan, and Paul Mohai (eds.). Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse, 1992.
Summary:

Bullard, Robert D. Essays on Environmental Justice: Environmental Racism and 'Invisible' Communities, 96 W. VA. L. Rev. 1037, 1994.
Summary:

Ellwood, David T. The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Are There Teenage Jobs Missing in the Ghetto? In Richard B. Freeman and Harry J. Holzer, eds., The Black Youth Employment Crisis, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Summary:

Farley, J. Disproportionate Black and Hispanic Unemployment in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 46:129-150 (1987).
Summary: The study tests three common hypotheses about disproportionate black and Hispanic unemployment among metropolitan males: 1. Segregation and job decentralization explanation; 2. White gains explanation; 3. Social class explanation. Paper - Regression analysis (22 pages).

Fernandez, Roberto M. Race, Space, and Job Accessibility: Evidence from a Plant Relocation, Economic Geography, vol. 70, No. 4, 1994, pp. 390-416.
Summary: The study tests the spatial mismatch hypothesis: Regression to determine differential effects with respect to race of a Milwaukee food-processing plant that is moving from the city's Central Business District to the suburban ring. Case Study (26 pages).

Gallagher, Mary Lou. HUD's Geography of Opportunity, Planning, July 1994.
Summary: The article describes the U.S. Department of Housing's program "Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing", a program which is meant to reduce concentrations of poverty. Descriptive article (2 pages).

Hanson, Susan, and Geraldine Prat. Spatial Dimensions of the Gender Division of Labor in a Local Labor Market, Urban Geography, 1988, 9, 2, pp. 180-202.
Summary: The paper examines the extent of spatial segmentation of labor opportunities along gender lines in the Worcester, Massachusetts metropolitan area. Empirical paper (22 pages).

Holzer, H.J. The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has Evidence Shown? Urban Studies, 28:105-22 (1991).
Summary: Review of 20 years of empirical evidence on the spatial mismatch hypothesis. Literature Review (18 pages).

Holzer, Harry J., Keith R. Ihlanfeldt and David L. Sjoquist. Work, Search, and Travel Among White and Black Youth, Journal of Urban Economics 35, 320-345 (1994).
Summary: The study investigates the relationships between job search, commutes to work, and metropolitan decentralization of employment among young whites and blacks. Paper - Regression analysis (26 pages).

Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. Intra-urban Job Accessibility and Hispanic Youth Employment Rates, Journal of Urban Economics 33, 254-271 (1993).
Summary: The study investigates the validity of the spatial mismatch hypothesis as an explanation for the relatively low employment rates of Hispanic youth. Use of travel time as the measure of job access. Paper - Regression analysis (18 pages).

Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. and D.L. Sjoquist. The Effect of Job Access on Black and White Youth Employment: A Cross-sectional Analysis, Urban Studies, 28:255-65 (1991).
Summary: The study measures the effect of job access, as measured by predicted commuting times, on the employment probability of central city teenagers. Paper - Regression analysis (11 pages).

Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. and D.L. Sjoquist. The Impact of Job Decentralization on the Economic Welfare of Central-city Blacks, Journal of Urban Economics, 26:110-30 (1989).
Summary: The study explores the effect of job decentralization on both black and white low-skill workers residing in the central cities. Earnings (net of commuting costs) of central city workers across metropolitan areas which have experienced differential amounts of blue-collar job decentralization are compared. Paper - Regression analysis (21 pages).

Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. and D.L. Sjoquist. Job Accessibility and Racial Differences in Youth Employment Rates, American Economic Review, 80:267-276 (1990).
Summary: The study investigates the relationship between the nearness of jobs and youth job probability. Tests for Philadelphia, and Chicago and Los Angeles. Paper - Regression analysis (10 pages).

Ihlanfeldt, Keith R. and D.L. Sjoquist. The Role of Space in Determining the Occupations of Black and White Workers, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 21:295-315 (1991).
Summary: The paper explores the effect of characteristics of work locations on the occupations held by black and white workers. Paper - Regression analysis (21 pages).

Kasarda, J.D. Urban Industrial Transition and the Underclass, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501:26-47 (1989).
Summary: The study examines the implications of interactions among race, space, and urban industrial change. Reasons for the success of recent Asian immigrants in transforming cities are considered, and policies are suggested to rekindle social mobility in the black underclass. Paper (22 pages).

Massey, D. and N. Denton. Suburbanization and Segregation in US Metropolitan areas, American Journal of Sociology, 94:592-626 (1988).
Summary: The article examines trends in suburbanization for blacks, Hispanics, and Asians from 1970 to 1980 in 59 U.S. metropolitan areas and considers the effect of suburbanization on segregation in 1980. Paper - Regression analysis (35 pages).

O'Regan, K. And J. Quigley. Labor market access and labor market outcomes for urban youth, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 21:277-93 (1991).
Summary: The paper examines the importance of job access in explaining labor market outcomes for youth. The work sets forth a broader definition of "access" which emphasizes the information links provided by social networks. Paper - Regression analysis (17 pages).

Price, R. and E. Mills. Race and residence in earnings determination, Journal of Urban Economics, 17:1-18 (1985).
Summary: The paper is a contribution to the classification and measurement of effects of discrimination on earnings. Earnings differences resulting from differences in qualification, differences in market valuation of qualifications, and differences in accessibility are estimated. Paper - Regression analysis (18 pages).

Russell, Charles, Environmental Equity: Undoing Environmental Wrongs to Low Income and Minority Neighborhoods, Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law, vol. 5, no.2, Winter 1996.
Summary: The article analyzes studies that illustrate the uneven distribution of environmental burdens among the nation's population; explores the different types of environmental discrimination that result from affluent neighborhoods; and reviews some of the legislative attempts to correct environmental inequity. Paper (18 pages).

Tarlock, A. Dan. City Versus Countryside: Environmental Equity in Context, 21 Fordham Urban L.J. 461-94, 1994.
Summary: The article examines the impacts of efforts to reconcile protecting nature with improving urban areas, and offers a conceptual framework to integrate the two movements. Three environmental-social equity visions of the city are examined. In addition, the article discusses the unresolved tension between open space and environmental protection, suburban land use controls, and the exclusion of minorities from the suburbs, and examines equity issues that arise from attempts to solve the problem of the automobile and urban air pollution by applying technology-forcing. Article (34 pages).


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